盐度对斑节对虾蜕壳、存活、生长和饲料转化率的影响

对平均体重1.20±0.05g的斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）稚虾进行为期30d的养殖试验,分别测定其在不同养殖盐度条件下的蜕壳间期、成活率、特定增长率和饲料转化率。斑节对虾的成活率在盐度5时最低,低于60%,与其它盐度试验组差异显著,而其它试验组之间差异不显著。在5～25盐度范围内,蜕壳间期随着盐度升高而延长,盐度达30以上后又缩短,25时为最大值;盐度5、10和15之间差异显著,15、20、30和35之间差异不显著。特定增长率和饲料转换率随盐度升高呈现双峰的波浪式变化趋势;特定增长率在盐度20（3.18±0.14）%·d^-1和25（2.98±0.26）%·d^-1时达到最高。蜕壳间期与生长率存在极显著的正相关关系（P〈0.001）。在盐度20、25、30时饲料转化率高,分别为（52.76±3.06）%、（54.90±5.14）%和（51.56±7.58）%,与其它盐度试验组之间差异显著。因此,斑节对虾养殖的适宜盐度应为20～30,在此条件下可实现较高的成活率、特定增长率和饲料转换率。     

斑节对虾常见病害及综合防治措施

<正>斑节对虾俗称草虾,为当前世界上三大养殖虾类品种之一,在我国南方沿海可以养两茬,生长快、适应性强、食性杂,可耐受较长时间的干露,易干活运销。随着对虾养殖的发展,环境的污染、养殖不规范、种质退化等原因,虾病趋于严重,养殖成活率下降,经济损失巨大,严重制约了斑节对虾养殖业的健康可持续发展。一、虾病频发的原因与分析1.清塘不彻底虾苗放养前,大部分养殖户仅用漂白粉或强氯精等药物简     

干露、盐度、温度变化对中华虎头蟹仔蟹的影响

采用单因子分析方法,在生化培养箱中设置5个干露梯度,15个盐度梯度及12个温度梯度,研究干露、盐度、温度变化对中华虎头蟹仔蟹存活及其活力的影响。试验结果表明,不同干露温度梯度下,随着温度的升高,时间的延长,仔蟹爬行、游动、钻沙能力不断减弱;在0、1、2、45、50盐度梯度下,24h后仔蟹成活率、活力下降明显;10～35℃温度梯度下,24h后成活率超过90%,能正常摄食、活动,其他温度试验组,随温度变化,仔蟹活力不断减弱至无法摄食活动。     

干露时间对凡纳滨对虾抗氧化功能的影响

将体长(8.32±1.43) cm健康有活力的凡纳滨对虾置于室温25℃的封闭实验台上,0、5、15、30 min后分别活体采样,测定肌肉、心脏、胃、肠道、肝胰腺和血淋巴的抗氧化相关指标,研究干露对凡纳滨对虾抗氧化功能的影响。试验结果表明,干露15 min组凡纳滨对虾胃、血清、肝胰腺丙二醛含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);随着暴露时间延长,干露组凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺组织总抗氧化能力呈下降趋势,各组与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05);肠道、心脏和胃总抗氧化能力水平呈先升后降的趋势;随着暴露时间的延长,凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺和肌肉中总超氧化物歧化酶以及肝胰腺中γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶活性呈下降趋势,肌肉与肠道中的γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶活性无显著性变化(P0.05)。短时间(5 min)干露对凡纳滨对虾组织抗氧化功能破坏较小,而长时间(30 min)干露可明显降低组织的抗氧化能力;干露对凡纳滨对虾对抗氧化功能的影响具有组织特异性。通过检测凡纳滨对虾抗氧化代谢指标,进而探索缺氧不同时间段凡纳滨对虾抗氧化酶活性的变化规律,总结对虾机体抗氧化剂和抗氧化能力的时空图谱,为养殖过程中缺氧现象提供基础资料,为凡纳滨对虾无水运输技术的开发提供参考数据。     

盐度对非洲斑节对虾幼体培育成活率的影响

试验对不同盐度非洲斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)幼体培育总成活率及各阶段成活率与变态时间进行了研究,旨在为非洲斑节对虾人工育苗的成功提供基础数据。采用卤水调节,设置盐度25,26,27,28四个梯度试验组,每组3个平行,经15d培育,结果表明:盐度变化对非洲斑节对虾幼体总成活率影响差异具统计学意义(P0.05),盐度25～27时,随着盐度升高,幼体成活率从22%上升到41.3%,盐度27和28试验组差异不具统计学意义(P0.05)。结果还表明盐度对无节幼体(N)、蚤状幼体(Z)、糠虾幼体(M)以及仔虾幼体(P)各阶段成活率影响不同,N与Z阶段:盐度影响显著,盐度在25～27,随着盐度升高,成活率随之增加,当盐度27与28时差异不具统计学意义;M阶段:盐度在25时成活率最低,26～28时成活率无差异统计学意义;P阶段,盐度对各试验组成活率影响差异不具统计学意义(P0.05)。说明非洲斑节对虾幼体对盐度的耐受性强弱为NZMP。不同盐度对非洲斑节对虾幼体各阶段变态发育时间有影响,但差异不具统计学意义(P0.05)。综上所述,非洲斑节对虾幼体培育的盐度不宜低于27。     

南美白对虾种质下降原因分析及对策

对虾的养殖，是一项风险高，利润大的系统工程，在众多的风险因子中，虾苗的质量占相当大的比重。放养无病毒、活力好、规格整齐的健康虾苗，是对虾养殖实现高产稳产的根本。相反，放养不健康的虾苗，如带病毒、活力弱、大小不整齐，育苗中过量使用抗生素等，则在养成中通常表现为：成活率低、抗病能力差、生长缓从养成规格不整齐、经济效益极差。因此，了解、分析生产不健康虾苗原因，创立健康育苗新概念，对于对虾养殖全过程特别是虾苗培育至关重要，而培育健康虾苗必须掌握科学的育苗技术。笔者自１９９５年开始从事南美白对虾人工繁殖研…     

“半封闭”低盐度防病养殖法养殖斑节对虾效果好

我们通过借鉴国内外虾病防治的成果，结合深圳地区当前斑节对虾养殖的具体情况，设计了斑节对虾“半封闭”低盐度防病养殖方法。该方法的主要技术要点是：“半封闭”即一改以往大排大灌的传统方法，60天左右以后每天也只在大潮水期添加水质好的海水，加入海水后即用1－2ppm的强力消毒灵进行全池水体消毒。整个养殖过程基本不排水，这就切断危害斑节对虾的病原体随海水传入虾池的途径。“低盐度”即在放苗初期海水盐度达30％。左右，随后每天添加少量淡水而逐渐降低盐度，一直到收虾前降至ic％。左右。由于盐度低，即可抑制那些在高盐度环境…     

南美白对虾虾苗淡化技术

南美白对虾在海水养殖条件下病害较多，养殖过程中使用药物品种多、剂量大，导致药物残存量较高。而在淡水条件下养殖该品种，能使引起南美白对虾的红体病、白斑病的病毒及引起其它疾病的细菌几乎不能存活，因而淡水养殖南美白对虾，生长快、个体大、病害少。最近几年，我省普遍养殖南美白对虾，亩产量徘徊在100-150kg左右，经济效益较低。笔者在海南多年从事各种对虾的人工工厂化育苗以及南美白对虾、斑节对虾虾苗的淡化和高位池塘精养对虾工作，并对我省淡水养殖南美白对虾进行了三年调查研究，认为造成低产低效的最主要原因是虾苗淡化方法简单粗糙，淡化成活率极低，甚至入池后1个月内存活率不足10％。     

非洲斑节对虾健康养殖技术

正非洲斑节对虾又叫金刚斑节对虾、斑节王、草虾王等,该虾的亲本是来源于非洲的野生斑节对虾。相对于国内目前养殖的斑节对虾而言,其体色较深,头胸甲较为厚实,体长而侧扁,略呈梭形,体色鲜亮;最适合水温为25~32℃,20℃以下摄食明显减少,13℃以下即冻死;广盐性,适应盐度范围在5~30‰,以15~25‰最适,低盐度生长相对较快;杂食性,对饵料中蛋白质要求不高;其耐干和耐低氧能力     

干露胁迫对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)呼吸代谢相关酶的影响

为了研究离水干露对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)呼吸代谢能力的影响,以常温干露(22-24℃)、低温干露(4℃)2个实验组和1个对照组进行脊尾白虾干露胁迫实验,于胁迫后60、90、120、180 min取组织,测定琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)、延胡索酸还原酶(FRD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)4种呼吸代谢酶活力和乳酸含量.结果显示,常温干露组肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉SDH和CCO活力随干露时间的延长而降低,且显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);FRD、LDH活力和肌肉乳酸含量随胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低趋势,且显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).低温干露组在胁迫60 min时,各组织呼吸代谢酶活力和肌肉乳酸含量与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05),之后的变化趋势和常温干露组相同.常温干露组和低温干露组中肝胰腺和鳃SDH/FRD比值的变化幅度大于肌肉.研究表明,脊尾白虾通过提高无氧代谢来应对干露胁迫;低温干露下的脊尾白虾在胁迫早期可以维持有氧呼吸,肝胰腺和鳃比肌肉对干露胁迫更加敏感.     

Genetics of the resistance to hypoxia in postlarvae and juveniles of the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei (Boone 1931)

The genetics of resistance to hypoxia was studied in shrimp using two approaches, heritability estimation and heterosis estimation. The heritability of resistance to hypoxia was evaluated in two populations of shrimp postlarvae families produced at different times, and heterosis was estimated through the reciprocal crosses of two genetically distinct shrimp populations at postlarvae and juvenile. Heritabilities of resistance to hypoxia in postlarvae were large and out of the range for the heritability (1.73±0.09, 1.35±0.14) regardless of population evaluated. When covariates (survival and mean total weight to postlarvae 15 days old) were introduced in the analyses to correct for effects during rearing of the larvae, the heritabilities did not change substantially for the first population, but were decreased for the second population depending on the covariate used for correction (1.15±0.10 and 1.08±0.11 for the covariates survival and total weight respectively). Those large heritabilities could be explained by the presence of confounded common environmental variance in the estimated genetic variance (maternal effects), or by dominance and epistatic effects being an important part of the estimated genetic variance. Heterosis analyses dissecting maternal effect indicated that both effects, maternal and dominance, are involved in the resistance to hypoxia at postlarvae, and that although maternal effects decreased at juvenile stage, the trait was still characterized by presenting a large heterosis value (62–65% for postlarvae and 36% for juveniles).     

盐化幅度、速度及方式对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长和存活率的影响

本研究测定了盐化幅度(3/d、6/d、9/d、12/d和15/d)、盐化速度(1、3、6、12和18 h/次)和盐化方式(前期盐化、中期盐化、后期盐化和间隔盐化)与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)仔虾生长发育、活力和存活率的关系。研究结果显示,不同盐化幅度、盐化速度和盐化方式均显著影响盐化标粗过程中仔虾的生长发育、活力和存活率(P<0.05)。综合考虑生长性能、苗种活力和存活率等因素,最适盐化幅度为3~6/d,在该盐化幅度范围内,仔虾存活率可达74.07%~78.83%;盐化幅度超过9/d时,仔虾存活率显著下降(P<0.05),其中,盐化幅度达到15/d时,存活率仅为43.37%。过快的盐化速度导致存活率和活力显著下降,盐化速度>1 h/次时,仔虾死亡率接近50%;随着盐化速度的放缓,仔虾生长速度加快,盐化速度为6~18 h/次时,生长速度维持稳定,日增重量为1.48~1.51 mg。在盐化方式方面,后期盐化和间隔盐化时,苗种的质量和存活率优于前期盐化和中期盐化,仔虾活力表现为间隔盐化>后期盐化>中期盐化>前期盐化。综合考虑,仔虾的最适盐化幅度为3~6/d,最佳盐化速度为6~12 h/次,后期盐化和间隔盐化更有助于仔虾保持较好活力和较高存活率。本研究通过探讨凡纳滨对虾苗种盐化标粗的最适盐化幅度、盐化速度和盐化方式,丰富了凡纳滨对虾高盐环境抗逆性研究,为凡纳滨对虾苗种的盐化标粗生产实践提供了理论支持。     

Poly‐beta‐hydroxybutyrate‐enriched Artemia sp. for giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon larviculture

The beneficial effects of PHB as supplement for giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae using a short‐term enrichment strategy via Artemia were examined. The effects of co‐supplementing with a lipid emulsion were also evaluated to determine whether it yielded an additional benefit. Results on the average weight and larval development were not significantly different among postlarvae fed the different dietary treatments, indicating that PHB supplementation could not be used to stimulate growth in P. monodon postlarvae while such positive results have been reported in other aquaculture species. Nonetheless, significantly higher survival was obtained in postlarvae fed PHB‐enriched Artemia irrespective of lipid enrichment. In addition, PHB increased the survival of the postlarvae after exposure to a lethal dose of ammonia. Lipid supplementation nullified this effect. The cumulative mortality of postlarvae subjected to a sublethal concentration of ammonia for 24 h and subsequent exposure to pathogenic Vibrio campbelli showed that PHB but not lipids could effectively enhance the resistance of the postlarvae. Co‐supplementing lipids even significantly decreased this outcome. Our study indicates that PHB supplementation increases the quality of larval P. monodon and their chance of surviving under adverse environmental conditions. The short‐term co‐supplementation with lipid emulsion did not add to these effects.     

Habitat preference,distribution and growth of postlarvae,juvenile and pre-adult Indian white shrimp,Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards,in Ghubat Hasish Bay,Gulf of Masirah,Sultanate of Oman

Abstract An investigation of postlarvae, early juveniles and pre-adult Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards, in Ghubat Hasish Bay around Mahawt Island in the Gulf of Masirah was carried out from January 1991 to December 1992. Peak abundance of postlarvae and juveniles was observed during March and April. The size of newly recruited postlarvae ranged from 9 to 11 mm total length. The highest concentration of postlarvae and early juveniles occurred in muddy substratum covered by mangrove detritus. Postlarvae and juvenile densities varied significantly between years, seasons and habitats. The main fishery recruitment observed in late August and early September resulted from the major postlarval abundance peaks in March and April. Growth rates of postlarvae, juveniles and pre-adult shrimp of the main cohort recruited in March were calculated. During the peak fishing season (September to November), pre-adults were concentrated at depths of 3–5 m in muddy substrata south-west of Mahawt Island. An environmental impact study is recommended in this area prior to the proposed harbour development at Mahawt.     

Isolation and characterization of pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus from diseased postlarval abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta (Lischke)

Outbreaks of serious mortality among cultured abalone postlarvae have occurred across Southern China since July 2002. Five motile bacterial strains were isolated from diseased abalone postlarvae on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 1% NaCl (TSA1) and/or thiosulphate citrate bile salt (TCBS) sucrose agar plates during an outbreak in August 2003 in Shanwei, Guangdong province. All isolates were characterized and identified as Vibrio alginolyticus on the basis of biochemical characteristics and comparisons with those of the reference strain V. alginolyticus ATCC 17749. Strain 19 (a representative of five similar isolates) was virulent to abalone postlarvae with an LD₅₀ value of1.00 × 10⁴ colony‐forming units mL^?1. All abalone postlarvae exhibited the same signs as in natural outbreaks. The same bacterium could be re‐isolated from abalone postlarvae after bacterial challenge using TSA1 and TCBS plates. The results reveal that V. alginolyticus is an infectious agent of abalone postlarvae.     

Survival and growth of hatchery-produced postlarvae and spat of the Caribbean scallops Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus

A study was made of the growth and survival of postlarvae and spat of Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus produced in the laboratory and exposed to different conditions of settlement and culture. An evaluation was made of the different types of collection substrates (onion-bags, artificial-grass, fibreglass-plates), two types of settlement inducers (epinephrine, low temperature), and two culture environments (sea, laboratory). The results showed that larger numbers of postlarvae were obtained in artificial-grass collectors than on fibreglass-plates or in the onion-bags. The growth of the A. nucleus postlarvae was not affected by the collector type, while that of N. nodosus was higher on fibreglass-plates, and lesser in the onion-bags. Both thermal and chemical stimulation of the competent larvae resulted in recovery of a greater percentage of postlarvae. The growth of postlarvae of A. nucleus was better in groups exposed to the two methods of settlement induction, while those of N. nodosus remained unaffected by this treatment. The survival of the postlarvae and spat was greater in the laboratory than at sea except in the case of A. nucleus postlarvae attached to collectors, whose survival was similar in both environments. The growth of postlarvae and spat was greater in the sea than in the laboratory.     

Shelter colour preference of the postlarvae of the giant freshwater prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis>

The addition of artificial shelters of various materials has been used in Macrobrachium rosenbergii tanks and ponds as a means of increasing productivity. The present study investigated the shelter colour preference of M. rosenbergii postlarvae (age 15–18 days after metamorphosis) in the laboratory. Shelter occupancy tests were performed on four groups of 200 postlarvae in four 57-l aquaria, into which were placed shelters made of rigid coloured netting sewn into four-layered cubes open on two sides. The shelters were presented in six colour pairs: black vs dark green, black vs light green, black vs blue, dark green vs light green, dark green vs blue, and light green vs blue. Colour preference was tested six times for each colour pair. The data obtained were analyzed using Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment. The mean z-score was significantly highest (i.e., highest preference) for the black shelter. Vision was involved in the detection of and approach to the shelter. When released in aquaria, intact-eyed individual postlarvae directly approached the shelter straight away, whereas blind postlarvae (paint over the eyes) swam around randomly and occupied the shelter only after accidental contact much later. Postlarvae in open water out of the shelter exhibited frequent aggressive contact, while those in the shelter were quiescent. The use of black shelters in rearing tanks is thus recommended for reducing stress and aggression among M. rosenbergii postlarvae in the hatchery.     

Growth of Red Abalone,Haliotis rufescens,Fed Cold‐stored Benthic Diatoms

We measured the proximal composition of four benthic diatoms that were stored for 24 mo in the dark at low temperature (4 C by refrigeration) and examined their potential as feed for abalone, Haliotis rufescens, postlarvae. The proximal composition of the four diatoms was modified by species‐specific responses as a function of time in storage. The cultures of all stored diatoms contained low or undetectable concentrations of Vibrio‐like bacteria (<0.01 VLB/mL). As feed for abalone postlarvae, the four diatoms promoted growth under all experimental conditions. Greater shell lengths were measured on Day 14 when Navicula sp. and Navicula incerta were used as feed. Postlarvae that were fed N. incerta and Navicula sp. had higher growth rates. In contrast, lower growth rates were observed on Day 7 with fresh and stored Nitzschia thermalis as food. Survival was high in postlarvae that were fed the four stored diatoms (100%). This report demonstrates that cultures of benthic diatoms that have been stored by refrigeration for 24 mo can be used to feed abalone postlarvae and have an effect on improving growth and survival.     

不同单胞藻饵料培养九孔鲍早期稚贝的研究

以单种培养的6种底栖硅藻和具有底栖习性的亚心形扁藻(Platymoras sp.)为饵料,培养九孔鲍(Haliotis diversi-color supertexta)受精后12 d的早期稚贝并观察其生长和存活,培养期为28 d,目的是筛选能维持早期稚贝高存活率和生长率的藻种。实验结果表明,培养稚贝成活率最高的3个藻种由大到小依次是爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种(Achnanthes javanica var.)、流水双眉藻(Amphora fluninensis)和亚历山大菱形藻(Nitzschia alexandrina),使稚贝生长最快的3个藻种由大到小依次是流水双眉藻、爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种和亚历山大菱形藻。研究结果揭示了适宜的底栖硅藻种类对鲍早期稚贝阶段生长和存活的重要性。个体小或者胞外产物量大的藻类很可能对九孔鲍早期稚贝的培养是有利的。     

Culture of benthic diatoms and effect of dissolved organic carbon on metamorphosis of the ‘white sea urchin Lytechinus pictus (Verrill)’

The effect of biofilms of the benthic diatom Navicula incerta and of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) they produce was evaluated on the growth and survival of Lytechinus pictus postlarvae during metamorphosis. In each container, 300 postlarvae were exposed to biofilms beginning on days 1, 3 and 6 of metamorphosis, using three replicates and a blank containing only filtered water. The experiments were run for 15 and 18 days in 500‐mL containers with daily water changes. We measured 30 postlarvae from each container and counted all organisms on days 1, 3, 9 and 15; DOC was quantified on days 3, 6 and 9. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate whether the presence of diatoms or the DOC they produced improved postlarval development. Five assays were performed in triplicate: a positive control with biofilms, a negative control with filtered water and three treatments with DOC‐enriched water from a N. incerta culture supplied on days 1, 4 and 8. In both experiments, postlarvae attained the largest size and highest survival in the treatments with the biofilm. The results indicate that the increase in postlarval size and survival was due to the DOC produced by the diatoms and not by their presence alone.