陕西大宗鱼类养殖水域环境现状及质量状况评价

摘 要 2008、2009年，对陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域12项水质参数（pH、TN、TP、CODMn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、石油类、挥发酚和非离子氨）进行了监测，采用单因子比较法和污染指数法进行了评价。结果表明：陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域不同程度地受到pH、非离子氨、TN、TP、CODMn、Cu、Zn、Hg和Pb等9项指标的污染。主要污染物为非离子氨、TP、TN和CODMn，两年中这4项污染物超标范围均占监测水域的70%以上,在所监测指标中负荷比占到89.5%和80.8%；非离子氨是最主要的污染物，两年中其单项污染指数I（20.2、5.80）和负荷比Q（57.37%、27.70%）均居首位，其次是TN（I：4.69、5.28；Q：13.3%、25.2%）、TP（I：4.05、4.13；Q：11.5%、19.7%）。Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb的超标范围较小；石油类、挥发性酚和Cd在所监测水域均未超标。2009年陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域污染程度比2008年有所减缓，但所监测参数分别在两年间的差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。慎防非离子氨中毒，开展总磷、总氮污染的治理应该是陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖中首要解决的环境问题。     

伊洛河黄河鲤鱼天然产卵场渔业水质评价

2004-2009年5-8月对伊洛河黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematoperus)天然产卵场水体中的TN、TP等营养盐和WT、pH、DO、CODMn、挥发酚、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Hg等理化指标进行了为期6年的连续监测,对该水域水质的年代变化趋势和质量状况进行了研究和综合评价。结果表明,黄河鲤天然产卵场水质处于变动状态,2004、2005和2009年水质相对较好,2006、2007和2008年水质污染较重,监测年份水质污染随年份呈先上升再下降的趋势;水中主要污染物为TN、TP和CODMn。     

深沪湾海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量与评价

利用1998年5月和9月深沪湾海域环境调查资料，着重分析了深炉湾海水、表层沉积物及褶牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔体内重金属的含量及分布，结果表明：深沪湾海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等含量均低于渔业水质标准，而表层沉积物的Pb、Zn含量大部分已超标，近岸水域海水和表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的含量明显高于湾中心水域，湾顶水域高于湾口水域。Hg的含量是湾南部水域高于北部水域。文中还根据全国海岸带污染综合调查专业组制定的海洋生物污染评价标准，对2种贝类的重金属污染程度进行评价，结果深沪湾的养殖贝类体内的重金属含量均未超标。     

伊洛河黄河鲤天然产卵场渔业水质评价

2004-2009年5-8月对伊洛河黄河鲤（Cyprinus carpio haematoperus）天然产卵场水体中的TN、TP等营养盐和WT、pH、DO、CODMn、挥发酚、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Hg等理化指标进行了为期6年的连续监测,对该水域水质的年代变化趋势和质量状况进行了研究和综合评价。结果表明,黄河鲤天然...     

16种观赏植物对锦鲤工厂化循环水养殖水体污染物的净化作用研究

为筛选适合锦鲤工厂化循环水养殖水体污染物高效净化的浮床植物,研究了16种观赏植物的生长特性及其对水体中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、汞(Hg)和铅(Pb)的净化能力。研究发现:16种植物株高、根长、生物量均明显增加,对上述这些污染物均有较好的富集去除作用。不同植物中污染物含量差异较大,莲花竹中TN含量最高,都为(2.82±0.10)%,花叶万年青和红掌中TP含量最高,为(0.41±0.01)%;千屈菜中Cu、Zn和Pb含量均最高;彩叶草中Hg含量最高。花叶芦竹和黄菖蒲对TN和TP的累积量最高;千屈菜对Cu、Zn和Hg累积量均最高,花叶芦竹对Pb的累积量最高。16种植物TN、TP和Pb累积量与生物量呈现良好相关性。研究表明:黄菖蒲、花叶芦竹和千屈菜可作为工厂化循环水养殖条件下生态浮床的潜力净水植物。     

黄河龙门-三门峡渔业水域环境评价及鱼体重金属残留研究

采用污染标准指数评价法进行水环境质量状况评价,同时对鱼体重金属残留进行统计分析.黄河龙门-三门峡段主要污染物为总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD)和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb.2004～2005年,TP、TN污染程度基本相同,重金属污染变化较大,且在鱼体均有残留,其中1个样品的Hg超过食品卫生国家标准.     

湖州市养殖池塘表层沉积物重金属风险评价及其来源分析

于2013-2014年间对湖州市5个县(区)98个养殖池塘及其周边外河采集表层沉积物,原子吸收法测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr干重,原子荧光法测定Hg、As干重。结果表明:养殖池塘表层沉积物中相对土壤背景值Cd、Zn污染程度较高,绝对浓度分别为0.24 mg/kg和105.82 mg/kg,As较为清洁;县(区)间养殖池塘表层沉积物Hakanson潜在生态风险均为中等污染水平,远低于周边外河,但高于本地区耕地等土壤的污染水平,说明渔业生产过程中存在输入性污染;单个重金属生态风险系数中Cd为强、Hg为中等,依次为Cu、Pb、As、Cr、Zn,均为轻微生态风险水平。此外,池塘表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cr两两之间显著相关,符合这三种重金属在水产饲料中同时添加的特性;而Cd与Cu、Zn显著相关,一定程度上印证了Cd在水产饲料中可能超标的事实,但其生态风险系数远低于周边外河表层沉积物,所以周边流域外源性Cd输入风险也需要关注。     

上海地区池塘沉积物中氮、磷、有机碳及重金属风险评价

为综合评估上海地区池塘沉积物环境质量状况，2016-2019年对上海地区36个养殖场池塘采集沉积物样品360个，检测和分析沉积物中总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、总有机碳（TOC）及重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量。研究结果表明，池塘0~10 cm层和10~20 cm层沉积物中TN、TP、TOC及各重金属均值分布无显著差异（P>0.05），0~20 cm层沉积物（干重）中TN、TP和TOC平均含量分别为（873.37±352.45）mg/kg、（685.66±199.66）mg/kg和（6.62±3.05）mg/g，三者相关性显著。综合污染指数法和有机指数法评价结果表明，池塘沉积物中氮和有机物质的累积量较低，磷累积量相对较高，均低于其他地区高产池塘。池塘沉积物中Cr、Cd、Cu和Hg样品超标率分别为6.42%、3.21%、4.13%和1.38%，Zn、Pb和As无超标现象。地质累积指数、潜在生态危害指数法和一致性沉积物质量基准评价结果表明，上海地区池塘沉积物中重金属整体上处于清洁等级、低潜在生态危害状态，预测不会引发生物毒性效应。     

循环水养殖欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)重金属污染状况与富集分布特征

为了解并评估天津市某循环水养殖企业的养殖产品重金属安全性和分布规律,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP法)和原子荧光法(AFS法),对该封闭循环水养殖系统中欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)幼鱼、养殖中期和成鱼3个阶段的鱼体肌肉、肝脏和鳃中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)含量进行测定.结果显示,从生长阶段来看,随养殖过程推进,各重金属在欧洲鲈鱼体内分布特征不同,肌肉中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为1.93 mg/kg,Cu和Hg则相反,最大值分别为0.354和0.021 mg/kg;肝脏中As、Cd和Cu含量均随时间增加,最大值分别为1.47、1.09和143.00 mg/kg;鳃中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为0.321 mg/kg,Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg含量呈先降后升的趋势,最大值分别为0.356、45.8、19.2和0.0137 mg/kg.从组织分布特征来看,As含量为肌肉＞肝脏＞鳃,Cd、Cu和Zn含量均为肝脏＞鳃＞肌肉,Hg含量为肌肉＞鳃＞肝脏,Cr含量为鳃＞肝脏＞肌肉.可食部分,即肌肉中各重金属含量均符合食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2012),参考鱼体重金属残留污染程度分级,该系统中的欧洲鲈鱼均属于未污染.水体样本,除养殖中期进水中Pb和Cd超标,其余重金属含量均符合我国渔业水质标准(GB 11607-89).表明该养殖系统中重金属污染在安全范围内.     

循环水养殖欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)重金属污染状况与富集分布特征

为了解并评估天津市某循环水养殖企业的养殖产品重金属安全性和分布规律,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP法)和原子荧光法(AFS法),对该封闭循环水养殖系统中欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)幼鱼、养殖中期和成鱼3个阶段的鱼体肌肉、肝脏和鳃中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)含量进行测定。结果显示,从生长阶段来看,随养殖过程推进,各重金属在欧洲鲈鱼体内分布特征不同,肌肉中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为1.93 mg/kg,Cu和Hg则相反,最大值分别为0.354和0.021 mg/kg;肝脏中As、Cd和Cu含量均随时间增加,最大值分别为1.47、1.09和143.00 mg/kg;鳃中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为0.321 mg/kg,Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg含量呈先降后升的趋势,最大值分别为0.356、45.8、19.2和0.0137 mg/kg。从组织分布特征来看,As含量为肌肉肝脏鳃,Cd、Cu和Zn含量均为肝脏鳃肌肉,Hg含量为肌肉鳃肝脏,Cr含量为鳃肝脏肌肉。可食部分,即肌肉中各重金属含量均符合食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2012),参考鱼体重金属残留污染程度分级,该系统中的欧洲鲈鱼均属于未污染。水体样本,除养殖中期进水中Pb和Cd超标,其余重金属含量均符合我国渔业水质标准(GB 11607-89)。表明该养殖系统中重金属污染在安全范围内。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。