不同贮藏温度下猪肉货架期预测模型建立

为探讨不同贮藏温度对猪肉中生物胺含量影响并建立货架期预测模型,将猪肉背最长肌分别贮藏于-3、4及10℃条件下,在0、4、8、12、16、20、24、32、40、48 d测定样品中细菌总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)及生物胺含量,利用阿伦尼乌斯(Arrhenius)方程,建立预测猪肉货架期动力学模型。结果表明,随贮藏时间延长,猪肉中TVC,TVB-N、腐胺、酪胺、总生物胺含量增加。利用Arrhenius方程构建生物胺总量与贮藏温度、贮藏时间之间动力学模型相对误差在10%以内。试验表明,该模型可在-3~10℃范围内对猪肉货架期准确预测,为猪肉包装贮藏及流通智能化预测提供理论依据。     

Afforestation of semi-arid shrubland reduces biogenic NO emission from soil

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a central role in the formation of tropospheric ozone, hydroxyl radicals, as well as nitrous and nitric acids. There are, however, large uncertainties around estimates of global NO emissions due to the paucity of data. In particular, there is little information on the rate of NO emission and its sensitivity to processes such as land use changes in dry environments. Here we report on a two-year study on the influence of afforestation on soil NO fluxes in the semi-arid afforestation system in Southern Israel (Yatir forest, mean annual precipitation ∼280 mm). Laboratory incubations were carried out under seasonally defined conditions of soil moisture and temperature using soils sampled in different seasons from the native shrubland (taken both under shrub canopy and in the inter-shrub areas), and from the adjacent ∼2800 ha, 40-year-old pine afforestation site. Combining laboratory results with field measurements of soil moisture and temperature, we up-scaled soil-atmosphere NO fluxes to the ecosystem level. The different microsites differed in their annual mean NO release rates (0.04, 0.14 and 0.03 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ for the shrubland under and between shrubs and for the forest, respectively), and exhibited high inter-seasonal variability in NO emission rates (ranging from zero up to 0.25 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the wet and dry-rewetting seasons, respectively), as well as in temperature responses. Up-scaling results to annual and ecosystem scales indicated that afforestation of the semi-arid shrubland could reduce soil NO emission by up to 65%.     

市售鱼类及其加工品中组胺含量的调查

2006年3月对市售鲭鱼20尾、秋刀鱼30尾、金枪鱼6块等进行组胺含量分析,结果表明,20尾鲭鱼中有1尾组胺含量为20mg／kg;30尾秋刀鱼肉中有1尾组胺含量为16mg／kg,另一尾为10mg／kg;6块金枪鱼样品及其他鱼类样品未能检测到组胺。鲭鱼20尾中1尾检出酪胺23mg／kg,尸胺为36mg／kg,腐胺及亚精胺未检出;秋刀鱼30尾中2尾检出10mg／kg和15mg／kg的酪胺,1尾栓出52mg／kg腐胺,2尾检出35mg／kg和55mg／kg尸胺。     

Nutritional and Chemical Composition of By-Product Fractions Produced from Wet Reduction of Individual Red Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Heads and Viscera

There is growing interest for fishmeals and oils made from utilizing different fish by-products (heads, viscera, frames, etc.) that come directly from the commercial processing line. The major components of fish processing waste from salmon filleting operations are heads and viscera. In order to maximize the utilization of these individual by-products, the different fractions were evaluated. Analysis of essential amino acids in fishmeal showed significant differences in all essential amino acids except lysine. Differences were also noted in the levels of minerals, fatty acid methyl esters, biogenic amines, and fat soluble vitamins. The largest difference observed was in the level of retinol in the oil extracted from heads (8.9 ± 1.0 μg/g oil) and viscera (26.9 ± 3.8 μg/g oil). Head processing resulted in more lipids and cake, while the majority of viscera became stickwater. Results suggest that the fishmeal produced from different by-product parts can result in different nutritional values for feed or food ingredients.     

Effects of Delayed Processing of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) By-products on Fishmeal Quality

The effects of storage temperature and time on raw pink salmon by-products were evaluated in relation to the fishmeal produced. Chemical analyses were performed on the raw and processed by‐products at two temperatures. Total volatile base nitrogen values indicated substantial spoilage by day 2 at 15.4 ± 1.4°C and day 6 at 6.0 ± 0.8°C. For most biogenic amines in raw by-products stored at 15.4°C, there were many significant differences from the fresh by-products by day 2. For by-products stored at 6.0°C, significant changes in biogenic amine were evident by day 2 and continued to increase. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of the raw material stored at 15.4°C started showing significant changes from fresh on day 3 and at 6.0°C on day 4. The lipid oxidation (TBARS) was significantly different from fresh by day 2. Biogenic amines in fishmeals suggested some changes occurred between day 0 and day 3 at 15.4°C and by day 7 at 6.0°C.     

20种市售常见香辛料的抗氧化性对酱牛肉中杂环胺含量的影响

【目的】探讨市售常见香辛料的抗氧化性对酱牛肉中致癌、致突变性杂环胺种类和含量的影响。【方法】分别用福林-酚法和ABTS法测定20种香辛料的总酚含量和抗氧化能力,从中选出总酚含量较高、抗氧化能力较强的5种添加到酱牛肉的加工中,用HPLC法测定杂环胺含量。【结果】在只用蒸馏水煮的空白牛肉中检测出1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Harman)和9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Norharman) 两种杂环胺,而且含量很低;在用盐、白砂糖、酱油煮的对照牛肉中,除Harman和Norharman外还检测到了2-氨基-3,7,8-三甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(7,8-DiMeIQx)、3-氨基-1-甲基-5H-吡啶并[4,3-b]吲哚(Trp-P-2)及3-氨基-1,4-二甲基-5H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Trp-P-1) 3种杂环胺,5种杂环胺总含量为35.72 ng•g-1。所选取的丁香、桂皮、良姜、红花椒和香叶对杂环胺种类和含量的影响具有特异性：5种香辛料均能显著降低Harman和Norharman含量（P＜0.05）,对7,8-DiMeIQx、Trp-P-1及Trp-P-2 3种杂环胺影响各不相同。此外,香叶还能促进对照样品中未检测出的2-氨基-3,4-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉(MeIQ)的形成。【结论】香辛料水提物对杂环胺的形成具有特异性影响。总体而言,良姜和红花椒能降低杂环胺总含量,在显著抑制7,8-DiMeIQx形成的同时不会产生新的杂环胺,因此抑制效果较好。     

高效液相色谱法测定生物胺衍生条件的优化研究

利用荧光检测器（FLD）,采用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对组胺（HIS）、色胺（TRP）、2-苯乙胺（2-PHE）、腐胺（PUT）、尸胺（CAD）、酪胺（TYR）、亚精胺（SPD）和精胺（SPM）8种生物胺（BA）进行测定分析。通过探究丹酰氯（Dns-Cl）质量浓度、反应体系的pH、衍生时间及衍生温度对生物胺衍生反应的影响,确定最优的衍生条件。结果显示,当Dns-Cl的质量浓度为BA质量浓度的10倍、pH 11.0、40℃下避光反应45 min,所有BA均能有效分离。BA的相对标准偏差（RSD）在3%以内,能够满足分析要求。     

鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中的生物胺变化研究

[目的]研究鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中的生物胺含量变化。[方法]利用高效液相色谱-柱后衍生-荧光检测法研究了鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油中酪胺、尸胺、组胺、精胺、亚精胺、胍丁胺和腐胺7种生物胺含量在发酵过程中的变化。[结果]鱼酱油中的7种生物胺得到了很好的分离和测定,平均回收率较好,为88.6%～111.7%,相对标准偏差RSD小于10%。鱿鱼加工废弃物鱼酱油发酵过程中7种生物胺的变化规律：酪胺含量随发酵时间的延长增加较快,腐胺次之,组胺含量增加较少,尸胺、胍丁胺、精胺、亚精胺含量在发酵过程中变化很小。发酵30d得到的鱿鱼加工废弃物低盐鱼酱油中酪胺、腐胺、组胺、尸胺、胍丁胺、精胺、亚精胺含量分别为（20.75±0.84）、（8.95±0.55）、（3.37±0.27）、（0.32±0.07）、（0.14±0.02）、（0.67±0.02）、（0.69±0.03）mg/L,其与日本鱿鱼鱼酱油各种生物胺的含量比例相似。[结论]为鱿鱼加工废弃物低盐鱼酱油的生产提供技术资料。     

市售10种西式培根品牌产品营养及安全品质分析

为调查和分析市售西式培根产品的品质和安全状况,检测了市售10种西式培根品牌产品的营养成分、pH、氯化物和亚硝酸盐,以及8种生物胺和9种N-亚硝胺含量。结果表明:市售10种西式培根品牌产品之间的蛋白质(13.1~19.8 g/100 g)、脂肪(12.7~39.8 g/100 g)、总糖(2.12~17.92 g/100 g)、能量(927.99~1747.15 kJ/100 g)等营养成分差异较大。另外,10种西式培根产品中氯化物含量较低(0.6%~1.25%),pH适中(5.68~6.08),亚硝酸盐含量整体符合国标要求(<30 mg/kg),1例样品(43.23 mg/kg)超标除外。10种培根产品均未检出亚精胺,同时检测出组胺和精胺,但毒性最强的组胺含量(42.03~91.18 mg/kg)均未超过欧盟标准(100 mg/kg),对食品安全有隐患的酪胺、腐胺和尸胺在某些产品中有检出。所调查的培根产品中均检出含量不同的9种N-亚硝胺,其中N-二甲基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA)的超标率达60%,所以,本次调查的这几种市售西式培根产品的营养价值和安全性不容乐观,有待于进一步深入研究,以寻求有效的技术控制措施来提高西式培根产品的品质和安全性。     

Current status and future of land surface models

Although climate conditions primarily determine the distribution and functioning of vegetation, vegetation also influences climate via biophysical and biogeochemical features such as evapotranspiration, albedo, carbon cycling, trace gas emissions and the roughness of the land surface. Forecasts of rapid climate change during the next 100~200 years, fueled by an increase in greenhouse gases, have motivated the development of land surface models (LSMs) that predict changes in vegetation functions. Here, we review how these models have been developed and used to simulate interactive processes between climate and the land surface. Current limitations and future perspectives of the LSMs are also presented.