表达鸭坦布苏病毒E蛋白的重组鸭瘟病毒的构建及其生物学特性

为开展鸭瘟病毒-鸭坦布苏病毒二联苗的研究,将密码子优化的鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)E基因插入转移载体p EP-BGH-end构建了p EP-BGH-E重组表达质粒。在鸭瘟病毒疫苗株细菌人工染色体(p DEVvac)的基础上,首先通过Red E/T两步重组法构建了EF1启动子替换GFP基因CMV启动子的p DEV-EF1突变体克隆,并将p EP-BGH-E质粒上的重组表达框p CMV-E-BGH-p A再次通过两步重组克隆至p DEV-EF1突变体的US7和US8基因之间,构建了携带有外源基因DTMUV E的突变体克隆p DEV-E。用磷酸钙法转染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEFs)获得了重组病毒r DEV-E。病毒蚀斑大小测定结果显示,r DEV-E在CEFs上的蚀斑面积较亲本株相比稍有减少。Western blotting分析表明,外源蛋白E在病毒感染的CEFs细胞中成功表达。     

表达小鹅瘟病毒VP2蛋白重组鸭瘟病毒的构建及其生物学特性

【目的】鸭瘟和小鹅瘟是番鸭和鹅的两种重要传染病,鸭瘟最主要的防治措施是定期接种鸭瘟病毒减毒活疫苗。根据2012年国际病毒分类委员会（ICTV）的报告,DEV被归为疱疹病毒科的α疱疹病毒亚科马立克氏病毒属。疱疹病毒如伪狂犬病毒、马立克氏病毒、火鸡疱疹病毒等已广泛用于病毒活载体的研究,而近几年也有关于鸭瘟病毒（DEV）作为疫苗活载体的报道。为了为免疫防控鸭瘟和小鹅瘟提供新手段,本研究拟在鸭瘟病毒疫苗株感染性克隆的基础上,构建表达小鹅瘟病毒（GPV）主要免疫原蛋白VP2的重组病毒rDEV-VP2,并研究其生物学特性,进而探讨重组病毒rDEV-VP2作为防治DEV和GPV的二联重组活载体疫苗的可能性。【方法】将密码子优化的GPV VP2基因通过常规基因克隆的方法插入转移载体pEP-BGH-end,构建含有GPV VP2表达框pCMV-VP2-BGH-pA的重组表达质粒。在鸭瘟病毒（DEV）疫苗株细菌人工染色体克隆pDEV-EF1的基础上,通过“Red E/T”两步重组法将GPV VP2基因表达框插入到DEV US7和US8基因之间构建了突变体克隆pDEV-VP2。利用磷酸钙法转染鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEFs）拯救获得重组病毒rDEV-VP2和删除Bac质粒序列的rDEV-VP2-Cre,并对重组病毒细胞体外生长曲线、蚀斑大小和VP2蛋白表达情况进行测定。将rDEV-VP2接种番鸭,在不同时间采集血清,采用间接ELISA法检测血清中GPV VP2抗体产生情况。【结果】间接免疫荧光检测和Western blotting分析表明,外源蛋白VP2在CEFs细胞成功表达。病毒生长曲线和蚀斑大小测定结果显示,rDEV-VP2在CEFs细胞上的增殖滴度与亲本株相比无显著差异,表明外源基因VP2的插入不影响rDEV重组病毒的增殖。动物试验结果表明,7日龄雏番鸭接种rDEV-VP2可以诱导产生针对GPV VP2的抗体,免疫后3周抗体阳性率为50%（4/8）。【结论】本实验将小鹅瘟病毒的主要免疫原基因VP2插入到DEV疫苗株基因组的US7和US8基因间构建了表达该免疫原性基因的重组鸭瘟病毒细菌人工染色体,继而在鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEFs）上拯救获得了重组病毒rDEV-VP2,病毒细胞生长特性与亲本株基本一致,且能诱导鸭体产生GPV VP2特异性的抗体。该研究为研制DEV-GPV二联重组活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

鸭瘟病毒强弱毒株TK基因的克隆及序列比较分析

根据GenBank中已发表的鸭瘟病毒TK基因序列,设计一对引物,对1株鸭瘟病毒强毒和1株鸭瘟病毒疫苗毒进行PCR扩增。将扩增的目的片段分别克隆到pMD18-T载体,经EcoRⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切鉴定,获得阳性重组质粒,然后对阳性重组质粒进行序列测定及分析。结果表明,本实验所扩增的鸭瘟病毒TK基因及侧翼UL24基因大小为1 995 bp,鸭瘟强、弱毒株TK基因及侧翼UL24基因序列完全相同,该病毒TK基因与鸭瘟病毒其它毒株AY911509与AY963569,四川株DQ640611,AV1221株EF173464,sd-01株EF417996同源性分别为99.5%,99.9%,100%,99.9%,100%,而该病毒UL24基因与鸭瘟病毒其它毒株AY911511,DQ227739,EF417996同源性为99.9%,99.8%,99.9%,表明鸭瘟病毒强弱毒株TK基因及侧翼UL24基因高度保守。为构建鸭瘟病毒TK基因缺失的转移载体奠定了基础。     

鸭坦布苏病毒囊膜 E蛋白的原核表达

利用 RT-PCR 方法扩增鸭坦布苏病毒分离株（WR 株）全长 E 蛋白基因,克隆到 pEASY-T3载体中,经Bam HI和XhoI酶切后将目的片段连接入pET-32a载体,构建原核表达重组质粒pET-E。表达质粒转化入感受态细胞 BL21（DE3）后,经IPTG 诱导后表达出鸭坦布苏病毒 E 蛋白,并以包涵体的形式存在,Western-blotting试验呈阳性,表明 E蛋白有很好的反应原性。     

鸭瘟病毒河南株gI基因的克隆与测序

参考GenBank中鸭瘟病毒gI基因序列设计并合成引物,以鸭瘟病毒河南分离株DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,将扩增片段克隆至PGEM-T载体上,得到含gI基因重组质粒。经酶切鉴定,并对重组阳性质粒进行序列测定。结果表明,获得的片段含鸭瘟病毒gI基因,全长1 089 bp,与已报道的其他疱疹病毒gI基因具有较高的同源性,编码432个氨基酸,蛋白分子质量为39.7ku、等电点(PI)为6.06。     

鸭坦布苏病毒E基因的克隆表达及初步应用

利用PCR方法从鸭坦布苏病毒山东分离株(BZ株)扩增整个E基因,全长1 503 bp,克隆到pMD18-T载体中,然后将双酶切目的片段亚克隆入pET-28a(+)载体,构建出重组表达质粒PET28a-E。将PET28a-E转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)后,经IPTG诱导可表达出分子量约54.8 kD的蛋白,Western blotting试验呈阳性,表明E蛋白有很好的反应原性。以纯化的表达产物作为包被抗原,鸭坦布苏病毒血清为一抗,HRP标记的羊抗鸭IgG为二抗建立间接ELISA方法。采用该方法对80份送检鸭血清进行检测,并与中和试验进行比较,结果显示,两者的符合率为95.0%,表明该方法具有较好的应用前景。     

鸭CD8α基因启动子的分析及其转录活性

【目的】对鸭CD8α基因启动子活性区域进行分析,为鸭CD8α基因功能和表达调控机理研究提供依据。【方法】利用前期基因组步移技术获得的鸭CD8α基因的启动子区序列,制备一系列启动子缺失突变体（-625/-1 bp,-1 110/-1 bp,-1 413/-1 bp,-2 151/-1 bp）,定向亚克隆至荧光素酶表达载体pGL3-Basic 中,构建荧光素酶报告基因重组载体,采用 Lipofectamine 2000 将重组质粒瞬时转染DT40细胞,分析CD8α基因启动子系列缺失突变体在细胞内的转录活性。【结果】鸭CD8α基因 5′侧翼区长片段具有较强的启动子活性,-1110--625启动子活性最强,且-625--1和-625--1 110 bp区域均存在正调控元件。【结论】成功构建了荧光素酶报告基因真核表达载体,确定了鸭CD8α基因调控区,为进一步研究其转录调控机制奠定了基础。     

鸭坦布苏病毒E蛋白的原核表达

在大肠杆菌中表达鸭坦布苏病毒(duck tembusu virus,DTMUV) 奉贤株的主要结构蛋白E。本研究利用RT-PCR方法扩增出E基因, 将其克隆至原核表达载体pET-30a,构建重组质粒pET-E。将其转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),在IPTG的诱导培养下重组蛋白成功获得了表达。SDS-PAGE结果显示,表达的重组蛋白分子量为63 ku。Western blot分析表明,该蛋白能与抗His标签的鼠单克隆抗体发生特异性反应。以上结果表明,在大肠杆菌中成功表达了DTMUV主要结构蛋白E。     

鸭瘟病毒单抗的制备及胶体金试纸条检测方法的建立

【目的】鸭瘟（DP）是由鸭瘟病毒（DPV）引起的一种急性、败血性传染病,以头颈肿胀、食道黏膜和泄殖腔黏膜出血、黄白色溃疡,头颈部皮下有黄白色胶冻样渗出为特征。该病一旦发生,发病急、死亡快、死亡率高,对养鸭业危害严重。快速诊断是控制鸭瘟的重要措施之一,可以及时确定病原,以便采取有效的防制手段。试验旨在建立鸭瘟病毒（DPV）胶体金快速检测方法。【方法】利用生物学软件Protean分析,选择鸭瘟病毒抗原表位较多的一段序列设计引物,PCR扩增目的基因。连接到载体pMD-18T上,测序正确后再连接到原核表达载体pET-28a上。将获得的重组质粒转化至Rosetta感受态细胞中进行诱导表达。表达的蛋白经纯化后测其浓度并经Western blotting鉴定分析。以表达的DPV-gB蛋白作为抗原,免疫7周龄BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经间接ELISA筛选及亚克隆,获得DPV-gB特异性单克隆抗体。采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,以制备的 H6F6单抗作为标记抗体（标记的最适pH为8.0-8.5,最佳标记浓度为15倍原液稀释）,将纯化的A8D7单抗（浓度为2倍原液稀释）和羊抗鼠IgG（浓度为10倍稀释）包被在硝酸纤维素膜（NC）上,分别作为检测线和质控线,经条件优化建立了鸭瘟病毒胶体金试纸条检测方法。【结果】共获得4株能稳定分泌抗DPV-gB蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为A8D7、E6C3、H11F8、H6F6。间接ELISA检测腹水效价分别为1:10³、1:10³、1:10⁵、1:10³。亚类鉴定结果分别为IgG2b、IgG2a、IgG2b、IgG1,轻链均为kappa链。Western blotting结果显示4株单抗均能与DPV-gB蛋白特异性结合。IFA结果显示制备的4株单抗是针对DPV产生的。建立的胶体金试纸条方法能够特异性地检测鸭瘟病毒,与鸭坦布苏病毒、H9N2亚型禽流感病毒、呼肠孤病毒、减蛋综合征病毒无反应。阳性尿囊液稀释50倍后用该试纸条检测依然为阳性;用不同批次的试纸条重复检测,结果无差异。利用制备的胶体金试纸条和PCR方法对38份临床样品进行检测比较,结果显示两者符合率为91.6 % 。【结论】本研究建立的试纸条检测方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性、重复性和稳定性,可用于DPV的快速检测。     

鸭瘟病毒的分离与初步鉴定

采集疑似鸭瘟病毒自然感染的病死番鸭的肝脾等组织,应用番鸭胚成纤维细胞(MDEF)进行病毒分离,通过对分离毒的血凝特性(HA)测定、间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)荧光定量PCR、PCR产物测序和动物回归试验等初步鉴定。结果显示:通过MDEF从疑似病料中分离到4株病毒(DPVfj1、DPVfj2、DPVfj3、DPVfj4),均不能凝集鸽红细胞;IFA结果排除了分离毒为鹅细小病毒、番鸭细小病毒、鸭呼肠孤病毒、鸭副粘病毒和禽坦布苏病毒;鸭瘟病毒荧光PCR试剂盒检测分离毒核酸均为鸭瘟阳性;鸭瘟病毒(JQ673560)gJ蛋白基因序列特异引物进行PCR扩增均为阳性,且PCR产物序列与鸭瘟病毒参考株gJ蛋白基因序列相似度均大于99%;动物回归试验显示,分离毒人工感染30日龄番鸭和同居感染5日龄雏番鸭均可复制出与自然感染一致的临床表现及病理变化,并能回收到病毒。上述结果表明4株分离毒均为鸭瘟病毒强毒株。     

表达绿色荧光蛋白重组鸭肠炎病毒构建

【目的】鸭肠炎病毒(duck enteritis virus, DEV)不同毒株间存在明显差异,DEV疫苗株的UL2基因在195bp后连续缺失528bp,导致第65位氨基酸后连续缺失176aa^[1]。将绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因插入DEV UL2基因中,获得表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组病毒,以研究UL2基因对DEV生物特性的影响和探讨DEV作为载体表达外源基因的可行性。【方法】以实验室保存的DEV细胞适应株DNA为模板,利用PCR技术扩增出病毒UL2基因上下游序列并克隆入pMD-18T载体;以UL2基因作为外源基因插入靶点及同源重组臂,将CMV启动子控制的含有GFP-gpt基因表达盒克隆入DEV UL2基因中,构建含GFP基因的转移质粒载体pT-UL2-GFP-gpt;用脂质体将其与DEV细胞适应株共转染CEF细胞,待80%细胞出现病变后,冻融3次,接种到新鲜CEF细胞单层的6孔培养板中,用含5%血清、1%双抗、1%琼脂的M199培养液覆盖,在荧光显微镜下挑取单个有绿色荧光的蚀斑,再接到新的细胞上,重复蚀斑筛选、纯化表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组病毒;利用PCR、基因测序技术鉴定重组病毒;重组病毒接种CEF（moi=0.01）,每12h取出1瓶接毒细胞,分别收集上清和细胞,测量其病毒含量,绘制一步生长曲线;重组病毒在CEF中连续传代20次,在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白表达情况,并用PCR检测GFP的传代稳定性;重组病毒免疫4周龄SPF鸭后14d,肌肉注射接种DEV强毒（CVCC AV1221）,观察免疫保护情况。【结果】经双酶切鉴定,成功构建了含绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的转移质粒载体pT-UL2-GFP-gpt,将其与DEV共转染CEF细胞后8h,即可见转染细胞中有带有绿色荧光的梭形细胞,经过8轮蚀斑筛选,获得纯化的重组病毒rDEV-△UL2-GFP-gpt;PCR鉴定及基因测序结果显示,GFP标记基因成功地插入到DEV基因组中,替换了DEV UL2基因的196-723位核苷酸;一步生长曲线结果显示,重组病毒在细胞和上清中的病毒含量分别在36h和72h达到峰值,为10^6.2TCID₅₀/0.1mL、10^5.5TCID₅₀/0.1mL,与亲本毒无明显差异;重组病毒在CEF中连续传代,1-5代可以稳定表达GFP基因,第6代起,开始出现少量没有荧光的细胞病变,15-20代中绝大部分细胞病变无绿色荧光,GFP在细胞连续传代过程中容易出现突变;重组病毒以10^3.0TCID₅₀/只免疫麻鸭,免疫后14d能完全抵抗DEV强毒株的攻击,与亲本毒免疫原性一致。【结论】成功构建了表达绿色荧光蛋白的DEV,首次证实UL2基因缺失不影响其在细胞中的复制,也不影响其免疫原性,为DEV UL2基因功能、活载体疫苗研究奠定了基础。     

表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸭肠炎病毒的构建

【背景】H9亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）存在宿主范围扩大、毒力增强的趋势,并为其他亚型AIV重排提供基因,给养禽业和公共卫生造成极大威胁。水禽不仅是流感病毒的宿主,更是其天然储存库,在禽流感病毒的传播和变异中发挥着重要作用。因此有效控制水禽感染对养禽业健康发展、公共卫生安全具有重要意义。鸭肠炎病毒（DEV）属于疱疹病毒,能感染鸭、鹅等雁形目禽类,可引起产蛋下降及高死亡率。DEV基因组大,免疫原性好,具有开发成活疫苗载体的潜力。【目的】构建缺失gE基因、表达H9亚型AIV HA基因的重组病毒rDEV-△gE-HA,探讨重组病毒rDEV-△gE-HA作为防治DEV-AIV的二联重组活载体疫苗的可行性。【方法】以H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因作为靶基因,构建含有HA基因表达盒的转移载体pT-gE-HA,将其与携带绿色荧光蛋白标记的重组rDEV-△gE-GFP共转染CEF细胞后,进行蚀斑筛选、纯化表达HA基因的重组病毒rDEV-△gE-HA;利用PCR、基因测序鉴定重组病毒;在CEF中连续传代重组病毒20次,测定外源基因传代稳定性。以10 ³ TCID₅₀免疫易感鸭,分析重组病毒rDEV-ΔgE-HA对致死性DEV强毒攻毒保护效果;将不同剂量（10 ³-10 ⁶TCID₅₀）rDEV-△gE-HA免疫鸭,免疫后14、21、28 d分别采集血清,测定H9血凝抑制（HI）抗体,并在免疫后28 d,以10 ⁸EID₅₀的剂量静脉注射H9N2 AIV（A/duck/GD/08）,攻毒后2 d,采集喉拭子,进行病毒分离试验。【结果】将构建的转移质粒载体pT-gE-HA与rDEV-△gE-GFP共转染CEF细胞,经过3轮蚀斑筛选,获得纯化的重组病毒rDEV-△gE-HA。PCR鉴定及基因测序结果显示,HA基因成功地插入到DEV基因组中,替换了绿色荧光蛋白。重组病毒在CEF中至少能稳定传代20代。重组病毒rDEV-ΔgE-HA以10 ³ TCID₅₀免疫易感鸭,能抵抗致死性DEV强毒攻击。重组病毒rDEV-ΔgE-HA免疫易感鸭后14 d,各剂量免疫组均能检测到H9 HI抗体效价;免疫后21日,各组抗体效价水平略有上升,10 ³TCID₅₀剂量免疫组HI抗体效价达到1:2 ⁴,而10 ⁴-10 ⁶TCID50剂量免疫组HI抗体效价在1:2 ^2.4-1:2 ³。免疫鸭后28 d,用H9N2 AIV进行攻毒,10 ³、10 ⁴、10 ⁶TCID₅₀免疫组均未从喉拭子分离到病毒H9N2,说明能完全保护,阻止喉头排毒,而10 ⁵TCID₅₀免疫组保护率为80%（4/5）,1/5病毒分离阳性。【结论】成功构建了稳定表达H9亚型AIV HA基因的重组DEV,该重组病毒保留了亲本毒的免疫原性,能抵抗致死性DEV强毒的攻击;免疫鸭后能诱导产生AIV HI抗体,尽管HI抗体滴度不高,但至少80%免疫鸭能阻止排毒。该研究为研制DEV-H9亚型AIV二联重组活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

Hemagglutinating Activity of Duck Tembusu Virus

【Objective】 The objective of this paper was to study the hemagglutinating activity of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV). 【Method】The DTMUV was inoculated intracerebrally in the 1-3-day-old sucking mice of BALB/c in different dilution to observe the morbidity. The brains of sucking mice were collected and purified according to the referenced methods. The purified virus fluid was inactivated by suitable inactivator, followed by the inactivated inspection in 6-day-old SPF chicken embryo. The virus fluid was evaluated the hemagglutinating activity with the erythrocyte suspension of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon and swine. The concentration of the erythrocyte suspension used in the hemagglutination test was compared to select the proper concentration. The pH value of the reaction system between 6.0-7.0 and the reaction temperature including 4℃, room temperature and 37℃ were compared. 【Result】 In the 6 day after inoculation , the sucking mice inoculated with 1:10 dilution appeared severe clinical symptoms including twitch, paralysis, and most of them were in agonal stage, while the symptoms of the sucking mice inoculated with 1:50 and 1:100 dilution were slighter. The purified DTMUV fluid was pinkey and clarified. It could be inactivated by formaldehyde but not β-propiolactone that would produce lots of flocks and change the property of the fluid. The DTMUV could hemagglutinate with the erythrocyte suspension of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon and swine, and the agglutination graphics was clear and stable when the concentration of the erythrocyte suspension was 0.33%. The hemagglutinating activity of DTMUV could be showed when the reaction system pH value was 6.0-6.8, while the highest hemagglutination titer appeared during the pH 6.0-6.2. Furthermore, the hemagglutinating activity could be appeared at 4℃, room temperature and 37℃, respectively, although the time required for hemagglutination at 4℃ was much longer. 【Conclusion】The DTMUV proliferated in the sucking mice of BALB/c had a broad spectrum of hemagglutinating activity that could hemagglutinate with the erythrocyte suspension of chicken, duck, goose, pigeon and swine. The hemagglutinating activity was stable and could hemagglutinate with the goose erythrocyte at 4℃, room temperature and 37℃. The suitable reaction conditions were 0.33% concentration of the erythrocyte suspension and pH 6.0-6.2 of the reaction system.     

The Effects of Downstream 3513bp of UL56 on Characterization of Duck Enteritis Virus

【Objective】Duck enteritis virus (DEV) taxonomically belongs to family Herpesviridae and infects ducks, geese, and swans, which results in high mortality and decreased egg production in domestic and wild waterfowl. Several DEV whole genomic sequences were published, which contained 158-162 kb. Compared with DEV vaccine strain, the virulent DEV strain for vaccine evaluation had a 3513-bp insertion, resulting to UL56 frameshift mutation. At present, there are few papers about DEV gene function and pathogenic mechanism. To study the effect of the 3513-bp insertion on DEV characterization, a recombinant DEV with the 3513-bp deletion was constructed.【Method】The extracted DEV genomic DNA was used as template to amplify the UL56-u and UL56-d of the upstream and downstream ends of UL56 gene, respectively. The two homologous arm fragments were cloned into pMD18T-Simple vector, and the recombinant plasmid pT-UL56ud was obtained. The recombinant plasmid pT-UL56ud was cut by MluI enzyme, and after electrophoretic recovery and dephosphorylation, the recombinant plasmid pT-UL56-RFP was obtained by inserting RFP expression box into pT-UL56ud. After DEV was inoculated with duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) (MOI=0.1) for 1 to 2 h, the purified plasmid pT-UL56-RFP was transfected according to Lipofectamine 2000 instructions, and then purified by plaque. A 3513-bp deletion mutant, DEVΔ3513-RFP, was generated by targeted homologous recombination, in which red fluorescent protein (RFP) as a reporter replaced the 3 513 bp. The RFP was then removed to generate DEV△3513. A rescue mutant, DEVΔ3513(R), was constructed by reinserting the 3 513 bp into the genome of DEVΔ3513-RFP. The recombinant virus and its parent virus were inoculated in DEF (MOI =0.01), the virus titer was measured and the growth curve was plotted. The recombinant virus and its parent virus were diluted properly and inoculated into monolayers DEF, covered with M199 agarose and cultured 5-7 days. Twenty plaques were selected randomly and the area of plaques was assayed. Six-week old susceptible ducks were inoculated with 10 ^5.0TCID₅₀ of the 3513-bp deletion mutant, rescue mutant and its parental virus, respectively. After 10 days, all the surviving ducks were euthanized. The liver tissues were taken from all the animals and fixed to 4% poly Formaldehyde Solution; the pathological sections were prepared by routine procedures and stained with HE. The recombinant virus and the Duck Plague Live Vaccine (CVCC AV1222) were injected with 10 ^3.0TCID₅₀ in muscles for 6 weeks of age susceptible ducks to be tested for immunogenicity. After 14 days, all vaccinated ducks were challenged with 10 ^3.0MLD of lethal DEV (CVCC AV1221).【Result】The recombinant viruses, DEVΔ3513 and DEVΔ3513(R), and their parental virus possessed similar growth kinetics, and their titer peaked at 72 hours with the peak titer 10 ^6.2-6.5TCID₅₀/0.1mL. Their average plaques sizes were not significantly different; DEVΔ3513 was avirulent in 6-week ducks; the ducks vaccinated with 10 ³TCID₅₀ were protected against subsequent challenge with lethal DEV.【Conclusion】We successfully constructed a DEV mutant with 3 513 bp deletion, and firstly confirmed that the deletion of the 3 513 bp had no effect on virus replication in cells and immunogenicity in ducks. Moreover, the 3 513 bp was associated with DEV virulence.     

Virulence,E Gene Sequence and Antigenic Difference of 4 Duck Tembusu Virus Isolations

【Objective】The research aimed to compare the virulence of Duck Tembusu Virus (DTMUV), and to analysis its envelope protein gene sequence analysis and antigenic difference. 【Method】Susceptible 10-day-old duck embryos were inoculated with four different DTMUV strains, including DTMUV-HB isolated in 2011, DTMUV-AH isolated in 2014, DTMUV-GX1 isolated in 2012 and DTMUV-GX2 isolated in 2015. The median embryo lethal dose (ELD₅₀) of the four strains was measured with 6-day-old SPF chicken embryos. According to that, forty 180-day-old healthy Peking duck were challenged respectively with four strains which were diluted into 100 ELD₅₀/0.5 mL. The clinical, virological, pathological features of different DTMUV strains infection in ducks were characterized. The viral RNA of eight DTMUV strains were extracted from the allantoic fluid, and then the E gene were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Then the similarity analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis were carried out. The HI titers of 4 antisera against 4 DTMUV strains were determined with duck Tembusu virus hemagglutination inhibition test. The neutralization titers of 4 antisera against 4 DTMUV strains were determined by neutralization assay using C6/36 cell lines. We analyzed the antigenic difference of 4 DTMUV strains by R value, which contained cross hemagglutination inhibition test and cell cross neutralization test. 【Result】(1) The median embryo lethal dose (ELD₅₀) were 10 ^-4.7-10 ^-5.3/0.1ml. The artificial infection test suggested that, feed intake and egg production of the challenged group decreased significantly on 3 days post inoculation (dpi), and the virus positive isolation rate were more than 85% on 2 dpi. The gross lesions of the reproductive system were mainly deformed and hemorrhaged follicular by necropsying on 8 dpi. (2) The results of sequence analysis showed that nucleotide sequence similarity was 95.7% - 100%, and the similarity of amino acid sequence was 98.2%. Genetic evolutionary analysis illustrated that all the DTMUV isolates in this study gathered into the same clade. (3) The R value showed antigenic difference of cross hemagglutination inhibition test were 0.79-1.12, and that of cell cross neutralization test were 0.79-1.20. 【Conclusion】There were no significant difference in virulence, E gene sequence and antigenicity of four DTMUV strains isolated in this study.     

鸭肠炎病毒核衣壳蛋白密码子偏爱性分析

为给鸭肠炎病毒（DEV）核衣壳蛋白（NP）基因选择良好的宿主表达系统提供参考依据,本研究运用EM-BOSS软件包CHIPS和CUSP程序对DEVNP基因进行了密码子偏爱性分析。结果显示,DEV NP基因的ENC值为51.180,编码NP蛋白的A、I等氨基酸不同密码子的使用频率存在一定的差异;从与DEV NP基因密码子使用频率比值上看,大肠杆菌22个、酵母18个、鸭12个和人20个密码子存在较大的偏爱性。由此可见,编码DEVNP蛋白密码子出现频率较均一,且酵母等真核生物与其密码子偏爱性较为接近,可作为该基因体外表达宿主的首选。     

禽疱疹病毒活载体疫苗研究进展

禽疱疹病毒主要包括α疱疹病毒亚科的鸡马立克氏病毒( Mareks disease virus, MDV)、传染性喉气管炎病毒( infectious laryngotracheitis virus, IBDV )和鸭肠炎病毒( duck enteritis virus, DEV )。作为疱疹病毒家族的成员，禽疱疹病毒基因组庞大，存在多个复制非必需区，可容纳多个外源基因的插入，是表达其他禽类病原抗原基因的理想载体。总结了禽疱疹病毒的构建方法、外源基因表达水平，并对MDV、IBDV和DEV 三种禽疱疹病毒的不同重组病毒疫苗免疫效果评价进行归纳，旨在为畜禽传染病防治提供参考依据。     

鸭β-防御素16的分离、鉴定及其抗病毒机制

【研究目的】旨在克隆与表达鸭β-防御素16（AvBD16）基因及测定其生物学特性,监测了鸭肝炎病毒感染后麻鸭不同组织AvBD16与TLR-7的动态变化。【方法】采用RT-PCR方法,从鸭骨髓组织中扩增到鸭AvBD16,并将该基因克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1 上进行原核表达,对其重组和合成蛋白进行生物学活性测定。采用荧光定量PCR方法,分别检测了鸭肝炎病毒对鸭AvBD16和TLR-7在不同组织中表达量的影响。【结果】鸭AvBD16 cDNA 大小为155bp,编码50个氨基酸残基,与鸡AvBD3氨基酸同源性最高,为62%。重组和合成鸭AvBD16蛋白对12种细菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,高盐浓度对其抗菌活性有一定影响,且溶血活性极低。重组AvBD16蛋白具有体外抗病毒活性。经鸭肝炎病毒诱导后,鸭AvBD16在肝脏及其他组织中被诱导表达或表达量显著上调,且与TLR7的表达量呈正相关。【结论】成功克隆并表达了鸭AvBD16基因,重组和合成AvBD16蛋白具有广谱的抗菌活性且不具有溶血特性。重组AvBD16蛋白具有抗鸭肝炎病毒的活性,体内抗病毒作用可能受TLR-7通路调节。     

鸭坦布苏病毒病卵巢病变标准的判定

【目的】了解产蛋鸭感染鸭坦布苏病毒后卵巢病变产生的进程和卵巢病变规律,为采用产蛋鸭卵巢病理变化检查法进行疫苗效力检验提供依据。【方法】70只260日龄产蛋樱桃谷鸭,以0.5mL/只（含100DID50）的剂量经胸部肌肉接种鸭坦布苏病毒（HB株）强毒。观察试验鸭的临床症状,统计每日产蛋数和采食量。攻毒后2 d,每只鸭经翅静脉采血,分离血清,经卵黄囊途径接种5枚6日龄SPF鸡胚,每胚0.1mL。接种后置37℃条件下继续孵化,24 h死亡鸡胚弃去。采用RT-PCR方法测定24-72 h死亡鸡胚的DTMUV核酸,将1/5或以上鸡胚死亡且DTMUV核酸阳性的鸭判为DTMUV感染鸭。攻毒后4-10 d,每日剖杀10只鸭,观察和分析生殖系统病变。统计病变率,检查输卵管内是否有蛋,卵泡是否变形、出血和破裂,依据病变率和病变,确定检查内容和病变卵巢的判定时间和标准。【结果】（1）攻毒后3、4、5、6 d,鸭几乎不采食,产蛋数明显下降。攻毒后7 d,鸭精神状况好转;攻毒后8 d,采食量开始回升。（2）70只鸭中,除1只鸭的病毒分离结果为阴性外,其余69只鸭的病毒分离结果均为阳性,病毒分离阳性率为98.6%（69/70）。（3）攻毒后4-10 d,共64只产蛋期鸭的生殖器官可以判定。（4）攻毒后4、5、6、7、8、9和10 d,卵巢病变率分别为66.7%（6/9）、100%（10/10）、100%（10/10）、100%（9/9）、100%（9/9）、100%（9/9）和100%（8/8）。（5）除攻毒后4 d有2只鸭输卵管中有蛋外,其余62只鸭输卵管中均无蛋,无蛋率为96.9%（62/64）。（6）攻毒后4-10 d,96.9%（62/64）鸭的卵泡变形,96.9%（62/64）鸭的卵泡出血,95.3%（61/64）鸭的卵泡变形和出血,34.4%（22/64）卵泡破裂。【结论】（1）确定卵巢病理变化检查时间为攻毒后7-8 d;（2）具有变形或出血病变之一,判病变卵泡。输卵管内无蛋且有3个及以上病变卵泡,判为病变卵巢。