牙鲆的头肾免疫细胞

对牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus)头肾印迹片、光镜片和电镜片的观察发现，其头肾主要集中于肾脏前部2个分叉部分。组织学研究证明，头肾是由基质组织网络着不同发育阶段的血细胞构成，具无肾小球等分泌结构。进一步超微观察表明，其质是由网状细胞和成纤维细胞等组成，各种免疫细胞由淋巴细胞、单核细胞、颗粒细胞（Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型）以及巨噬细胞等组成。头肾中免疫细胞丰富，其中淋巴细胞占36.6%，单核细胞占31.0%，颗粒细胞占19.7%。说明牙鲆的头肾免疫细胞种类比较丰富，是免疫细胞的主要生发中心，在鱼体免疫防御系统中占有相当重要的地位。同时以特殊颗粒细胞的分类进行了讨论。     

应用免疫技术检测牙鲆组织内的淋巴囊肿病毒

应用免疫荧光抗体技术(IFAT)和标记链亲和素-生物素(LSAB)免疫组化法对患淋巴囊肿病牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus的肝、脾、肾、胃、幽门、肠、心脏、性腺、鳃、表皮10种组织进行了检测，结果发现体表有囊肿症状病鱼的胃、肠、鳃和表皮组织内有淋巴囊肿病毒存在；体表未见囊肿症状病鱼的胃、肠和表皮组织内也检测到了病毒，说明这两种免疫技术可以应用于牙鲆淋巴囊肿病的检测与诊断。同时本文还对淋巴囊肿病毒通过消化道感染的可能进行了探讨。     

大豆异黄酮对褐牙鲆免疫细胞功能的体外研究

在超净台内剖取、研磨褐牙鲆头肾,用Ortuńo的方法分离头肾巨噬细胞;无菌抗凝尾静脉抽血分离外周血白细胞。用含有0、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5mg/mL和2.0mg/mL大豆异黄酮的细胞培养液分别体外培养这些细胞,24h后分别测定细胞的氧呼吸爆发活力、增殖活力及吞噬活力等免疫指标。试验结果表明,在体外培养下,大豆异黄酮显著影响褐牙鲆头肾巨噬细胞和外周血白细胞免疫力(P0.05),且随着培养液中大豆异黄酮质量浓度的增加,上述细胞免疫力先增后降。当培养液中大豆异黄酮质量浓度为0.5mg/mL时,褐牙鲆头肾巨噬细胞和外周血白细胞的氧呼吸爆发活力、增殖活力以及吞噬活力显著高于其他处理组(P0.05);而当大豆异黄酮质量浓度达到2mg/mL时,显著抑制褐牙鲆头肾巨噬细胞和外周血白细胞免疫力(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,体外细胞培养中添加0.5mg/mL大豆异黄酮促进了褐牙鲆头肾巨噬细胞和外周血白细胞的免疫力;2mg/mL大豆异黄酮则明显抑制细胞免疫力。     

淋巴囊肿病毒27.8 ku受体蛋白在牙鲆组织中的分布

应用抗牙鲆淋巴囊肿病毒(lymphocystis disease virus,LCDV)受体蛋白(27.8 ku)的单克隆抗体(2G11和3D9)定位LCDV受体蛋白在牙鲆组织中的分布。通过对牙鲆外周血、白细胞、鳃、胃、肠、表皮、肝脏、头肾、体肾、脾、性腺、脑、心脏等进行LCDV受体蛋白的间接免疫荧光与免疫组织化学定位观察,发现在牙鲆外周血白细胞的细胞膜、鳃上皮细胞、表皮、胃黏膜上皮细胞顶端、肠上皮细胞、肝细胞、脾表层结缔组织细胞及头肾后端的肾小管上皮细胞内均有较强的阳性信号,表明这些部位分布有LCDV的27.8 ku受体蛋白,但在体肾、性腺、脑、心脏及外周血红细胞中未观察到阳性信号。推测LCDV通过与鳃、表皮及消化道上皮的受体结合进入牙鲆体内,通过与外周血白细胞上的受体结合侵染白细胞而进入血液循环,进而感染肝脏、脾脏、头肾等器官。     

牙鲆消化道组织学观察及内分泌细胞分布

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)体质量约0.5 kg,活体取材,通过免疫组织化学染色和H.E染色,在光学显微镜下观察牙鲆消化道组织结构。结果表明,牙鲆消化道和高等脊椎动物类似,分为口咽腔、食道、胃、胃盲囊和肠。肠也可分为前肠、中肠和后肠,三者之间没有明显的界限。胃和前肠是消化吸收主要的部位,胃盲囊和前肠结构和功能非常类似。Serotonnin细胞和P Substance细胞在牙鲆胃前部的黏膜中零星分布,在胃体中较多见,平均每104μm2胃体黏膜上皮约各有2.2和2.0个阳性细胞。而Gastrin细胞分布在胃盲囊和前肠中,平均每104μm2黏膜上皮分别有0.98个和0.71个阳性细胞。可见,牙鲆和哺乳动物消化道一样都分布有肽能神经元。这些结果将为神经内分泌系统的研究提供资料。     

抗迟缓爱德华菌单克隆抗体的应用

检测了抗迟缓爱德华菌单抗对牙鲆的保护性。从１０株自制单抗中筛选出一株对牙鲆具有较强保护性的单抗３Ｆ７。与仅以该菌感染的对照组相比，该抗体可显著提高牙鲆感染迟缓爱德华菌后的存活率。在以每条鱼０．１ｍＬ（１０＾９ＣＦＵ）菌量做攻击保护时，其保护率可达８０％。另外，利用所制单克隆抗体以免疫组织组织化学ＳＡＢＣ法检查了迟缓爱德华菌经腹腔感染牙鲆鱼后细菌的侵染途径，结果显示牙鲆对该菌易感的器官为肝、肾、脾等     

人工感染溶藻弧菌对大黄鱼免疫功能的影响

为了解大黄鱼在抗溶藻弧菌感染时免疫功能的变化规律，将160尾健康大黄鱼分为感染组和对照组，通过腹腔分别注射0.2 mL浓度为2×107 CFU·mL-1的溶藻弧菌和灭菌生理盐水，在注射0，1，3，7，11，15，19 d后从两组各取6尾大黄鱼，尾静脉取血，进行外周血的血相、NBT阳性细胞数、血清抗菌活力、抗体效价等免疫学指标的测定。结果显示：在人工感染的初期，感染组大黄鱼外周血的红细胞、白细胞、淋巴细胞和NBT阳性细胞的数量及血清抗菌活力等指标均较对照组有显著提高；在注射后1 d外周血粒细胞的数量显著低于对照组；抗体效价在7 d开始增加，15 d达到峰值，且用间接ELISA和试管凝集两种方法所得结果具有非常高的同步性。结果表明：在感染溶藻弧菌后，大黄鱼能通过红细胞和白细胞增殖、释放抗菌物质、产生特异性抗体等方式提高其对溶藻弧菌的免疫力；在感染的早期阶段非特异性免疫因子起主要作用，在感染后期阶段特异性免疫因子起重要作用；NBT阳性细胞数可以作为细菌感染的指标。图2表1参24     

人IgG诱导尼罗罗非鱼特异性抗体分泌细胞的ELISPOT检测

通过酶联免疫斑点法(ELISPOT)检测了经人 IgG 免疫后尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)头肾、外周血和脾脏中的特异性抗体分泌细胞(antibody secreting cell, ASC)数量。结果表明, 首次免疫 1 d 后可在头肾中检测出 ASC, 而外周血和脾脏第 3 天才能检测出 ASC; 头肾、外周血以及脾脏中的 ASC 均在第 12 天达到峰值, 随后头肾, 外周血中的 ASC 数量显著减少, 而在脾脏中 ASC 数量减少不显著。二次免疫 1 d 后在头肾、外周血和脾脏中均可检测到 ASC, ASC 数量均在第 9 天达到峰值, 时间早于首次免疫, 且在首次免疫和二次免疫中, 头肾组织的 ASC 数量均是 3 个组织中最高的。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别对首次免疫和二次免疫后血清中的抗体水平检测发现, 其变化趋势与 ASC 数量变化规律相同。研究结果表明, 尼罗罗非鱼在初次免疫后产生了免疫记忆, 在二次免疫过程中产生了更多的 ASC 和抗体, 头肾是 ASC 的主要来源组织。该结果可为鱼类的免疫记忆研究提供重要的科学依据。     

牙鲆血清免疫球蛋白的分离纯化及部分特性分析

运用Sephacryl S-200凝胶层析和HiTrap rProtein ASepharose亲和层析2种方法对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)血清免疫球蛋白进行分离纯化,结果表明,牙鲆免疫球蛋白分布于33%~50%的硫酸铵饱和溶液中,其中45%的分离效果最好。凝胶层析和亲和层析样品均出现2个蛋白峰,用还原SDS-PAGE检测确定牙鲆免疫球蛋白存在于第2个蛋白峰中。牙鲆免疫球蛋白重链分子量约为75.4 kD,轻链分子量约为29.9 kD和28.2 kD,推测牙鲆血清免疫球蛋白的分子量为836 kD。制备了兔抗牙鲆免疫球蛋白多克隆抗体,免疫双扩散法检测多克隆抗体效价为1∶32,免疫斑点法检测多克隆抗体效价至少为1∶1 600。运用免疫印迹法(Western-bloting)检测了兔抗牙鲆免疫球蛋白多克隆抗体的特异性,实验证明该抗体与牙鲆全血清中免疫球蛋白重链、轻链反应均成阳性。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾组织学观察与先天性免疫屏障研究

为探明瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)头肾组织结构和先天性免疫屏障,该研究用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法和改良James染色法对瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾的显微结构进行了观察,并使用台盼蓝活体染色法对头肾免疫屏障部位进行了定位。结果显示,瓦氏黄颡鱼头肾由被膜、淋巴细胞聚集区、粒细胞聚集区、前肾间组织、网状纤维和胶原纤维组成,胶原纤维仅在血管外周可见;台盼蓝主要分布于血窦周围的内皮细胞和一些游离的巨噬细胞中,且随时间延长呈递增趋势。研究表明血窦周围的内皮细胞和巨噬细胞组成了瓦氏黄颡鱼的头肾先天性免疫屏障。     

细鳞鲑早期发育过程中免疫器官发生

应用连续切片技术和显微观察法,对胚胎末期至仔鱼期的细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)免疫器官(头肾、胸腺及脾组织)早期发育进行了系统研究。研究表明,在实验水温为10.0～16.2℃时,细鳞鲑的免疫器官原基发生及其淋巴化的先后顺序均为胸腺、头肾和脾。仔鱼出膜前5 d胸腺原基形成,出膜前1 d胸腺即出现少量淋巴细胞,仔鱼19日龄后,结缔组织和毛细血管渗入胸腺实质而形成小梁,仔鱼35日龄左右,胸腺己经分化出模糊的内区和外区;仔鱼出膜前2 d,出现头肾原基,由未分化的造血干细胞组成,仔鱼3日龄后,头肾由肾小管构成,10日龄后,组织开始淋巴化,仔鱼35～45日龄,肾小管上皮细胞开始退化,头肾内出现血窦,并进一步淋巴化,50日龄后,肾小管退化完毕,头肾主要由淋巴组织和大量血窦构成;5日龄细鳞鲑仔鱼,脾原基出现,16日龄后,脾开始淋巴化,35～50日龄,脾内建立起发达的微血管系统以及血窦结构。细鳞鲑的免疫器官分化较早,其发育速度较其他淡水硬骨鱼类相对滞后,但组织淋巴化速度较快。本研究旨在揭示细鳞鲑早期死亡率高的根本原因,为实现细鳞鲑的规模化养殖提供科学基础。     

四指马鲅淋巴器官发育组织学观察

采用石蜡组织连续切片和HE染色技术,对1~60 dph(Days post hatching)四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)的淋巴器官个体发育进行研究,描述了淋巴器官发育特点及组织学特征。结果显示,在盐度为9.0±0.5,水温为(28±2)℃条件下,3 dph胸腺原基出现,由4~6层未分化干细胞和淋巴母细胞样的细胞组成;胸腺发育迅速,主要由淋巴细胞填充;至25 dph皮质区和髓质区分明显,胸腺发育基本完成。3 dph头肾原基形成,由前肾管和少量造血干细胞组成;5 dph胸腺淋巴细胞向头肾迁移,头肾开始淋巴化;随着鱼体生长,造血干细胞分化成不同类型细胞;18 dph前肾管开始退化,至53 dph完全消失,头肾主要由网状内皮系统支持下的淋巴造血组织构成。7 dph脾脏原基形成,至16 dph开始淋巴化;脾脏内皮系统较头肾发达,但其发育速度较胸腺和头肾慢,淋巴细胞明显少于胸腺和头肾。研究表明,四指马鲅淋巴器官原基出现及淋巴化的顺序是胸腺、头肾、脾脏。免疫淋巴器官结构及功能尚未发育完善,可能是四指马鲅在变态期间幼体死亡率高的主要原因之一。     

Ontogeny of digestive and immune system organs of larval and juvenile kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus reared in the laboratory

ABSTRACT:   A histological examination was made of the ontogenetic development of the digestive and immune systems of the larval and juvenile kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus reared in the laboratory. The liver, gall bladder, pancreas and the demarcating region between the intestines and rectum were formed within 3 days post-hatch (dph). During the preflexion phase (within 16 dph), revolution of the intestine concluded, and pharyngeal teeth and the mucous cells of the esophagus were differentiated. In the transitional period to the juvenile stage (25 dph), the blind sac of the stomach, gastric glands and pyloric caeca began to form. From the viewpoint of the differentiation phase of the adult-type digestive system, the kelp grouper is similar to Heterosomata, hitherto reported. The primordial thymus, kidney and spleen were present at 12, 1 and 6 dph, and the small lymphocytes in these lymphoid organs appeared at 21, 30 and 33 dph, respectively. The developmental sequence of the lymphoid organs and the appearance ages of the lymphoid organs and small lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs in the kelp grouper are similar to those of other marine fish previously reported, except for the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis .     

黄河鲤肾脏的显微和亚显微结构观察

应用常规解剖学和组织学方法在光镜和电镜下观察成体黄河鲤肾脏的显微和亚显微结构。试验结果显示,黄河鲤的肾脏包括头肾和中肾两部分。头肾实质中没有肾单位,主要由造血组织和淋巴组织构成,可观察到黑色素巨噬细胞中心和甲状腺滤泡;中肾实质中包含有肾小体、肾小管和拟淋巴组织,肾小体由鲍曼氏囊和与其相接触的血管球组成。肾小管由颈段、第一近曲小管、第二近曲小管、间段、远曲小管和集合管组成;拟淋巴组织包括血管、淋巴细胞、血细胞、粒细胞、黑色素巨噬细胞和甲状腺滤泡。结构观察显示,黄河鲤头肾已退化为具有造血功能的免疫器官,中肾为主要的泌尿器官,黄河鲤在硬骨鱼的进化中处于中等地位。     

Distribution of immunoglobulin-positive cells in the spleen and kidney of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

SUMMARY: The distribution of surface immunoglobulin-positive (sIg⁺) cells in the spleen, the head-kidney, and the trunk-kidney of adult Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was investigated by a flow cytometric analysis using a monoclonal antibody FB17 against flounder immunoglobulin M. Although the percentage of sIg⁺ cells varied among organs, a good correlation was revealed between the percentage in the head-kidney and that in the trunk-kidney ( r = 0.996, P < 0.001). In contrast, no correlation was obtained between the percentage of sIg⁺ cells in the spleen and the head-kidney or trunk-kidney. The head-kidney and the trunk-kidney contained cells bearing fewer sIg that were stained dimly by FB17 in addition to brightly stained sIg⁺ cells regarded as mature B cells, while the spleen contained only sIg⁺ cells stained brightly. Moreover, the immunocytochemical analyses showed that the head-kidney contains plasma cells with strongly stained cytoplasm in addition to B cells with stained cell surface, which suggests that the cells with fewer sIg detected by flow cytometric analysis are presumed to be at a stage during the processes of differentiation to plasma cells. These results suggest that there are some differences between the spleen and kidney in the role of the immune system and it is considered that differentiation of B cells to plasma cells occurs in the kidney.     

Blood cleansing cells in head kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann), (Characidae: Teleostei)

The general structure and cell types in kidney and spleen in Buenos Aires tetra, Hyphessobrycon anisitsi, family Characidae, are described. The capability and capacity of these organs to clean foreign ferritin from the blood stream are analysed and compared. Head kidney was mainly composed of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, whereas unmatured and matured red blood cells were few in number. Spleen often contained much red pulp, that is mainly matured red blood cells between splenic cords, often with some macrophages and neutrophils in the latter. Occasionally, this pulp contained large volumes of unmatured red blood cells, particularly in the periphery of the spleen. The splenic white pulp consisted of ellipsoids composed of an inner endothelial layer covered by a thick sheet of white blood cells, which in the periphery consisted mainly of macrophages. Erythrocytes occupied nearly the entire splenic volume in some specimens, whereas up to half of this volume was filled by ellipsoid macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells in other specimens. The macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells in kidney and spleen from ferritin-injected specimens were tightly packed by yellow-brown granules or Prussian blue precipitations, in tissue treated with Mallory stain or acid ferrocyanide, respectively, suggesting a large uptake of foreign ferritin. In the present tetra large amounts of white blood cells are developed in head kidney, where macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells play important roles in the cleansing of scavenger and foreign molecules and particles from the blood stream. The spleen seems primarily to be a site for iron recycling and production and storage of red blood cells. Sometimes, however, it was rich in macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and other white blood cells, suggesting functions like blood cleansing and non-specific and specific defence in such specimens.     

cDNA cloning and characterization of two gelatinases from Japanese flounder

SUMMARY: Toughness is one of the most important elements that define the commercial value of the raw meat of fish. Degradation of the extracellular matrix is thought to be a cause of postmortem tenderization of fish meat. A previous study has suggested that this tenderization is caused mainly by metalloproteinases. The present study seeks to identify the proteinase(s) involved in tenderization; hence, cloned cDNA of two gelatinases from Japanese flounder, which showed high homology with mammalian matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, were designated as jfMMP-2 and jfMMP-9 , respectively. Northern blot analysis revealed that jfMMP-2 mRNA was expressed almost ubiquitously in adult tissues including the brain, muscle, gill, heart, gut, kidney, spleen, testis, and ovary. In contrast, the expression of jfMMP-9 mRNA was observed in those tissues which were abundant in blood cells, such as kidney, spleen, heart, and gill. Both recombinant proteins (jfMMP-2 and jfMMP-9) produced with the COS-7 cell system exhibited gelatin-degrading activity that was sensitive to 1,10-phenanthroline, a typical metalloproteinase inhibitor.     

孵化至12月龄大黄鱼免疫器官的发育变化

研究孵化至12月龄大黄鱼的淋巴器官如头肾、胸腺、脾的生长发育和免疫细胞数量的变化,首先应用显微与超微技术研究大黄鱼初孵仔鱼至12月龄免疫器官——头肾、胸腺与脾脏的发育。3日龄仔鱼出现头肾原基,原始造血干细胞最早被发现于头肾,很快分化成不同类型的细胞。4日龄仔鱼出现脾脏原基和胸腺原基。脾脏靠近内脏,含大量窦状隙,有丰富的毛细血管、血细胞与血小板。胸腺是最迟出现的淋巴器官,但发育较快。胸腺位于鳃腔背上角,主要由胸腺细胞(淋巴细胞)和上皮细胞组成,分为外区和内区,二者虽没有明显界限,但容易区分。研究结果还表明,随着年龄和鱼体重量的增长,胸腺、头肾和脾脏的重量均有增长的趋势,脾脏重量与体重的关系要比与年龄的关系更为密切,头肾、胸腺重量与年龄的关系要比与体重的关系更为密切。胸腺、头肾和脾脏的白细胞总数随着年龄的增长不断增加。但每毫克胸腺、头肾和脾脏内白细胞数量与年龄间线性关系不明显。头肾比脾脏淋巴化程度高。在研究中发现,血液内各细胞组成与大黄鱼月龄及季节的变化没有明显的改变。     

Ontogeny of immune system organs in northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis, Temminck and Schlegel 1844)

Serial sections, prepared from 0.5 to 30 days posthatch (dph) larval and juvenile Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1844), were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined by light microscopy for immune organ development. The early kidney was present at 0.5 dph, undifferentiated stem cells began to appear at 2 dph, and by 7 dph occasional small lymphocytes were present. The thymus was first obvious at 5 dph, located above the fourth branchial arch, small lymphocytes appeared at 7 dph, and by 15 dph an outer thymocytic zone and an inner epithelioid zone were visible. The progenitor spleen was present at 2 dph, located close to the gut, and by 12 dph it consisted of a mass of sinusoids filled with red blood cells, and remained mainly erythroid throughout the period studied. These results suggest that development of immune organs in this species is precocious relative to other marine teleosts.     

中华鲟免疫器官的早期发育

为了解中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)免疫器官早期发育的形态和组织学特征,实验以1～300dph中华鲟子二代的仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼为研究对象,使用连续石蜡切片技术和显微观察方法对免疫器官(头肾、胸腺和脾脏)的发育过程进行观察和记录。结果显示,培育水温为12.9～22.6℃时,中华鲟免疫器官原基出现的先后顺序为头肾(3dph)、胸腺(7dph)和脾脏(9dph);免疫器官淋巴化先后顺序为胸腺(12dph)、头肾(15dph)和脾脏(33dph)。仔鱼发育至15 dph可见头肾和胸腺间有淋巴细胞"桥"连接现象,180dph胸腺内可见哈氏小体结构,头肾、胸腺和脾脏内含有黑色素细胞或黑色素巨噬细胞中心(MMCs)。总体而言,中华鲟免疫器官发育具有原基出现时间早、发育速度慢和发育周期长的特点。由于仔稚幼鱼免疫系统发育不完善,建议在其培育过程中加强病害防治和早期疫苗的开发。