猪圆环病毒1型感染性克隆的构建与病毒拯救

用PCR法扩增猪圆环病毒1型（PCV1）全长基因组,将2个基因组顺式连接插入到pUC19质粒载体中构建感染性分子克隆。通过引物设计替换碱基,在病毒基因组内插入SalI酶切位点作为分子靶标,拯救出带有分子标记的克隆病毒,命名为recPCV1／G株。通过免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（IPMA）在病毒感染细胞中检出病毒抗原,其抗原性仅与PCV1／Cap蛋白单价特异性抗体发生反应,而与抗PCV2／Cap蛋白抗体无交叉。克隆毒株基因组内插入一个SalI酶切位点,可用PCR结合限制性片段长度多态性分析法（PCR-RFLP）与亲本病毒相鉴别。该毒株经细胞连续传10代,体外培养增殖性能稳定,病毒滴度达10^4.8 TCID50/mL。构建的PCV1感染性克隆,为今后开展该病毒的起源与演化、遗传变异规律、分子鉴别诊断等研究奠定了基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型标记毒株的构建与iDNA疫苗的初步研究

为实现携带分子标记的猪圆环病毒2型标记毒株的构建,对其进行感染性DNA(iDNA)疫苗的初步研究,即构建的感染性克隆质粒既能发挥DNA疫苗的作用,同时又能在动物机体内拯救出活病毒,发挥病毒活疫苗的作用,本研究以PCV2Cap蛋白末端具有赖氨酸延伸特征的GZ-RH1株为材料,构建该毒株的感染性克隆质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-PCV2,并在病毒基因组中引入1个SalⅠ酶切位点作为鉴别拯救病毒的分子标记。将该感染性克隆质粒转染PK-15传代细胞进行病毒拯救后,通过IPMA、PCR-RFLP以及全基因组测序等试验对拯救病毒进行检测和鉴定,并初步测定了拯救病毒在体外细胞培养的增殖能力。结果表明,利用构建的感染性克隆质粒拯救获得的PCV2标记毒株,经盲传10代后毒价可到105.3 TCID50/mL,分子标记能够稳定存在,该感染性克隆质粒可以应用到PCV2iDNA疫苗的初步研究中。昆明小鼠接毒试验结果表明,构建的感染性克隆质粒在小鼠体内也具有感染性,能够拯救出PCV2标记毒株,且可以诱导产生抗PCV2的抗体,与体外拯救的标记毒株免疫小鼠具有类似的体内生物学特性,表明PCV2iDNA新型疫苗构建策略是可行的。本研究为进一步研究PCV2iDNA疫苗奠定了基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染性DNA的构建及病毒拯救

用PCR法扩增猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV2)全长基因组。将全基因组插入到真核生物表达载体PcDNA3.1的多克隆位点中,获得单拷贝重组质粒P-PCV2和串连双拷贝重组质粒p-2PCV2,将所得质粒分别转染无PCV污染的PK-15细胞系,经7次连续传代后,间接免疫荧光试验显示在细胞中含有病毒抗原。提取mRNA后经RT-PCR检测都有PCV2特异性基因转录。免疫小鼠后,对免疫后不同天数小鼠的血清用ELISA检测,结果到免疫后35 d病毒几乎都能检测到衣壳蛋白特异性抗体,小鼠致死后在其体内也能检测到病毒DNA。结果表明,所构建的2种重组质粒均可表达并在体外组装出有感染性PCV2病毒粒子。为进行PCV2分子特性、疫苗免疫及致病机理研究打下了基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型吉林地方株ORF2基因的克隆、测序及其在原核细胞中的表达

根据GenBank中发表的猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）ORF2基因序列，设计合成1对特异性引物，用PCR方法从接种PCV2吉林株（JL01）PK-15细胞中，扩增出PCV2毒株的ORF2基因。将扩增片段克隆于pMD18-T载体，进行序列测定。结果表明，PCV2JL01毒株的ORF2基因核苷酸长度为702bp。将重组质粒用Sal Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ酶切后与同样处理的pET-32a载体连接，转化BL21细胞后，挑取阳性克隆。经PCR和酶切鉴定后，用IPTG诱导，细菌裂解液经SDS—PAGE和Western—blot分析，表明ORF2基因在大肠杆菌中得到了表达，并能被PCV2阳性血清所识别。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染性克隆的构建

为构建猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)感染性克隆,采用PCR方法从已鉴定为PCV2阳性的病料中扩增PCV2全长基因组片段后将其定向克隆至PVAX1载体中,构建了PCV2感染性克隆质粒p VAX1-PCV2;将重组质粒转染细胞进行病毒拯救,通过免疫过氧化物酶和RT-PCR进行拯救病毒检测,并初步测定了拯救病毒在体外细胞培养的增殖能力和遗传稳定性。结果表明,构建的PCV2感染性克隆质粒,成功拯救出PCV2,拯救病毒盲传8代后毒价可达104.78TCID50/m L,体外增殖能力较为稳定。本试验为深入研究PCV2的基因功能及致病机制等奠定基础。     

猪圆环病毒1型反向遗传操作系统的初步构建

为构建猪圆环病毒1型的反向遗传操作系统,试验参考GenBank中已发表的PCV1序列,设计1对特异性引物,应用PCR方法扩增PCV1全长基因组,将其定向克隆至pcDNA3.1(+)真核表达载体中,并对其进行PCR、双酶切鉴定及DNA序列测定;将构建好的重组质粒转染到PK-15细胞中,经3次连续传代后,用PCR方法检测转染后盲传细胞中PCV2核酸,经测序鉴定所拯救出的病毒与亲本病毒核苷酸同源性为100%。结果表明:构建的PCV1感染性克隆具有感染性。PCV1反向遗传操作系统的成功建立为进一步研究PCV基因组的功能及新型疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型细胞培养适应毒株的培育和鉴定

从临床表现为仔猪断奶后多系统衰竭综合征（PMWS）淋巴组织病料，经聚合酶链式反应（PCR）证实为猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）感染，采用无污染的猪肾细胞系（PK15）分离培养，并连续传代培育成一株细胞培养适应毒，命名为PCV2／LG株。分离毒株经细胞培养，于第25代后毒价显著升高，于第35代毒价可达10^5.6TCID 50/mL。采用免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞染色法（IPMA）、免疫电镜技术、分子克隆及核酸序列分析等鉴定表明，分离株感染细胞后病毒抗原主要分布在细胞核及细胞质中；病毒感染的阳性细胞呈散在分布，阳性细胞数可达50％以上；免疫电镜观察到与PCV2特异抗体结合形成的病毒免疫复合物呈实心小颗粒样粒子团，病毒粒子直径约为17nm；病毒抗原基因组由1768个核苷酸组成，与GenBank登录的8个PCV2基因组序列同源性达96．2％以上。用2mL的病毒细胞培养物（10^5.6TCID 50/mL）接种30日龄PCV2抗体阴性仔猪3头，可引起典型PMWS临床症状。本研究为进一步开展该病毒的致病性、疫苗免疫、诊断及分子生物学等研究奠定了基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型甘肃兰州株全基因组序列的克隆及序列分析

参照GenBank中登录的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)全基因组序列,设计合成了2对特异性引物,从甘肃兰州疑似断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征(PMWS)病料中提取PCV2基因组DNA,分段PCR扩增全长基因组。回收PCR产物,将其插入pGEM-T Easy载体,构建了重组质粒pGEM-PCV2,转化后筛选、提取阳性重组质粒进行测序。结果表明,克隆到的PCV2全基因组长为1767 bp。应用DNAStar序列分析软件对所测PCV2序列与GenBank中登录的包括甘肃在内的国内外PCV2毒株进行同源性分析。结果显示,克隆的PCV2与ZhouKou(EU656143)毒株遗传关系较近,其核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列同源性高达99.4%、98.6%,与已报道的GS03(EU547458)甘肃毒株遗传关系较远,可能是流行于甘肃兰州的一个变异毒株GSLZ(GenBank登录号为:FJ447482)。     

猪圆环病毒2型河南株全基因组的克隆与序列分析

利用PCR方法,对河南郑州、南阳、焦作等地采集的疑似猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）感染的病料进行检测。PCR检测为阳性的病料经处理后,接种无PCV污染的PK-15细胞中盲传6代,克隆11株PCV2全基因组并进行序列分析。结果表明,11株PCV2中有10株基因组全长为1 767bp,基因组分型为PCV2b,1株为1 768bp,说明PCV2b是河南省断奶后多系统衰竭综合征（PMWS）发生的主要因素;11个毒株的同源性位于94.9%～100%,与其他毒株的同源性为94.7%～100%;10株基因组为1 767bp的毒株处于一大分支上,遗传进化比较稳定;本试验为PCV2在河南地区的分子流行病学、遗传变异及防治奠定了基础。     

分子标记株鸭圆环病毒感染性核酸的构建

以临床分离的鸭圆环病毒（duck circovirus）（GenBank登录号：GU168779）阳性病料为材料,根据GenBank中所登录的鸭圆环病毒基困序列设计引物并对设计的引物5′末端进行磷酸化处理,通过引物设计替换碱基,以突变形成EcoRⅠ酶切位点。利用PCR方法扩增鸭圆环病毒的基因,经胶回收后,用T4 DNA连接酶进行环化,以获得鸭圆环病毒具有感染性的核酸。在含有分子标记的两端设计引物,进行PCR扩增,对PCR产物进行胶回收,连接T载体后测序,对胶回收产物进行EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定,均证明在第587位成功插入EcoRⅠ酶切位点。结果表明,本试验已成功构建带有分子标记的鸭圆环病毒的感染性核酸,为进一步开展该病毒的分子调控机制、致病性和开发基因工程疫苗研究奠定基础。     

ORF9基因缺失突变PCV2的构建与部分生物学特性

设计1对针对猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）全基因组的特异性引物,从疑似断乳仔猪多系统衰竭综合征（PMWS）的病料中经PCR直接扩增出PCV2全基因组,再与载体pMD18-T Simple连接后构建重组质粒pMD18-T Simple-PCV2（命名为P-S-PCV2）。用ORF9特异的限制性内切酶Bpu10Ⅰ对P-S-PCV2进行酶切、补平连接反应,构建了ORF9基因缺失突变的重组质粒（命名为P-S-PCV2-J）。用SacⅡ对基因缺失突变的重组质粒进行酶切,获得的线性化基因突变PCV2基因组在体外进行自身环化,形成了相应缺失基因DNA（命名为PCV2-J）。用PCV2-J缺失突变株进行细胞转染、动物致病性和免疫原性、T淋巴细胞亚群的动态变化等部分生物学特性的研究。结果显示：PCV2-J转染IBRS-2细胞后,电镜观察可见病毒颗粒,PCR-RFLP检测有突变株生长;PCV2-J接种仔猪后无临床典型大体病变,PCR-RFLP检测淋巴结中有PCV2-J突变病毒的感染;PCV2-J免疫仔猪后的抗体水平在第2周开始上升,与对照组相比差异显著,CD3＋下降,与对照组无差异,CD4＋下降,第1周与对照组差异显著,CD8＋与对照组差异不显著。结果表明,ORF9基因缺失突变的PCV2仍具有复制感染能力,但免疫原性减弱。     

Porcine circovirus type 2 in muscle and bone marrow is infectious and transmissible to naïve pigs by oral consumption

Pork products are a possible source of introduction of PCV2 isolates into a pig population. However, limited work has been done on the transmission through meat of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a virus associated with several disease syndromes in pigs. The objectives of this study were to determine if pork products from PCV2-infected pigs contain PCV2 DNA/antigen and to determine if the PCV2 present in the tissues is infectious by performing in vitro and in vivo studies. Skeletal muscle, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues from pigs experimentally inoculated with PCV2 were collected 14 days post-inoculation (DPI). The tissues were tested for presence of PCV2 DNA by quantitative real-time PCR, for PCV2 antigen by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and for presence of infectious PCV2 by virus isolation and inoculation of PCV2 naïve pigs. Lymphoid tissues contained the highest amount of PCV2 (positive by PCR, IHC, and virus isolation), bone marrow contained a lower amount of PCV2 (positive by PCR and IHC but negative by virus isolation), and skeletal muscle contained the lowest amount of PCV2 (positive by PCR but negative by IHC and virus isolation). Naïve pigs fed for three consecutive days with either skeletal muscle, bone marrow, or lymphoid tissues all became PCV2 viremic as determined by quantitative real-time PCR on serum starting at 7 DPI. The pigs also seroconverted to PCV2 as determined by PCV2 IgM and IgG ELISA. In addition, PCV2 antigen was detected by IHC stains in lymphoid tissues and intestines collected from the majority of these pigs. Results from this study indicate that uncooked PCV2 DNA positive lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and skeletal muscle from PCV2 viremic pigs contain sufficient amount of infectious PCV2 to infect naïve pigs by the oral route.     

Development of an ELISA based on the baculovirus-expressed capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 as antigen

The genome of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) contains two major open reading frames, which have been shown to encode the virus capsid and replication-associated proteins. The capsid protein is a major structural protein of the virus; it can be a suitable target antigen for detecting PCV2-specific antibodies to monitor PCV2 infection. To produce the antigen, the capsid protein coding sequence was cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector, and a recombinant capsid (rC) protein of PCV2 was expressed as a combined fusion protein in frame with a C-terminal peptide of six histidines. The affinity-purified rC protein was used as coating antigen to develop an ELISA for detecting the virus-specific antibodies in swine sera. The rC protein-based ELISA (rcELISA) was evaluated by examining a panel of 49 PCV2-positive and 49 PCV2-negative swine sera. In comparative experiments of immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) using 102 field sera, there was 89.2% coincidence between data obtained by the rcELISA and IPMA. The rcELISA achieved 88.5% specificity and 89.4% sensitivity for detection of PCV2 antibody in the field sera. The assay showed no cross-reactivity with antibodies to PCV type 1, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine parvovirus. The results suggest that the rcELISA is suitable for routine serodiagnosis and epidemiological surveys of PCV2-associated diseases.     

Experimental infection of 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus

This report describes an experimental infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in combination with porcine parvovirus (PPV) in 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with maternal antibodies to both viruses. Two groups of four pigs each were inoculated with PCV2 and PPV. One of the groups received also a commercial inactivated vaccine against porcine pleuropneumonia to evaluate possible effects of the stimulation of the immune system of pigs on the infection. Another group of four pigs was kept as uninfected control. Clinical signs, rectal temperatures and body weights were recorded. Serum antibody titers to PCV2 and PPV were determined at weekly intervals. Pigs were killed 42 days after inoculation and tissue samples were examined for the presence of gross and microscopic lesions. Tissues were also analyzed for the presence of PCV2 and PPV DNA by PCR, and for the presence of PCV2 antigen by immunohistochemistry (IHC). All the pigs had serum antibodies to PCV2 and PPV at the beginning of the trial. None of them developed clinical symptoms or pathological lesions typical of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a disease associated to PCV2 infection. However, IHC and/or PCR analyses showed that clinically silent PCV2 infection developed in five of the eight inoculated pigs, regardless of the administration of the vaccine. In particular, PCV2 DNA and/or antigen were detected in most of the tissues examined in the two pigs with the lowest titer of maternal PCV2 antibodies at the beginning of the trial. PPV DNA was not detected in any of the samples examined. The five pigs with PCR and/or IHC evidence of PCV2 infection had a mean weight gain during the experiment lower than that of the inoculated PCR-negative pigs considered together and that of the control pigs. In conclusion, it would appear that passive immunity against PCV2 can play a role in preventing the development of PMWS, but is not able to prevent the establishing of clinically silent PCV2 infections. The dissemination and persistence of the virus in the tissues may depend on the level of PCV2 antibodies at the time of inoculation.     

Identification of porcine circovirus in tissues of pigs with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

Thirty-three pigs affected by porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, 30 from Spain and three from the USA, were investigated in order to detect porcine circovirus (PCV) in their tissues. A standard in situ hybridisation technique using a specific DNA 317-bp probe based on a well-conserved sequence of PCV (which recognises both PCV-1 and PCV-2) was applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Twenty-eight of the 30 Spanish pigs and all three American pigs had PCV in at least one tissue. Viral nucleic acid was detected mainly in lymphoid organs, and especially the lymph nodes. The viral genome was also found, in order of decreasing quantity, in Peyer's patches, tonsil, lung, spleen, kidney, liver, and skin. Viral nucleic acid was located mainly within the cytoplasm of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, including follicular dendritic cells, macrophages, histiocytes and Kupffer cells. No viral nucleic acid was found in damaged glomeruli or arteriolar walls. In frozen samples available from three Spanish pigs, the virus was identified as type 2 by using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Most of the pigs from which serum was available were seropositive against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and PRRSV antigen was detected in the lung of two of the Spanish pigs. These results suggested that PCV is present in tissues of almost all pigs affected by PDNS, and PCV has to be considered as a possible agent involved in the pathogenesis of the syndrome.     

An ORF2 protein-based ELISA for porcine circovirus type 2 antibodies in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in swine. As PCV2 displays significant homology with PCV1 (a non-pathogenic virus) at the nucleotide and amino-acid level, a discriminative antigen is needed for specific serological diagnosis. The ORF2-encoded capsid protein from PCV2 was used to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). GST-fused capsid protein from PCV2 and GST alone (both expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected cells) were used as antigens for serodiagnosis. The specificity of the ELISA for detection of PCV2 antibodies was demonstrated in sera from pigs experimentally infected with PCV1, PCV2 and other swine viruses. The semi-quantitative nature of the test was evaluated versus an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). The ELISA was performed on 322 sera from pigs in eight Brittany herds and compared with IPMA. The sensitivity (98.2%) and specificity (94.5%) of this test were considered suitable for individual serological detection. High PCV2 seroprevalence was found in sows and pigs at the end of the growth phase (18-19 weeks) in all eight herds. The seroprevalence in piglets (11-17 weeks) was statistically correlated with clinical symptoms of PMWS (93% in affected versus 54%, in non-affected farms). A cohort study performed in PMWS-free farms showed that 57% of piglets exhibited active seroconversion after 13 weeks, indicating that PCV2 infection occurred earlier in PMWS-affected piglets.     

猪圆环病毒2型免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验抗体检测试剂盒的研制及应用

本研究建立了一种免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay,IPMA）,用于猪圆环病毒2型血清抗体检测,通过对IPMA反应条件的优化,组装了诊断试剂盒。研究结果表明,用IPMA检测猪圆环病毒2型人工感染猪血清,于感染后3周抗体阳转,第3周～10周抗体阳性检出率为92.8%（52/56）,对照组猪血清抗体检测均为阴性（33/33）。试剂盒在-20℃稳定保存18个月与其他几种猪病毒参考血清无交叉反应,与用重组蛋白抗原建立的rcELISA符合率为89.2%。对来自黑龙江、吉林、河北、上海、内蒙古、云南、江西等地猪场健康成年猪血清480份和发病猪血清424份进行了检测,抗体检出率分别为91.7%和79.2%,表明我国猪群中猪圆环病毒2型污染相当严重。该试剂盒的研制为我国PCV2流行病学调查和疫苗免疫效果的评价提供了技术手段。