猫细小病毒的遗传演化及分离毒株的致病性分析

本研究旨在了解猫细小病毒（feline parvovirus,FPV）流行株的遗传演化情况及分离毒株的致病性。2018—2020年,在山东地区采集54份疑似猫瘟粪便拭子,并通过PCR和VP2基因克隆进行VP2基因全长测序,构建遗传进化树,并推导出氨基酸序列并与疫苗株进行比对,分析遗传变异情况。用F81细胞分离培养1株FPV毒株,命名为FPV-QDC20,经电镜观察、间接免疫荧光、血凝试验、TCID₅₀测定、全基因测序及动物回归试验研究该毒株生物学特性。结果表明,采集样品中16份样品VP2基因全长测序成功,其中,15份为FPV,1份为猫源犬细小病毒（CPV）。构建系统进化树显示,本研究的FPV毒株均处于同一大分支,与中国其他地区已发表的FPV毒株亲缘关系较近,与欧洲分离株以及疫苗株亲缘关系较远。氨基酸序列分析表明,某些关键位点的改变可能导致宿主范围和感染性的改变,有可能导致免疫失败情况发生。毒株QDBL2毒株中出现了80、93、103三个FPV保守位点的变异,或许与犬猫细小病毒的共感染和重组有关。动物回归试验表明,毒株FPV-QDC20有较强致病性,试验猫出现典型的临床症状和病理变化,并最终死亡。本研究有助了解我国FPV毒株遗传演化方向,为将来的疫病监控和疫苗研究提供参考。     

吉林地区1株小鹅瘟病毒NS1和VP1基因的克隆与序列分析

为了解吉林地区小鹅瘟病毒（Gosling plague virus,GPV）的基因特征,及其与黑龙江及中国其他省份和国外流行毒株的相关性,本研究采用PCR方法鉴定2018年吉林某养鹅场送检的病死雏鹅的肠组织,同时对GPV的非结构蛋白NS1基因及结构蛋白VP1基因进行了克隆和测序,并与国内外16株GPV参考毒株的相应序列进行分析。结果表明,病死雏鹅为GPV与减蛋综合征病毒（Egg drop syndrome virus,EDSV）混合感染;吉林地区GPV的NS1基因长为1 884 bp,编码627个氨基酸,与参考毒株核苷酸序列同源性为93.8%~99.8%,氨基酸序列同源性为97.1%~99.7%;VP1基因长为2 199 bp,编码732个氨基酸,与参考毒株核苷酸序列同源性为93.4%~99.9%,氨基酸序列同源性为96.4%~99.9%。NS1及VP1基因的系统进化树分析均表明,吉林地区GPV与哈尔滨分离株98E属于同一进化分支,亲缘关系最近,与国外分离株、中国台湾和安徽分离株亲缘关系均较远。吉林地区GPV与鹅源GPV具有较近的亲源关系,同源性明显高于其他水禽来源的GPV。该研究为明确中国东北地区GPV空间的流行规律提供基础数据,为东北地区GPV的诊断与治疗提供参考依据。     

2015－2020年天津地区猪伪狂犬病病毒gB、gC、gE基因遗传变异分析

为掌握天津地区猪伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies virus,PRV）的流行及遗传变异情况,本研究对2015－2020年天津地区分离的20个分离株的gB、gC和gE基因进行扩增、测序,并与参考毒株序列进行比对分析。相似性分析结果显示,分离株与2012年后中国变异株相比,3种基因核苷酸及编码氨基酸序列相似性分别为：gB基因均为99.9%~100%;gC基因为99.7%~100%和99.4%~100%;gE基因为99.7%~100%和99.6%~100%。遗传进化和序列比对分析结果显示,依据gB、gC、gE基因绘制遗传进化树均可将PRV毒株分为GⅠ型和GⅡ型,天津分离株属于GⅡ型;其中19个分离株与PRV变异株遗传关系较近,属于同一亚分支,并存在相同的氨基酸变异位点;另外1个分离株（TJBD6株）gB和gE基因与PRV变异株遗传关系较近,氨基酸变异位置与PRV变异株一致,但其gC基因与经典株Ea株遗传关系较近,且核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性为100%。上述结果表明,2015年以来天津地区流行的PRV毒株存在经典株和变异株2种类型,其中变异株为主要流行株。本次研究初步调查了天津地区PRV分子流行特征,可为猪伪狂犬病防控提供依据。     

犬瘟热病毒SH202003株全基因组序列分析

为了解上海地区犬瘟热病毒（Canine distemper virus，CDV）遗传变异情况，本研究采用首尾重叠的11对特异性引物，对CDV上海株SH202003进行RT-PCR扩增，将扩增片段进行反复测序，序列拼接后最终获得了SH202003株全基因组序列，应用Lasergene 7.0和Mega 6.0软件对全基因及H基因进行序列分析，并构建系统进化树。结果显示，SH202003株基因组全长为15 690 bp，编码6种结构蛋白（N、P、M、F、H和L），H和L基因间隔序列为CUA，L和5'端尾随序列为CAA，与Hebei株核苷酸和氨基酸相似性最高，达到98.6%和96.6%，与疫苗株核苷酸相似性在92.2%~94.3%，氨基酸相似性只有82.7%~87.0%；全基因进化树中，SH202003株与流行野毒株在同一分支，与疫苗株在不同的分支；H基因同样与Hebei株亲缘关系最近，核苷酸和氨基酸相似性分别为98.7%和99.5%，与疫苗株Snyder Hill、CDV3、Convac及Onderstepoort亲缘关系较远；SH202003株处于Asia-1型分支，属于Asia-1型强毒株；SH202003株具有9个潜在N-糖基化位点，与强毒株Hebei株一致。研究表明，上海株SH202003属于CDV强毒株，为Asia-1型，其H基因序列相对保守，具有9个潜在N-糖基化位点，但是全基因序列存在较多突变，与疫苗株的匹配度较差，可能是免疫犬依然发生犬瘟热的主要原因。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒广西株N、M基因的克隆与序列分析

为研究鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)广西流行株的遗传变异情况,本研究从广西发病鸡中分离鉴定了1株IBV。参照GenBank中IBV的核苷酸序列设计2对引物,利用RT-PCR技术对分离毒株的N、M基因进行了克隆、序列测定,并与GenBank中发表的国内外参考毒株进行比对分析。结果显示,N基因序列全长为1 230 bp,编码409个氨基酸,M基因序列全长为678 bp,编码225个氨基酸。与参考毒株相比,分离株的N基因核苷酸序列同源性为87.2%~93.3%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为90.0%~94.4%;M基因的核苷酸序列同源性为83.6%~91.0%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为82.7%~92.9%。在遗传进化树中,本试验分离株Guangxi156株与BJ株和LX4株两个参考株位于同一个分支上,亲缘关系较近,而与其他参考株属于不同的分支,亲缘关系较远。结果表明,本试验分离株是一株新的IBV变异株。     

小熊猫源犬瘟热病毒株H、F基因的克隆及序列分析

为了解1株圈养小熊猫源犬瘟热病毒（CDV）GD-1的遗传变异情况,通过RT-PCR方法对该株CDV进行H、F基因的克隆、测序及序列分析。结果显示：该分离株的H基因序列与GenBank中丹麦报道的登录号为GU266280的犬源CDV毒株的核苷酸序列相似性最高,为96%;F基因序列与巴西报道的登录号为KY057355的犬源CDV的核苷酸序列相似性最高,为95.7%。下载CDV代表毒株序列进行遗传演化、氨基酸序列比对及分子特征分析。结果显示：H蛋白共有8个潜在的N-糖基化位点,分别位于19、149、309、391、422、456、587、603位点;H蛋白的SLAM受体结合位点氨基酸序列与欧亚野生型毒株一致,与疫苗株相比,530、549位氨基酸不同,与其他CDV参考毒株H蛋白相比还存在24、41等9处氨基酸位点发生明显变异,与标准强毒株A75/17的氨基酸相似性为95.2%,与Onderstepoort、Convac等5株疫苗株的氨基酸序列相似性为88.2%~89.3%;F蛋白共有6个N-糖基化位点,分别位于62、108、141、173、179、517位,与Onderstepoort等疫苗株氨基酸相似性为89.1%~89.7%;与其他参考毒株相比还存在115、130等11处氨基酸发生变异;构建基于H、F基因的遗传进化树,结果显示：该毒株位于Asia-4型的一个小的进化分支,这与目前我国流行毒株主要位于Asia-1型存在明显不同。本研究首次报道了小熊猫源的Asia-4基因型CDV野毒株,并对毒株的H及F基因进行了序列分析,对于了解我国CDV流行株的遗传变异情况、流行病学调查、疾病防控及疫苗研发等具有重要意义。     

1株传染性法氏囊病病毒的分离鉴定及VP2基因序列分析

【目的】 研究1株传染性法氏囊病病毒（Infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV）广西分离株的毒力特征及其与VP2基因序列特征的关系,为IBDV的流行病学研究和疫病防控提供参考。【方法】 通过PCR、鸡胚传代培养、DF-1细胞的适应培养及琼脂扩散试验等方法分离鉴定病毒,并扩增其VP2基因,利用Mega 7.0、MegAlign软件将其与其他不同毒力IBDV毒株进行核苷酸及氨基酸序列比对分析,并进行SPF鸡致病性试验,用实时荧光定量PCR方法测定IBDV拷贝数变化情况。【结果】 成功分离到1株IBDV毒株,命名为GX20210126株。该毒株接种SPF鸡胚可导致鸡胚出现出血、矮化和肝脏发黄、出血及针尖状坏死;且GX20210126对DF-1具有良好的细胞适应性,可引起显著细胞病变。琼脂扩散试验显示,该毒株具有良好的抗原性,病毒液能与IBDV阳性血清之间形成白色沉淀线。VP2基因进化分析显示GX20210126株与国际标准超强毒株在同一个大的分支上,氨基酸序列相似性在86.8%~99.6%之间,其中与UK661株相似性最高,为99.6%,仅有2处氨基酸位点发生改变,即D279N和I272T。以EID₅₀为10^-3.8/0.1 mL,0.5 mL/只的剂量点眼、滴鼻接种8日龄SPF鸡,攻毒后鸡出现羽毛蓬松、精神萎靡、拉白绿色水样粪便等临床症状,剖检可见肌肉、肝脏出血,肾脏尿酸盐沉积,法氏囊萎缩,IBDV拷贝数在感染后第5天达到峰值。【结论】 IBDV广西流行株GX20210126具有超强毒株基因序列特征,人工感染鸡群可导致IBDV典型临床症状和病理变化。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒内蒙古分离株gB、gC、gD基因的分子克隆与序列分析

对牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)内蒙古分离株gB、gC、gD基因进行克隆和序列测定,结果表明IBRV内蒙古分离株gB、gC、gD基因序列分别为2 850、1 723、1 559bp,编码933、508、417个氨基酸组成的完整开放阅读框。序列比较和系统进化树分析结果显示:内蒙古分离株与其他毒株gB、gC、gD基因核苷酸序列的相似性为94.9%～99.9%,其推导的氨基酸相似性在90.3%～99.7%,不同IBRV毒株gB、gC、gD基因在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上高度保守。在系统进化树中内蒙古分离株与瑞典毒株亲缘关系较近,属于同一个分支。     

云南景洪帕利亚姆亚群达圭勒病毒的分离与鉴定

为了解牛感染帕利亚姆亚群达圭勒病毒（D’Aguilar virus,DAGV）情况,本研究应用BHK21细胞对2019年云南省景洪市采集的健康黄牛血液样品进行盲传病毒分离,对出现细胞病变的样品进行形态学、基因组带型和分子生物学鉴定,对分离到的病毒进行S2、S3、S7基因序列测定和比对分析。结果显示,有5个血液样品可致BHK21细胞病变,电镜观察到完整病毒颗粒呈球形,直径约50 nm;琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果发现5株新分离病毒基因组为10节段,呈现3-3-4的电泳带型特征,其带型特征与2014年在云南分离到的DAGV V106/YN/2014毒株相似;5株病毒S2、S3、S7基因核苷酸、氨基酸序列相似性均为100%,S3、S7片段核苷酸和氨基酸序列与中国本土分离的帕利亚姆亚群病毒（Palyamserogroup virus,PALV）毒株相似性最高;S2片段氨基酸与核苷酸序列与日本分离的DAGV相似性最高。S2、S3、S7基因遗传进化分析结果显示,5株新分离毒株间基因相似度为100%;5个毒株的S7与S3基因序列均与中国本土分离的已知部分PALV毒株在同一分支,亲缘关系较近,提示这5株毒株为PALV;5株毒株S2片段核苷酸序列与日本分离的部分DAGV毒株位于同一分支上,亲缘关系较近,进一步证实这5株毒株为PALV DAGV。本研究成功分离到5株DAGV毒株,并进行了基因片段遗传进化分析,为进一步开展DAGV流行病学研究提供基础。     

2017—2021年成都市猫细小病毒的检测及其VP2基因的变异分析

本研究旨在通过对成都地区家养猫细小病毒(feline parvovirus,FPV)的分子检测,了解FPV在成都地区的流行及遗传变异情况。2017-2021年分别从四川成都地区采集168份家养猫的腹泻粪便样本,用PCR方法对168份样本进行FPV检测,并选取13份阳性样本进行VP2基因全长的克隆和测序,用MegAlign软件分析FPV核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性及变异,通过MEGA 7.0软件用邻近法构建系统进化树分析成都地区FPV的遗传进化情况。结果表明,168份猫样本中检出FPV阳性样本118份,阳性率为70.2%。本研究获得的13株FPV VP2基因与参考毒株之间的同源性为97.1%~100%。VP2蛋白氨基酸分析表明,SMU-D18和SMU-D14毒株序列与new CPV-2a一致,为猫源犬细小毒株。有趣的是,本研究中SMU-D46毒株在第293和297位氨基酸均出现了独特的由Ser (S)到Phe (F)的替换。此外,系统进化分析显示,国内外FPV毒株在进化树中聚类为3个基因群(G1、G2和G3),本研究获得的毒株分别位于G1和G3群中,值得注意的是,商品化的FPV疫苗株位于G2群中,与我国流行的FPV毒株亲缘关系较远。本研究表明,成都市猫群中FPV的流行十分普遍,急需重新评估现有的商品化疫苗的保护效率。     

Pathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in naturally occurring virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection in cats

Infection with feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cause of upper respiratory and oral disease in cats. FCV infection is rarely fatal, however, virulent, systemic strains of FCV (VS-FCV) that cause alopecia, cutaneous ulcers, subcutaneous edema, and high mortality in affected cats have recently been described. Seven cats with natural VS-FCV infection all had subcutaneous edema and ulceration of the oral cavity, with variable ulceration of the pinnae, pawpads, nares, and skin. Other lesions that were present in some affected cats included bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and pancreatic, hepatic, and splenic necrosis. Viral antigen was present within endothelial and epithelial cells in affected tissues as determined by immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody to FCV. Mature intranuclear and intracytoplasmic virions in necrotic epithelial cells were identified by transmission electron microscopy. VS-FCV infection causes epithelial cell cytolysis and systemic vascular compromise in susceptible cats, leading to cutaneous ulceration, severe edema, and high mortality.     

Two outbreaks of virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection in cats in Germany

Over the last years, several outbreaks of virulent systemic feline calicivirus (VS-FCV) infection have been described in the USA and several European countries. The paper describes two outbreaks of VS-FCV infection in cats in Germany. Data concerning clinical, laboratory, and histopathological features ofVS-FCV infection were collected from two outbreaks affecting 55 and 4 cats, respectively. Presence of feline calicivirus was confirmed by PCR followed by sequencing of the PCR-products. Clinical signs were variable, including severe upper respiratory tract infection, dyspnoea, oral and footpad ulceration, facial oedema, enteritis, pneumonia, bleeding disorder, high fever, and icterus. Both outbreaks were characterized by a high mortality rate.The present report describes the first documented outbreaks of VS-FCV infection in cats in Germany. Clinical and histopathological features are comparable to outbreaks described in the USA and Europe. However, phylogenetic analysis of the virus genome suggests that virus strains involved in these outbreaks were different from each other and from virulent strains isolated before, confirming the known genetic variability of FCV.     

犊牛腹泻粪便样本中纽布病毒VP1和RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶基因的序列分析

纽布病毒（Nebovirus，NeV）是国内犊牛腹泻的新发病原，其VP1蛋白含有受体结合位点和中和抗原表位，与病毒的感染和免疫密切相关，本研究旨在分析VP1基因1.2型毒株的分子特征。采用RT-PCR方法，对2019年宁夏和河南的犊牛腹泻粪便样本进行NeV检测，扩增阳性样本完整的主要衣壳蛋白（VP1）和RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶（RdRp）。结果显示，宁夏和河南地区NeV检出率分别为11.32%和8.62%。从4个样本中成功获得了1.2型毒株完整VP1和RdRp序列。4个完整VP1与GenBank中73个完整VP1的氨基酸相似性为75.4%~97.8%；与GenBank中仅有的3个1.2型VP1相比，4个毒株在P2区有1个共同的氨基酸突变，在P1区有2个共同的氨基酸突变。与国内基因1.1型、1.3型和1.4型毒株相比，在P2区分别有9、18和14个共同的氨基酸突变，在P1区分别有2个共同的氨基酸突变，在S区分别有1个共同的氨基酸突变。4个完整RdRp均为NB-like基因型，与GenBank中8个完整RdRp的核苷酸相似性为67.2%~94.8%。本文首次在我国检测到VP1基因1.2型毒株，成功获得了4条基因1.2型毒株的完整VP1和RdRp序列，为国内NeV的分子流行病学和遗传进化研究等提供了参考。     

14株北京地区犬细小病毒分离毒株的VP2、NS1基因序列分析

从北京地区疑似细小病毒感染的犬粪拭子中成功分离鉴定出14株犬细小病毒（CPV）毒株,并对其完整的VP2和NS1基因进行了序列分析。结果表明,鉴定到的14株CPV毒株中,7株为New CPV-2a型,7株为CPV-2c型。此外,NS1的19、33、293、588、624和656位氨基酸以及VP2的13、574位氨基酸为新鉴定的氨基酸突变位点。基于VP2、NS1基因的系统进化分析表明,大部分的New CPV-2a型和CPV-2c型毒株与广西南宁和吉林长春地区的分离毒株亲缘关系密切,说明本次分离毒株与广西或吉林地区分离毒株具有相同的起源。本研究为更好地开展犬细小病毒流行病学调查提供了有益借鉴,也为深入研究犬细小病毒变异和传播的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Genogrouping of Vaccine Breakdown Strains (VBS) of Feline Calicivirus in Japan

Although prevention of feline calcivirus (FCV) infection by vaccination has been attempted, and isolation of FCV, development of the disease, and a few fatal cases in vaccinated cats have been reported. Fifteen FCV strains isolated from cats that had been vaccinated with commercially available FCV vaccines (F9, FCV-255, and FC-7) were genogrouped. Molecular analysis of viral genomes involved the construction of a phylogenetic tree of capsid genes using the NJ method. Cat anti-F9 serum and rabbit anti-FCV-255 serum were used for virus neutralization tests. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of 15 virus isolates and those of the previously published and GenBank-deposited 9 global and 14 Japanese strains showed that 8 (53%) of the 15 virus isolates as well as the vaccine strains F9 and FCV-255 belonged to genogroup I (G_AI), and 7 (47%) belonged to genogroup II (G_AII). Of the 8 G_AI strains, 2 were isolated from cats that had been vaccinated with an F9 strain live vaccine, 5 from cats vaccinated with an FCV-255-derived vaccine, and 1 from a cat vaccinated with an FC-7-derived vaccine. Of the 7 G_AII strains, 5 were isolated from cats that had been vaccinated with the F9 strain live vaccine, 1 from a cat vaccinated with the FCV-255-derived vaccine, and 1 from a cat vaccinated with the FC-7-derived vaccine. These results indicate that more vaccine breakdown strains isolated from the cats vaccinated with the F9 strain-derived vaccine belong to G_AII than to G_AI, whereas more vaccine breakdown strains isolated from the cats vaccinated with the FCV-255 strain-derived vaccine belong to G_AI than to G_AII, and that when the FC-7 strain-derived vaccine is used, the vaccine breakdown strains belong almost equally to G_AI and G_AII. Thus, the genogroups of virus isolates varied with the vaccine strain used (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the neutralizing titres of feline anti-F9 serum and rabbit anti-FCV-255 serum against the 15 isolates were very low, showing no relationships between neutralizing antibody titres and genogroups. The DNA sequence identities between the virus isolates and the vaccine strains were low, at 70.6–82.9%, and no strains were found to have sequences derived from the vaccine strains. Alignment of amino acid sequences showed that the G_AI or G_AII virus isolates from the F9-vaccinated cats differed at position 428 of the 5’ hypervariable region (HVR) of capsid region of the F9 strain, whereas those from the FCV-255-vaccinated cats differed at positions 438, 453, and 460 of the 5’HVR of capsid region E of the F9 strain. We speculate that these differences influence genogrouping. The amino acid changes within the F9 linear epitopes common to G _A I and G _A II were noted at positions 450, 451, 457 of 5’HVR of the capsid region E in the isolates from F9-derived vaccine-treated cats, and 449, 450, and 451 of 5’HVR of capsid region E in the isolates from FCV-255-derived vaccine-treated cats, suggesting that these amino acid changes are involved in escapes. These results suggest that alternate vaccination with the F9 and FCV-255 strains or the use of a polyvalent vaccine containing G_AII strains serves to inhibit development.     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of VP gene of Muscovy Duck Parvovirus Zhejiang Isolate

In order to enrich the biological characteristics of VP gene from Muscovy duck parvovirus Zhejiang isolate (MDPV-ZJ),the target VP gene fragments were amplified by PCR method with specific primers,then the obtained PCR products were cloned and sequenced.The bioinformatics analysis of VP gene of MDPV-ZJ was conducted.The results revealed that MDPV-ZJ VP gene was 2 199 bp in length,coding an open reading frame (ORF) with 732 amino acids.The molecular weight,theoretical isoelectric point,instability index and grand average of hydropathicity of MDPV-ZJ VP gene were 81.32 ku,6.59,37.49 and －0.667,respectively,and with no signal peptide.The genetic evdution ary tree based on the VP gene showed that the MDPV isoaltes contains two groups:The typical MDPV and recombinant MDPV; Also,the typical MDPV could be divided into three branches:Taiwanese branch,Maniland China branch and Euro branch,which existed obvious regional genetic evolution relationship.In this assay MDPV-ZJ was belonged to MDPV Maniland China branch.     

1例兔出血症病毒2型感染疫情的诊断

旨在了解河南疑似兔出血症病毒2型(RHDV2)的感染情况,并对RHDV2的致病性进行初步分析。本研究采集病死兔的肝组织,利用微量血凝试验、RT-PCR扩增及测序、VP60基因系统进化树分析和动物回归试验进行病原鉴定。微量血凝试验结果显示,组织样本悬液能够凝集人“O”型血红细胞;RT-PCR扩增、测序及序列分析结果显示,检测到RHDV2特异性条带,片段大小为829 bp;系统进化树分析结果发现,分离的病毒与我国四川发现的首例RHDV2毒株SC2020/04的VP60基因相似性高达98.2%;临床病例的剖检显示病死兔胸腺、气管、肺、肝、脾、肾等实质性器官出血较为严重;动物回归试验发现攻毒组家兔死亡率为100%,平均死亡时间为65.8 h,RT-PCR扩增均检测到RHDV2特异性条带。本研究首次在河南兔场检测到RHDV2,为RHDV2的防控提供了科学参考。     

Recent epidemiological status of feline upper respiratory infections in Japan

Epidemiology of upper respiratory infections of cats was studied. Nasal, ocular, and oral swabs collected from 111 cats presented at animal hospitals during the past 2.5 years were examined. Twenty-four (21.6%) and 4 (3.6%) cats were diagnosed as feline calicivirus (FCV) infection and feline viral rhinotracheitis, respectively, indicating FCV is more prevalent than feline herpesvirus-1, which revealed a considerable shift from data obtained in 1970s. Cat sera immunized by using vaccines containing either FCV F9 or 255 strains neutralized 42.9% and 66.7% of the FCV isolates, respectively. Chlamydia psittaci, examined by a PCR assay amplifying the ompA gene, was found in 26.9% of 26 diseased cats that typically showed conjunctivitis and rhinitis.