一株Asia 1型口蹄疫病毒的全基因组序列测定及比较分析

参考GenBank上已发表的口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）全长基因组序列,设计了覆盖基因组全长的数对引物,通过RT-PCR方法对1株Asia1型（简称As01）FMDV进行分段克隆及序列测定,将测序结果利用软件进行拼接。结果表明,该毒株的FMDV基因组[不合poly（C）]全长8180nt,其中编码区为6987nt,5’和3’非编码区（UTR）分别为1078nt和95nt,3＇UTR之后为20nt的poly（A）尾巴。将As01株与其他FMDV参考毒株利用分子生物学软件进行多序列比对分析表明,As01株与Asia 1／Jiangsu／China／2005、Asia 1／Isr 1／3／63、ZB／CHA／58等Asia 1型FMDV遗传进化关系较为密切,而与O型和A型FMDV遗传关系较远。     

口蹄疫病毒OT株的全基因组序列测定及比较分析

参考GenBank上已发表的口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)全长基因组序列,设计了覆盖基因组全长的数对引物,通过RT-PCR方法对口蹄疫病毒OT株进行分段克隆及序列测定.结果表明不含poly(C)序列的OT株基因组全序列长8 142 nt,开放读码框(ORF)长6 969 nt、编码2 322 aa,5'UTR长1 004 nt,3'UTR长93 nt,3'UTR之后为23nt的poly(A)尾巴.应用分子生物学软件将OT株与FMDV其它参考毒株进行序列比对,并对其基因特征进行分析.结果显示,OT株的假结节(Pseudoknots)从第415-499位连续缺失85 nt,但是其3A基因却未发生碱基的缺失.其VP1基因的核苷酸同源性与O/Akesu58、OMⅢ两株最高,但OT株在进化时间上要比O/Akesu58、OMIII早很多,其毒株起源和遗传衍化关系还需要进一步的关注.     

用3'RACE方法扩增并克隆口蹄疫病毒基因组3'末端序列

应用3’RACE方法扩增并克隆了口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)0H99株基因组3’端真实序列。测序结果表明,所扩增的目的基因片段长1500nt,包括3D基因部分序列、3’端非编码区(Non—Coding Region,NCR)和Poly(A)尾巴,其中3’NCR位于终止密码子TAA之后,长93nt,Poly(A)尾序列至少含有56个A。与参考毒株进行序列比较,结果显示,OH99株与0TY TW／97株的核苷酸同源性较高,为91．4％,而与O1K、CHINA99、A12等毒株的核苷酸同源性较低,其同源性分别为68．1％、71．0％、70．2％。3’NCR的末端存在保守性较高的基序：CCCTCAGATG,TTTTCCC—CGCTTCCT。本研究为进一步研究FMDV基因组的功能、构建OH99株的反向遗传操作系统奠定了基础。     

新型鸭肝炎病毒分离株JFX08全基因组测定与分析

对我国鸭病毒性肝炎病毒(Duck hepatitis virus,DHV)分离株JFX08的全基因组进行了序列测定与分析。结果表明,JFX08毒株的基因组全长为7793nt,包括652nt的5’UTR,6753nt的ORF,366nt的3’UTR以及19nt的poly(A)尾巴。JFX08毒株的ORF编码2251个氨基酸,各基因均与韩国新型毒株的氨基酸序列相似性最高,与1型DHV和台湾新型DHV的序列相似性均较低。其中VP1较1型DHV存在2个氨基酸的插入和较多氨基酸位点的突变,高变区主要集中在180～194位和213～219位。JFX08毒株的非编码区核苷酸序列之间存在大量碱基突变和插入/缺失。多聚蛋白、VP0、VP3、VP1、2C和3D基因进化分析结果均表明,JFX08分离株与韩国新型DHV的遗传距离最近,属基因C型。     

口蹄疫病毒O/LZ株的分子特性分析

采用RT—PCR方法对口蹄疫病毒O／LZ株基因组序列进行了分子克隆和序列测定。结果表明：获得的0／LZ株除poly（C）和poly（A）外基因组序列长8104nt，其中包括1042nt的5’非编码区和6969nt的多聚蛋白编码区。将O／LZ株与其它参考毒株进行序列比较，结果显示O／LZ株与O／HNK／2002、O／ES／2001、O／CHP／TW／97等遗传关系最近，而与其它毒株遗传关系较远，属于O型口蹄疫Cathay拓扑型。与ME-SA拓扑型PanAsia株的毒株比较，两者在主要抗原位点1和位点3呈现出明显的以拓扑型为特征的氨基酸差别，提示两拓扑型毒株之间有较高的抗原差异。     

兔病毒性出血症病毒中国株(JX/CHA/97)全基因组分子克隆及序列分析

本研究首次完成了免病毒性出血症病毒（Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus，RHDV）中国分离株JX／CHA／97全基因组序列的测定与分析。研究结果表明，JX／CHA／97株的全基因组由7437个核苷酸组成，其基因组构成为：5＇端有一个长度仅为9nt的非编码区，随后有2个阅读框架（ORFs）．分别编码一个聚合蛋白和一个结构蛋白。在基因组的3＇端也有一个非编码区，长度为59nt。另外，采用RACE方法获得了RHDV的poly（A）尾序，证明该结构至少含有27个A。根据RHDV衣壳蛋白的基因序列，将JX／CHA／97株与来自世界各地的22株RHDV分离株的基因组序列进行了比较与分析，并绘制了系统发生树。结果表明，RHDV各分离株之间存在较高的序列同源性，可以将它们至少分为6个拓朴群，提示RHDV有朝不同方向发生进化的趋势。     

用3′RACE方法扩增并克隆口蹄疫病毒基因组3′末端序列

应用 3′RACE方法扩增并克隆了口蹄疫病毒 ( FMDV) OH99株基因组 3′端真实序列。测序结果表明 ,所扩增的目的基因片段长 15 0 0 nt,包括 3D基因部分序列、3′端非编码区 ( Non- Coding Region,NCR)和 Poly( A)尾巴 ,其中 3′NCR位于终止密码子 TAA之后 ,长 93nt,Poly( A)尾序列至少含有 5 6个 A。与参考毒株进行序列比较 ,结果显示 ,OH99株与 OTY TW/ 97株的核苷酸同源性较高 ,为 91.4 % ,而与 O1K、CHINA99、A12等毒株的核苷酸同源性较低 ,其同源性分别为 6 8.1%、71.0 %、70 .2 %。 3′NCR的末端存在保守性较高的基序 :CCCTCAGATG,TTTTCCC-CGCTTCCT。本研究为进一步研究 FMDV基因组的功能、构建 OH99株的反向遗传操作系统奠定了基础。     

口蹄疫病毒Hankou/99株基因组全序列测定与基因特征分析

本研究主要对口蹄疫病毒(FMDV) Hankou/99株全基因序列进行测定,通过基因序列分析,确定其基因型,丰富了FMDV基因库,为研究猪源FMDV的分子变异、感染性分子克隆及致病机理奠定基础.从感染FMDV Hankou/99株的细胞液中提取RNA,通过RT-PCR技术,获得猪FMDV Hankou/99分离株覆盖全基因组的5个cDNA片段(S、L、C、D、E),分别对这些片段进行克隆和序列测定.结果显示,FMDV Hankou/99株全基因组长8099 bp;5'NCR长1040 bp,开放阅读框长6966 bp;3'NCR长93 bp,其后是30个碱基的连续poly(A)结构.通过与参考株基因组结构比较分析,显示其在分类地位上属于O型FMDV,并与猪源FMDV毒株OLZ、TW/97同源性较高,特别是3A区域上都有30 bp的缺失.另外,通过与9个参考株的VP1系统发生树分析,显示其与OLZ、TW/97、O/Akesu/58、O/OMⅢ 4个毒株为同一基因型.     

口蹄疫病毒基因组IRES和Poly（C）之间功能未知区一级和二级结构分析

用RT－PCR法，以口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）WH／99株牛舌水泡皮为材料，提取RNA及扩增目的cDNA，然后与pGEM-T Easy载体连接并转化JM109菌株，再经重组质粒电泳、PCR和EcoR Ⅰ酶切鉴定；用DNAstar软件比较功能未知区的序列差异，以RNAdraw软件分析它们的二级结构。结果表明，7株FMDV的功能未知区序列长度介于207－256个核苷酸；序列分析表明，WH／99与Asia Ⅰ63／72、A24／Cruzeiro、TWTY／97和TWCP／97的序列差异最大，预示此区段可能与病毒感染嗜性有关；二级结构分析表明，A24／Cruzeiro、Asia Ⅰ63／72和TWCP／97均有5个结构域，WH／99和TWTY／97具有6个结构域。TWTY／97和TWCP／97二级结构的差异可能是TWTY／97功能未知区第20位插入的“C”所致，而O1K／66和O1Campos仅有3个结构域。2株猪O型FMDV功能未知区5'端存在着连续的核苷酸缺失现象，最多达52个，唯有3株牛O型FMDV（O1K／66、O1Campos和WH／99）在上述位置无任何缺失。     

一株分离自中国鹅源黄病毒的分子鉴定

为了分析2011年分离到的1株(ZZ株)引起产蛋量下降的鹅源黄病毒的全基因组序列及病原的分子特性,试验采用PCR技术对其全基因组进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序,之后对多聚蛋白的剪切位点、潜在的糖基化位点、半胱氨酸的分布及3’UTR的二级结构进行分析。结果表明:该病毒由10986个核苷酸组成,并具有典型的黄病毒基因组结构;开放阅读框(ORF)编码3 425个氨基酸(95～10 372 nt);与其他黄病毒比较,该病毒的5’UTR(94 nt)大小居中,而3’UTR(614 nt)相对较长;对多聚蛋白及3’UTR的系统进化树分析显示,ZZ分离株与恩塔亚病毒(Ntaya virus)的巴格扎病毒(Bagazavirus)亲缘关系最近。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.