vvi-miR160s介导VvARF18应答赤霉素调控葡萄种子的发育

【目的】研究vvi-miR160家族（vvi-miR160s）及其靶基因在‘魏可’葡萄种子发育过程中的作用,探究其应答赤霉素（GA）调控葡萄果实无核的潜在机理。【方法】采用miR-RACE、生物信息学分析、RT-qPCR、RLM-RACE等方法,鉴定vvi-miR160家族成员及其靶基因,分析vvi-miR160s及其靶基因应答GA的时空表达模式及其潜在功能。【结果】花前GA处理强烈抑制‘魏可’葡萄胚珠及种子发育,高效诱导其无核,且无核率达99.8%。克隆鉴定了VvMIR160s前体基因序列（501 bp）及成熟体序列,且它们在不同物种间具有较高的保守性;基于vvi-miR160s序列,预测到靶基因VvARF18,利用RLM-RACE技术检测到vvi-miR160s对VvARF18的裂解位点在第10和第11位之间,裂解频度9/17,证明VvARF18是vvi-miR160s的真实靶基因。该靶基因编码683个氨基酸,在398—411位存在核定位信号,且该蛋白亚细胞定位于细胞核上。VvARF18与其他物种间序列的同源保守性较高,基因结构相似,其中VvARF18蛋白与茶、烟草、梅花等物种亲缘关系较近。VvARF18启动子中包含4种作用元件,且含有较多激素相关元件。RT-qPCR结果显示,随着葡萄果实的发育,vvi-miR160c/d/e呈现‘V’形表达趋势,在硬核种子发育期表达较低,而VvARF18表现出与前者相反的表达趋势,在硬核种子发育期呈现高表达,表明vvi-miR160c/d/e对VvARF18负调控,但vvi-miR160a/b与VvARF18表达水平却不存在明显负相关。GA处理极显著地上调了vvi-miR160a/b在葡萄硬核种子发育期的表达,同时也显著抑制了VvARF18在同时期的表达,且它们的表达水平呈负相关,表明GA处理促进了vvi-miR160a/b对VvARF18的负调控作用;相反,GA减弱了vvi-miR160c/d/e对VvARF18的负调控作用。【结论】在vvi-miR160家族中,vvi-miR160c/d/e可能介导VvARF18在葡萄种子发育的特定阶段调控种子的发育形成,而vvi-miR160a/b可能主要介导VvARF18参与调控GA诱导葡萄种子败育的过程。     

Effect of apple cultivars and storage periods on the virulence of Neofabraea spp.

Bull’s eye rot is a typical quiescent postharvest apple disease in major fruit-growing areas. The susceptibility of different apple cultivars to Neofabraea spp. (N. vagabunda and N. malicorticis) was assessed, with Granny Smith showing the most resistance and Cripps Pink the most susceptibility. To assess the factors involved in conidial germination, Neofabraea spp. were grown on crude protein extracts (CPEs) collected from apple fruits at different storage periods. Fungal germ tube growth rate and pathogenic enzyme (cellulase and xylanase) activity were assessed. Results showed that CPEs collected after 2 and 4 months of storage progressively stimulated conidial germination and germ tube elongation, while a lesser effect was observed from CPEs after 1 month of storage. Xylanase proved to be the main degrading enzyme secreted by all the isolates, while cellulase was produced only by N. vagabunda isolates. Overall, the isolate ID02 was the most virulent, based on more rapid germ tube elongation and greater activity of the lytic enzymes.     

Soluble Klotho protein suppresses THP-1-derived foam cell formation

AIMTo investigate the role of soluble Klotho protein in THP-1-derived foam cell formation. METHODSTHP-1 monocytes were induced into macrophages by treatment with 160 nmol/L phorbol myristate acetate for 48 h, and then were divided into 6 groups: negative control group (THP-1-derived macrophages), positive control group [THP-1-derived foam cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 48 h], and 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/L soluble Klotho protein groups (THP-1-derived macrophages pretreated with soluble Klotho protein at the indicat?ed concentraions for 2 h and then induced by ox-LDL for 48 h). Lipid droplets in cytoplasm were observed by oil red O staining. The cholesterol outflow rate was detected by scintillation counting technique. The content of intracellular total cholesterol, free cholesterol and cholesterol ester was detected by enzyme fluorescence analysis. The expression of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 （ACAT1） and ATP-binding cassette transport?er A1 (ABCA1) at mRNA and protein levels was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTSOil red O staining and lipid mass quantification showed that THP-1-derived foam cell formation was dose-dependently suppressed by soluble Klotho protein. The cholesterol efflux rate of THP-1-derived foam cells was increased by soluble Klotho protein in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). In addition, soluble Klotho protein decreased the expression of ACAT1 and increased the expression of ABCA1 in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The soluble Klotho protein inhibits THP-1-derived foam cell formation in a dose-dependent manner by down-regulating the expression of ACAT1 and up-regulating the expression of ABCA1.     

刍议特色蔬菜荠菜的价值及其研究意义

为了促进产业融合、实现加工增值、加快技术研发、达成跨季销售、推动冷链发展、增加劳动就业,对荠菜产业化相关研究进行总结。在此,有必要对荠菜的价值、研究意义及研究现状进行介绍,发现荠菜是一种具有较高营养价值和药用价值的野生叶菜,深受消费者青睐,市场前景广阔,具有重要的研究意义;另外,涉及荠菜的研究很多,但主要集中在栽培方面,品种与加工涉猎较少,特别是产业化更是鲜有涉足。通过对荠菜产业关键技术与装备的进一步研发,助力实现产业链的延伸,加快新品种、新技术、新模式、新工艺、新装备的应用。     

薏苡紫色柱头性状的遗传分析

为研究薏苡紫色柱头性状的遗传规律,利用4份材料做亲本构建4个杂交组合,观察并记录其F 1、F 2植株的性状特征和分离比例。结果显示,紫色柱头相对于白色为显性,各F 2群体植株的柱头颜色分离比皆符合3∶1比例,说明紫色柱头是由1对显性等位基因控制。     

基于转录组测序的半滑舌鳎长链非编码RNA的初步鉴定与分析

以抗病家系与易感家系半滑舌鳎为材料,进行哈维弧菌感染实验,并对易感家系感染前(CsSU)、易感家系感染后(CsSC)、抗病家系感染前(CsRU)、抗病家系感染后(CsRC)4组进行转录组测序,根据RNA-seq数据挖掘半滑舌鳎长链非编码RNA信息;通过生物信息学分析,筛选出与抗哈维弧菌病相关的差异长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)。结果显示,共识别出4 584个lncRNA座位,包含5 714个转录本;其基本特征与编码基因的比较分析,lncRNA的GC含量低于编码基因,单外显子基因数多于编码基因,转录本的平均长度长于编码基因,基因表达量低于编码基因。对4组样品进行两两比较(CsRU vs CsSU、CsRC vs CsSC、CsRC vs CsRU、CsSC vs CsSU)分别筛选出818、813、261、140个差异表达lncRNA,其中CsRU与CsSU之间、CsRC与CsSC之间lncRNA数目差异最多,通过聚类分析确定了各实验组的表达模式之间的联系,CsRU与CsSU之间的表达模式最为相近。通过共表达分析,预测出lncRNA和274个编码基因可能存在14 539种相互关系,并进行了功能注释,进而筛选出7个关键lncRNA。qRT-PCR结果显示,差异表达lncRNAs的表达模式和转录组数据得到的基本一致。研究结果为揭示lncRNA在半滑舌鳎抗哈维弧菌免疫调控反应中的作用提供重要的参考数据。     

Effects of Large Saddle Panels on the Biomechanics of the Equine Back During Rising Trot: Preliminary Results

The saddle panels, directly in contact with the horse's back, are likely an important element to optimize the fitting of the saddle, the comfort of the horse, and subsequently, the pain management in dorsalgic horses. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of the saddle panels on the horse's back, by evaluating a prototype saddle (comfort panels: CP) compared to a standard saddle (STD). The horse's back movements were measured using inertial measurement units (IMUs) fixed at the levels of thoracic vertebrae T6, T12, T16 (under the saddle) and lumbar vertebrae L2 and L5. The centers of mass (COMs) of the horse and the rider and limb's protraction-retraction angles, pressure between saddle and horse's back, and force on the stirrups were measured using respectively 2D motion capture, pressure mat and force sensors in the stirrup leather. Three horses were trotted at the rising trot (sitting: left diagonal-rider seated; standing: right diagonal-rider standing) by the same rider. To compare saddles, linear mixed-effects regression models were used. The estimated means (SE) were calculated. During sitting phase, pressure in the cranial and middle areas of the saddle significantly increased for CP compared to STD (+0.9 (0.2) kPa and +1.0 (0.1) kPa, respectively) whereas caudal pressure decreased (−1.8 (0.4) kPa). Concurrently, the range of motion of angles T12-T16 and T16-L2 under the saddle significantly increased (+1.8 (0.2)° and +2.3 (0.3)°, respectively). The results showed that modifications of the panels' shape not only affect the pressure distribution but also the kinematics of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the equine back.     

杂草对除草剂非靶标抗性机理研究进展

随着除草剂的大面积持续使用,近年来抗性杂草种类增多,危害面积不断增加,危害程度逐渐加重。杂草对除草剂抗性问题业已成为威胁全球粮食安全的关键问题之一。杂草对除草剂的抗药机制主要分为靶标抗性和非靶标抗性,非靶标抗性主要包括对除草剂解毒能力增强、屏蔽作用或与作用位点的隔离作用等机理。本文主要对除草剂的非靶标抗性机制中的P450s、GSTs、ABC转运蛋白和谷胱甘肽转运体等进行综述,并对非靶标抗性机制研究前景进行展望。     

日本环境保全型耕地农业系统对中国耕地保护的启示

为解决中国农业长期粗放经营问题,研究中国耕地与生态文明协同保护体系,采用文献研究法和归纳演绎法,分析东亚地区代表国家环境保全型农业下的耕地农业协同体系。研究表明,日本的耕地农业环境保护支付制度、生态补偿市场认证体系、耕地农业法律制度保障,是建立在生态补偿原则上,经过实践检验行之有效的,能够提升市场参与度及农民自主性投入的耕地生态协同保护措施。中国在推广耕地合理利用实践方面做出了不懈努力,但是在建立耕地生态协同保护的休耕制度、因地制宜建立生态补偿体系、加快推进耕地生态协同保护专项基金的设立等方面还需进一步坚持和完善。     

播期对麦(油)后直播棉产量、品质及氮磷钾利用的影响

为明确长江流域下游棉区麦(油)后直播棉生产的适宜播期,本研究以?中棉所50‘为材料,于2017—2018年进行大田试验,研究不同播期(5月15日、5月25日、6月4日、6月14日和6月24日)对直播棉产量、品质及养分利用的影响。结果表明,播期推迟,棉花生育进程推迟;花铃期日均温和日照时数降低、有效积温先升高后降低且以6月4日播期花铃期有效积温最高。可见,前3个播期棉花花铃期温光条件较好。棉株与生殖器官的生物量及氮磷钾累积量随播期推迟降低,且前3个播期的棉株生物量和养分累积进入较高速率累积期早于后2个播期的棉株。随着播期的推迟,直播棉成铃数与皮棉产量显著降低。与5月15日播期相比,其余4个播期直播棉的皮棉产量分别降低15.9%～16.9%、13.1%～16.9%、26.9%～33.5%、58.2～62.0%。100kg皮棉氮、磷和钾吸收量随播期推迟而增加,但养分利用效率降低。不同播期间,以6月4日和6月14日播期棉纤维综合品质较优。综上,本试验条件下,5月15日—6月4日是长江流域棉区麦(油)后直播棉获得较高产量的适宜播期,该播期内适当推迟播种有利于棉花优质纤维的形成。