Ontogeny of immune system organs in northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis, Temminck and Schlegel 1844)

Serial sections, prepared from 0.5 to 30 days posthatch (dph) larval and juvenile Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1844), were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined by light microscopy for immune organ development. The early kidney was present at 0.5 dph, undifferentiated stem cells began to appear at 2 dph, and by 7 dph occasional small lymphocytes were present. The thymus was first obvious at 5 dph, located above the fourth branchial arch, small lymphocytes appeared at 7 dph, and by 15 dph an outer thymocytic zone and an inner epithelioid zone were visible. The progenitor spleen was present at 2 dph, located close to the gut, and by 12 dph it consisted of a mass of sinusoids filled with red blood cells, and remained mainly erythroid throughout the period studied. These results suggest that development of immune organs in this species is precocious relative to other marine teleosts.     

四指马鲅淋巴器官发育组织学观察

采用石蜡组织连续切片和HE染色技术,对1~60 dph(Days post hatching)四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)的淋巴器官个体发育进行研究,描述了淋巴器官发育特点及组织学特征。结果显示,在盐度为9.0±0.5,水温为(28±2)℃条件下,3 dph胸腺原基出现,由4~6层未分化干细胞和淋巴母细胞样的细胞组成;胸腺发育迅速,主要由淋巴细胞填充;至25 dph皮质区和髓质区分明显,胸腺发育基本完成。3 dph头肾原基形成,由前肾管和少量造血干细胞组成;5 dph胸腺淋巴细胞向头肾迁移,头肾开始淋巴化;随着鱼体生长,造血干细胞分化成不同类型细胞;18 dph前肾管开始退化,至53 dph完全消失,头肾主要由网状内皮系统支持下的淋巴造血组织构成。7 dph脾脏原基形成,至16 dph开始淋巴化;脾脏内皮系统较头肾发达,但其发育速度较胸腺和头肾慢,淋巴细胞明显少于胸腺和头肾。研究表明,四指马鲅淋巴器官原基出现及淋巴化的顺序是胸腺、头肾、脾脏。免疫淋巴器官结构及功能尚未发育完善,可能是四指马鲅在变态期间幼体死亡率高的主要原因之一。     

Growth and survival of larval and juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum in a recirculating raceway system

Cobia Rachycentron canadum is a fast-growing, pelagic marine species that has recently attracted aquaculturists in both the research and commercial sectors. The typical method of grow-out for this species is in outdoor systems where production is limited to locations and seasons conducive for adequate growth and survival. Expanding the culture of cobia to indoor recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) would allow for the production of fingerlings throughout the year and extend production to cooler regions. Two rearing trials were conducted to examine the growth and survival of cobia from hatching through 4 (trial 1, T1) or 35 (trial 2, T2) g in RAS. Cobia larvae were reared in circular tanks placed in a raceway to control water temperature and quality. During early juvenile grow-out, fish were transferred without grading to a second raceway on 29 dph (T1) or over a period of grading from 29–43 dph (T2). Larval growth (1–22 dph) measured as standard length was similar for both trials ranging from  3.9 to 14.7 mm. However, larval growth measured as wet weight (0.033 g, T1; 0.026 g, T2) or dry weight (5.7 mg, T1; 3.9 mg, T2) was significantly greater on 22 dph during T1 as was the ratio between myotome height and standard length. These differences may have resulted from an increase in initial densities from 8.7 larvae l^− 1 (T1) to 14.7 larvae l^− 1 (T2) which apparently caused an increase in food competition and overall aggression. During juvenile grow-out, cobia reached 4.0 g on 43 dph in T1 and 35.4 g on 71 dph in T2 matching weights achieved during grow-out in outdoor ponds. Over the course of both trials, survival was similar to that reported in outdoor ponds. Mean survival (± S.D.) during the early rearing phase (hatching through 29 or 43 dph) averaged 13.2 ± 3.2 % and 10.4 ± 3.2 % corresponding to final densities of 0.9 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.4 fish/l for T1 and T2, respectively. During the first grow-out phase (29–43 dph), survival of fish moved into the open raceway was 64.5% in T1 and 88.7 % in T2. Survival of cobia during the second grow-out phase (43–71 dph) for T2 was 92.5%. The results of this study indicate that cobia can be successfully cultured in indoor systems from hatching through at least 35 g without negatively affecting growth or survival.     

Ontogeny of the digestive tract in shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa L.) reared using the mesocosm larval rearing system

Histological changes of the digestive tract were studied in shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) from hatching until 41 days post hatching (dph), when the fry had a mean (±S.D.) total length (TL) of 32 ± 2 mm and wet weight (WW) of 0.42 ± 0.07 g. Larvae were reared using the mesocosm technique, the most natural among commercially employed rearing methods for marine larvae. Shi drum opened their mouth at 2 dph (2.78 ± 0.09 mm TL), at which time 90% of the larvae already had an inflated swim bladder. The differentiation of the digestive tract into buccopharynx, esophagus, and anterior and posterior intestine was completed by 3 dph (2.82 ± 0.07 mm TL), 1 day after the onset of exogenous feeding. The alimentary canal started coiling and formed its first loop at 2 dph, while the pancreas and liver were differentiated at 3 dph. Yolk sac reserves lasted until 7 dph (4.3 ± 0.1 mm TL), suggesting a brief period of endogenous and exogenous feeding. The first esophageal goblet cells appeared at 7 dph containing acid mucins and at 8 dph taste buds appeared on the buccopharyngeal epithelium. The stomach was morphologically differentiated at 9 dph (5.5 ± 0.1 mm TL) when gastric glands became abundant in the cardiac region, and the first pyloric caeca appeared at 14 dph (10.1 ± 0.9 mm TL). Supranuclear eosinophilic vacuoles were observed in the posterior intestine between 3 and 11 dph (6.3 ± 0.9 mm TL). Their number decreased as the stomach differentiated, suggesting a change in the protein digestion mechanism. The results of the study suggest a rapid development of shi drum and its digestive system and underline the possibility of weaning larvae to artificial feed even earlier than the 12 dph employed in the present study.     

中华鲟免疫器官的早期发育

为了解中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)免疫器官早期发育的形态和组织学特征,实验以1～300dph中华鲟子二代的仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼为研究对象,使用连续石蜡切片技术和显微观察方法对免疫器官(头肾、胸腺和脾脏)的发育过程进行观察和记录。结果显示,培育水温为12.9～22.6℃时,中华鲟免疫器官原基出现的先后顺序为头肾(3dph)、胸腺(7dph)和脾脏(9dph);免疫器官淋巴化先后顺序为胸腺(12dph)、头肾(15dph)和脾脏(33dph)。仔鱼发育至15 dph可见头肾和胸腺间有淋巴细胞"桥"连接现象,180dph胸腺内可见哈氏小体结构,头肾、胸腺和脾脏内含有黑色素细胞或黑色素巨噬细胞中心(MMCs)。总体而言,中华鲟免疫器官发育具有原基出现时间早、发育速度慢和发育周期长的特点。由于仔稚幼鱼免疫系统发育不完善,建议在其培育过程中加强病害防治和早期疫苗的开发。     

Ontogeny of anti-predator behavior in hatchery-reared jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus larvae and juveniles: patchiness formation, swimming capability, and interaction with jellyfish

ABSTRACT:   Laboratory rearing and behavioral observations of larval and juvenile jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus were conducted to elucidate their life-history traits with emphasis on the interaction with the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita . Jack mackerel were raised from naturally spawned fertilized eggs and they attained 10.3 ± 0.7 (mean ± standard deviation) mm in body length (BL) by 30 days post hatching (dph) and 26.6 ± 1.8 mm BL at 48 dph raised at 19.3–25.0°C. Patchiness (dense aggregation) was confirmed from 5–16 dph (2.9–5.9 mm BL) during the day and from 9–48 dph (4.0–27 mm BL) at night. Cruise and burst swimming speeds were 1.5–1.9 BL/s and 16–24 BL/s, respectively, during larval and juvenile stages, in experimental tanks. Although escape performance from jellyfish was not different between the larvae of jack mackerel and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus , both species showed better survival compared to red sea bream Pagrus major larvae of a similar size. Although jack mackerel were slow in growth, their slow cruise swimming may reduce the chance of encountering predators and fast burst swimming may help escape from gelatinous predators.     

Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary lipid level on juvenile kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus. Juvenile kelp grouper were fed isonitrogenous diets (470 g/kg crude protein) with four levels of crude lipid at 60 g/kg (CL60), 130 g/kg (CL130), 210 g/kg (CL210), and 270 g/kg (CL270) for 56 days. The highest growth performance and feed utilization were found in the CL130 diet group. A high dietary lipid level (CL270 diet) significantly decreased growth performance and feed utilization. A significant difference in apparent digestibility was only observed in protein, which was highest in the CL130 diet groups. The highest retention for protein, energy, and lipid was found in the CL130 diet group. The dietary lipid levels significantly changed whole-body and liver compositions, the highest being the CL60 diet group for crude protein level and the CL210 diet group for crude lipid level. Based on a second-order polynomial regression analysis of crude lipid level against specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio, the optimum dietary lipid level for kelp grouper was estimated to be 152 and 154 g/kg diet, respectively.     

Morphological development and allometric growth of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi V. larvae under culture conditions

Morphological development and allometric growth patterns of Seriola lalandi larvae were assessed to characterize normal growth patterns under culture conditions. Early ontogenetic stages of yellowtail kingfish exhibited an exponential growth in terms of standard length as a function of age. Five development stages were characterized from hatching to the juvenile stage: larval stage I (0–2 days post hatch, dph) with endogenous feeding, characterized by a small yolk sac, unpigmented eyes, primordial finfold surrounding the body and a closed mouth; larval stage II (2–15 dph) characterized by mouth opening, complete pigmentation of eyes and the beginning of the exogenous feeding; subsequently, in the larval stage III (15–25 dph) the posterior tip of notochord of the larvae bended upward and the first rays appeared in fins, concomitant with a change in swimming behaviour; thereafter, larval stage IV (post‐flexion stage; 25–30 dph) began when larvae resembled in morphology to a juvenile organism; however, caudal and dorsal fins were not completely development. Lastly, the juvenile stage was reached 30 dph characterized by a morphology and fin structures similar to those of the adults. Growth and development of structures and organs associated with vital functions such as feeding, sensorial and breathing systems seemed to be more critical previous to 23 dph, which was reflected with a positive allometric growth of head and eyes during this period. The results from this study can be used as a tool‐guide to assess normal development in larval research with S. lalandi to improve existing rearing protocols in hatchery production.     

Histology of the developing digestive system and the effect of food deprivation in larval green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris)

The histological development of the digestive tract in hatchery-reared green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) larvae and the effects of food deprivation on the digestive system organization were studied from hatching until 31 days post-hatching (dph). At hatching, the larval digestive system consisted of two rudiments: a large endodermal yolk sac and a primordial hind-gut. During the endogenous feeding phase, the wall of the yolk sac differentiated into the stomach (glandular and non-glandular regions) and the anterior and intermediate intestine, while the hind-gut primordium differentiated into the spiral valve and rectum. At the onset of exogenous feeding (15 dph at 16 °C), the organization and cytoarchitecture of the digestive system in green sturgeon larvae was generally similar to those of juveniles and adults. Larvae deprived of food exhibited a progressive deterioration, with subtle pathological changes observed after 5-d starvation: shrinkage of digestive epithelia, tissue degeneration, and necrosis were observed at 10–15 d of starvation (30 dph). No changes were observed in the mucous secretion of different regions of the digestive tract of food-deprived larvae. The histological analysis of the larval digestive system may be used to evaluate the nutritional condition of larval green sturgeon in their nursery habitats in spawning rivers, which are affected by dams and flow diversions.     

Activities of digestive enzymes and histology of digestive system during larval development of devil stinger (Inimicus japonicus)

Devil stinger is a valuable demersal scorpaenid fish while the rearing of stinger larvae still relies on live prey. This study was conducted to illustrate the development of the main digestive enzymes and digestive system during larval development of this species to provide evidence for the application of artificial feeds. Enzymatic and histological assays were conducted from 1 day post hatching (dph) to 36 dph in larvae. The result showed that the selected digestive enzyme activities increased significantly after 15 dph. Specifically, the total trypsin activities increased significantly from 18 dph to 33 dph. The total pepsin and amylase activities increased significantly first and thereafter decreased significantly. The lipase activities followed the similar pattern with trypsin. With regard to the histological study, the stinger larvae open their mouth to first feeding at 3 dph and turned into totally exogenous nutritional stage at 6 dph. In addition, mucous membrane, rich in goblet cells, was widely distributed in oesophagus epithelium at 18 dph. The height and amounts of gastric gland in cardia and main body of the stomach increased gradually with the development of stinger larvae after 15 dph. The intestine length of stinger larvae was short, and goblet cell was abundant in anterior intestine after 12 dph, not the posterior intestine. The ontogeny of liver and pancreas started from newly hatched stage, and the differentiation of liver was prior to pancreas. The above findings would provide evidence for the use of artificial feeds from the larval stage of stinger larvae (at least from 21 dph).     

Ontogeny of the digestive tract in butter catfish Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) larvae

The ontogeny of the digestive tract was studied histologically in butter catfish Ompok bimaculatus from hatching to 30?days post-hatching (dph). At hatching, the digestive tract of butter catfish consisted of a straight tube with a smooth lumen dorsally attached to the yolk sac. Between 1 and 2 dph, the mouth opened, oral valves were visible and canine-like teeth and taste buds were detected. During this period, intestine was differentiated into the anterior and posterior intestine, and the digestive accessory glands were also developed. Exogenous feeding started at 2?dph, and there was a 2-day mixed endogenous–exogenous feeding period. Most of the yolk sac reserves were consumed between 2 and 3 dph, and by 5?dph, the yolk sac was completely depleted and no longer visible in histological sections. Between 3 and 4 dph, several vacuoles (neutral lipids) were observed in the intestine and also in hepatocytes, indicating a functional absorption of nutrients from food. At 8 dph, differentiation of gastric glands was noticed, and by 9–11?dph, there were abundant gastric tubular glands arranged along numerous longitudinal folds. During the same period, pyloric sphincter appeared as an epithelial fold that separated the stomach from the anterior intestine. From 12 dph to the end of the study at 30?dph, no noticeable histological modifications were observed. The development of gastric glands is considered as the last major events in digestive tract development and their presence designates the end of larval period and the onset of the juvenile period. Hence, it is suggested that, butter catfish larvae have a morphologically complete digestive tract by 12?dph. These findings on the development of the digestive system in butter catfish may lead to a better understanding of the ontogeny and would be useful to improve the larval rearing techniques of this promising catfish species for freshwater aquaculture diversification.     

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)仔稚幼鱼肠道菌群结构比较分析

采用MiSeq 16S rRNA高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析方法,构建了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)工厂化人工育苗模式下仔稚幼鱼阶段6个不同发育时期18个样品的16SrRNA基因测序文库,共获得7462个OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit),分类为42个菌门972个菌属.对肠道菌群的形成过程及结构多样性变化分析显示,牙鲆初孵仔鱼的菌群组成多样性丰富,体内的优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);在9日龄和21日龄摄食轮虫(Rotifer)和卤虫(Artemia sp.)幼体样品中,肠道的优势菌群结构较单一,变形菌门成为此时期肠道的优势菌群;45日龄摄食配合饲料后,肠道中变形菌门的相对丰度显著降低,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度明显增大,成为肠道菌群的优势菌群.在属水平的菌群结构中发现,牙鲆仔稚幼鱼肠道优势菌群的种类和数量都发生了较大变化,在9日龄和21日龄时期肠道中弧菌属(Vibrio)相对丰度最高,到45日龄后相对丰度锐减到最低水平;拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和普氏菌属(Prevotella)在80日龄后达到较高水平,成为肠道优势菌属;厚壁菌门的8个菌属在80-115日龄时期均发展成为优势菌属,定植于牙鲆的肠道.本研究揭示了工厂化人工育苗模式下牙鲆仔稚幼鱼肠道菌群结构及演替规律.     

Potential effect of increasing the water content in the digestibility of microdiets for fish larvae

This study aimed to find a way for increasing the water content after rehydration of microdiet particles for fish larvae and to assess whether such increase contributes to a better disaggregation and digestion of particles within the gut of gilthead seabream larvae (4–15 days after hatching, dph). Four microdiets were prepared with increasing amounts of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC): 0, 20, 40 and 80 g kg^?1. The inclusion of CMC resulted in an effective increase of the hydration capacity of particles. Water content after immersion ranged from 800 g kg^?1 in the microdiet without CMC to 900 g kg^?1 with 80 g kg^?1 CMC. Larvae of different ages were fed during 10 h with these microdiets. The microparticles containing 80 g kg^?1 CMC were more degraded in the gut of the younger larvae. No clear differences were observed from 10 dph onwards. Differences in enzymatic activities were not evident except for α‐amylase in 6 dph larvae. Gene expression of the enzyme precursors did not show any relation to the water content of microdiets. Overall, the results indicate that increasing the water content up to 900 g kg^?1 may enhance the disintegration of food particles within the gut of younger larvae and to a lesser extent affect the response of digestive enzyme activities.     

Applying the ontogeny of digestive enzyme activity to guide early weaning of pigfish,Orthopristis chrysoptera (L.)

Weaning marine fish larvae from live prey to a dry microdiet is an important step towards optimizing the commercial production, but early weaning is constrained by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes at first feeding. This study quantified the activity of five digestive enzymes throughout the larval period of pigfish (Orthopristis chrysoptera [L.]) to assess ontogenetic changes in digestive abilities, and then trials were conducted that determined the optimal time for weaning. The activity of all digestive enzymes was low or undetectable at first feeding (3 days post hatching, dph; 2.5 mm standard length, SL). A substantial increase in activity occurred at 5.7 mm SL (17 dph), 6.9 mm SL (21 dph), 7.7 mm SL (23 dph), 8.4 mm SL (25 dph) and 11.2 mm SL (30 dph) for bile salt‐dependent lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and acid protease respectively. During the weaning experiment, larvae were co‐fed live prey and microdiet beginning 15 dph (4.8 mm SL). Live prey was withdrawn from the diet at 24, 28, 32 or 36 dph, with the control receiving live prey and microdiet throughout (to 43 dph). There were no significant differences in mean final SL among treatments, but survival was significantly lower when larvae were weaned at 24 dph compared to 32–43 dph. Based on the digestive enzyme activity and survival, weaning larval pigfish at 32 dph (11.7 mm SL) when reared at 24°C is recommended.     

短期饥饿对杂交石斑鱼 (Epinephelus fuscogutatus♀ ×E.polyphekadion♂)幼鱼消化酶活性与血清生化指标的影响

为了解短期饥饿对杂交石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscogutatus♀×E.polyphhekadion♂)幼鱼消化酶活性和血清生理生化指标的影响,对杂交石斑鱼幼鱼进行短期饥饿处理(0 d、5 d、10 d、15 d),分别为S0组、S1组、S2组和S3组,并以S0组为对照组。结果表明,随着饥饿时间的延长,各种消化酶活性呈下降趋势,淀粉酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势。血清碳水化合物、胆固醇、甘油三酯、总蛋白、白蛋白等生化指标在饥饿前期显著降低(P<0.05),随后维持在相对稳定的水平。AST、ALT、ALP活性呈“下降-上升-下降”趋势。分析表明,在短期饥饿过程中,杂交石斑鱼幼鱼早期主要消耗碳水化合物和脂肪物质,后期主要以蛋白质代谢能量来维持生命活动,短期饥饿并没有对杂交石斑鱼造成不可逆转的肝脏损伤。     

Characterization and ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes in Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis larvae

The major digestive enzymes in Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis larvae were characterized, and the physiological characteristics of the enzymes during early ontogeny were clarified using biochemical and molecular approaches. The maximum activity of trypsin (Try), chymotrypsin (Ct) and amylase (Amy) was observed at pH 6–11, 8–11 and 6–9, respectively. Maximum activity of Try, Ct and Amy occurred at 50 °C, that of lipase (Lip) was at 60 °C and that of pepsin (Pep) was at 40–50 °C. These pH and thermal profiles were similar to those for other fish species but differed from those previously reported for adult bluefin tuna. Enzyme activity for all enzymes assayed was found to decrease at high temperatures (Try, Ct, Amy and Pep: 50 °C; Lip: 40 °C), which is similar to findings for other fish species with one marked exception—increased Try activity was observed at 40 °C. Lip activity appeared to be dependent on bile salts under our assay conditions, resulting in a significant increase in activity in the presence of bile salts. Ontogenetic changes in pancreatic digestive enzymes showed similar gene expression patterns to those of other fish species, whereas marked temporal increases in enzyme activities were observed at 10–12 days post hatching (dph), coinciding with previously reported timing of the development of the pyloric caeca in bluefin tuna larvae. However, complete development of digestive function was indicated by the high pep gene expression from 19 dph, which contradicts the profile of Pep activity and previously reported development timing of the gastric gland. These findings contribute to the general knowledge of bluefin tuna larval digestive system development.     

Development of the musculature and muscular abnormalities in larval seven-band grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus

There are a number of reports documenting skeletal development in groupers, but surprisingly little is known about muscle development. We have documented muscle development in the seven-band grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg), focusing primarily on the cranial muscles from 0 days post-hatching (dph) to 28 dph, using a modified whole mount immunohistochemical staining method. The eye muscles developed first followed by the cheek muscles, which completed development prior to first feeding. The muscles associated with the opercle and the levator internus 1 developed gradually and were not linked to first feeding. Later, between 12 and 16 dph, the muscle composition in the dorsal branchial arches changed to the adult form. We observed a number of cultured larvae that exhibited abnormal musculature in the body and jaw. Our results provide the first documentation of muscle development in larval seven-band grouper. This information can be used to detect abnormalities during development and provide a marker to assess the effect of changes in larval rearing techniques.     

美洲黑石斑鱼(Centropristis striata)消化系统胚后发育的组织学观察

通过形态学与连续组织切片的方法,对美洲黑石斑鱼(Centropristis striata) 1-34 d仔鱼消化系统的胚后发育进行系统观察,分析描述鱼体消化道(食道、胃与肠道)以及消化腺(肝脏与胰腺)的发育过程.对1-15 d仔鱼连续取样,每次取样30尾,15 d后隔天取样,每次取样15尾.结果显示,在水温为(24±1)℃、盐度为30-32的条件下,初孵仔鱼卵黄囊体积很大,消化管为封闭的管状结构.美洲黑石斑鱼孵出3d后,口裂形成、开始摄食,肛门与外界连通,消化道逐渐分化形成食道、胃及肠道,肝脏、胆囊和胰腺也逐渐形成.7d后,卵黄囊与油球基本消失,食道、胃部以及肠道黏膜褶皱开始形成,消化道黏膜上皮细胞逐渐分化,肝脏出现脂肪颗粒,仔鱼具备了基本的摄食能力.11d时,仔鱼食道可见黏液细胞,随日龄的增加上皮组织中黏液细胞数量迅速增多,褶皱日益丰富;胃部分化形成贲门部、胃本体与幽门部,胃壁褶皱不断增多、伸长;肝脏血窦与中央静脉明显.20d时,鱼体胃腺形成,说明胃部消化、吸收蛋白质的能力增强;肠道次级黏膜褶皱出现,肠圈与褶皱更加复杂化;胰脏分布有大量酶原颗粒.32 d时,仔鱼消化道组织结构分明,自腔面向内依次为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层与浆膜层,消化道与消化腺结构和功能逐步完善.仔鱼3-7 d为内源性营养向外源性营养过渡期,应及时提供充足适口的生物饵料,仔鱼20 d后可以逐渐驯化投喂微型配合饲料.     

Increasing survival and growth in larval leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) using intensively cultured Parvocalanus crassirostris nauplii

Leopard coral grouper, Plectropomus leopardus are a heavily exploited, high-value fish commonly found in the Asian live reef food fish trade. In past decades, many attempts at the mass culture of various grouper species have been undertaken; however, their small mouth gape at first feed has resulted in very low survival when using traditional live feeds such as rotifers. The use of wild caught or extensively cultured copepods has yielded potentially promising increases in survival and growth, but overall survival to the juvenile stage remains low, making mass culture currently impractical. The current study sought to build on past developments in grouper culture and recent advancements in copepod culture technology by observing how growth and survival were influenced by the addition of intensively cultured copepods to the early diet of P. leopardus larvae. Six tanks of larvae, three replicates per treatment, were fed either eggs and nauplii of the calanoid copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris, at a starting density of 5 mL⁻¹, and the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis, at a starting density of 10 mL⁻¹, or were fed only B. rotundiformis, at a density of 15 mL⁻¹, starting on the evening of 2 days post-hatch (dph) and continuing until 9 dph. After this initial period, all larvae were fed the same diet of rotifers, Artemia, and dry feed until the cessation of the trial at 21 dph. Larvae fed P. crassirostris in addition to rotifers had a significantly higher survival, 9.9 versus 0.5%, than those fed only rotifers. Growth was also significantly enhanced in larvae offered copepods. Larvae only fed rotifers were, on average, 1.5 mm shorter at 21 dph than those that had been fed copepods. More rapid development and the earlier onset of flexion were also noted in the larvae that were offered copepods. The use of intensively cultured copepods, in this study, increased survival tenfold over previous studies, with P. leopardus larvae fed wild-caught copepods. The application of intensively cultured copepods to the early diet of P. leopardus, along with future research to evaluate late-stage mortality issues, may facilitate commercial production of this species.     

斑点鳟仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育

以斑点鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)发眼卵为材料,进行了发眼卵的人工孵化及仔鱼的人工培育研究。对斑点鳟仔稚鱼的形态发育进行了系统观察,描述了各发育期的形态特征,并测定生长参数。斑点鳟早期生活史的分期如下:初孵仔鱼全长14.25±0.45 mm,体重85±5 mg,肛门未开口,营内源性营养,脊柱末端向上弯曲;10 dph开始上浮,投喂卤虫;12 dph开口摄食,开始营内外源混合性营养;14 dph鳍膜消失,各鳍独立;16dph开始投喂配合饵料;24 dph卵黄囊吸收完毕,营完全外源性营养;34 dph,体侧形成8～9个幼鲑斑;44 dph各鳍的鳍条发育健全;60 dph幼鱼外形为纺锤形,与成鱼相同。研究表明,斑点鳟早期生长发育过程中全长、肛门前长、水平眼径和头高的生长情况基本相同,0～16 dph生长速度较快,16～44 dph生长速度较慢,44 dph后生长速度再次变快。