生防菌株SC11的鉴定、定殖及对棉花枯萎病防治效果研究

 通过生物学特性观察和16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定菌株SC11为壮观链霉菌(Streptomyces spectabilis)。该菌可在棉花根际土壤以及棉花根部长期定殖,30 d的定殖密度分别为1.38×10⁵ CFU/g和2.95×10³ CFU/g。2011年和2012年的大田防治试验显示,SC11菌粉对棉花枯萎病防效分别为42.51%和36.70%,与对照50%多菌灵(WP)的防效相比无显著差异,施用90~150 d的防效分别显著高于多菌灵(P<0.05)。与清水对照相比,田间施用SC11菌粉棉花倒三叶面积显著提高52.6%,籽棉和皮棉产量分别增加21.9%和23.0%(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,壮观链霉菌SC11是一株对棉花枯萎病具有应用前景的生防菌株。     

枯草芽胞杆菌T122F内生定殖及对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果

为了明确枯草芽胞杆菌T122F菌株对香蕉枯萎病的生防作用,对菌株在香蕉体内的定殖特性及对盆栽香蕉苗的防治效果进行了研究。结果表明,T122F能在香蕉体内定殖和传导,在香蕉根部、球茎、假茎和第2叶、第4叶中,T122F菌量的高峰分别出现在接种后第10、7、3、7、7天,菌量峰值分别为1.33×104、3.09×103、1.62×104、1.99×104和2.35×103 cfu/g鲜重,T122F菌株在香蕉体内的消长动态表现为先增长后下降的趋势。在接种枯萎病菌前4d和后2d分别采用200亿活芽胞/g枯草芽胞杆菌T122F可湿性粉剂300倍液灌根1次,对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果达66.00%。     

非致病性尖孢镰刀菌FJAT-9290的定殖特性及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果

为评价非致病性尖孢镰刀菌FJAT-9290对不同植物的致病性和定殖能力,利用该菌株所含的无毒基因SIX1特异性检测引物P12-R1/P12-F2跟踪其在不同植物中的侵入与定殖情况,并研究其对番茄植株生长特性的影响及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果。结果显示,接种120 d内,菌株FJAT-9290对所供试的11种植物均未造成危害,但在侵入时间与定殖方面存在差异。该菌株最易侵入番茄植株,接种第5天即可在茎基部检测到;其次为甜椒、甜瓜、西瓜和香蕉等植株,接种10 d时可在茎基部检测到;但在韭菜、香葱和马唐草上均未检测到。该菌株在番茄与茄子植株的定殖时间最长,达90 d;其次为甜椒、香蕉和粉蕉,至少60 d;在甜瓜、西瓜和黄瓜上为40~50 d。该菌株能促进番茄植株生长,显著提高其株高和叶片数量,对番茄枯萎病的盆栽与田间防治效果分别达76.70%和69.56%。表明菌株FJAT-9290具有良好的定殖能力且对番茄枯萎病具有较好的防治效果。     

青枯雷尔氏菌Tn5转座子无致病力突变株在番茄根部的定殖特性

为筛选防治番茄青枯病的优良生防菌株,本研究以弱化指数、胞外多糖含量和盆栽苗番茄发病率为指标确定20株经形态初步判定为无致病力的青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum Tn5突变菌株的致病性,测定其在番茄根部的定殖数量,并于显微镜下观察其定殖特性。结果表明,供试的20株青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株的弱化指数均大于0.75,胞外多糖含量介于1.59~16.68 μg/mL之间,显著低于强致病力菌株FJAT-91,接种40 d番茄植株未出现青枯病症状;20株青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株均能在番茄根部定殖,定殖数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中菌株T659的定殖数量最大,定殖时间最长,分别为2.86×10⁶CFU/g和35 d;透射电镜观察发现,青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株T659从番茄植株根部表皮细胞中侵入,然后进入维管束厚壁细胞,并在维管束细胞中大量繁殖和定殖,但未引起番茄根部细胞结构病理变化。表明供试的青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株T659的定殖能力最强,具有良好的生防潜力。     

田间常见8种有害椿类若虫龄期的区分

为了明确枯草芽胞杆菌T122F菌株对香蕉枯萎病的生防作用,分别对该菌株在香蕉体内的定殖特性及对盆栽香蕉苗的防治效果进行了研究。结果表明,T122F能在香蕉体内定殖和传导,在香蕉根部、球茎、假茎和第2叶、第4叶中,T122F菌量高峰分别出现在接种后第10、7、3、7、7天,峰值分别为1.33×104、3.09×103、1.62×104、1.99×104和2.35×103 cfu/g鲜重,T122F菌株在香蕉体内的消长动态表现为先增长后下降的趋势。在接种枯萎病菌前4 d和后2 d分别采用200亿活芽胞/g枯草芽胞杆菌T122F可湿性粉剂300倍液灌根1次,对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果达66.00%。     

恶臭假单胞菌HB3S-20在棉花中的定殖及诱导抗性研究

植物内生菌是防治植物病害的重要生防资源。恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida HB3S-20是本实验室从棉花内生细菌中所筛选到的一株对棉花黄萎病具有显著防效的潜在生防菌株。本研究采用利福平抗性标记技术和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记技术检测了菌株HB3S-20在棉花组织中的定殖动态和定殖位点,并检测了菌株HB3S-20接种棉花植株后植物防御相关酶SOD、POD和CAT酶活性的变化。利福平标记试验结果表明,菌株HB3S-20主要定殖于根部,棉株接种菌株HB3S-20后第3～30 d检测到棉花根部内的菌量范围为2.2×104～6.7×10⁴ cfu/g,检测到棉花茎部内的菌量为0.04×104～2.7×10⁴ cfu/g,棉花茎部内的菌量低于根部,但在叶片中未被分离到。GFP标记试验结果表明,菌株HB3S-20不仅能附着在棉花根系表面,还能定殖在根部维管组织中。此外,菌株HB3S-20能够提高棉花中植物防御相关酶SOD和POD的活性,说明菌株HB3S-20能够诱导棉花植株的系统抗性,增强棉花抗病性。本研究初步揭示了恶臭假单胞菌HB3S-2...     

抑制黄瓜枯萎病的链霉菌S-101及其生防作用研究

为了获得抑制黄瓜枯萎病的高效生防菌,对青海湖附近植被根系土壤中的微生物进行分离筛选。测定拮抗菌的抑菌活性及其对黄瓜枯萎病的防控效果。本文通过平板对峙法分离筛选出一株生防链霉菌S-101,该菌株对供试的几种病原真菌都有较好的拮抗作用,其中对尖镰孢菌黄瓜专化型的抑制率为53.3%,对草莓炭疽菌的抑菌率为45.5%;并通过形态特征及16S rDNA序列分析对菌株S-101初步鉴定为Streptomyces luridus;盆栽试验结果表明,菌株S-101发酵液对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果达57.11%;通过构建绿色荧光蛋白标记的基因工程菌S-101-GFP,检测了该菌株在黄瓜根部及根围土壤中的定殖能力,随着定殖天数的增加,数量由处理时的1×10⁸ cfu/g逐渐减少到1×10⁶ cfu/g,0～14 d下降较快,21～28 d下降较慢,28～35 d趋于稳定,孢子数维持在1×10⁶ cfu/g。因此,菌株S-101是防治黄瓜枯萎病的潜在生防菌株,具有开发成为微生物农药的应用价值。     

生防菌B1619在番茄根部的定殖及对根际微生态的影响

采用植物MS平板定殖研究法、盆栽试验和土壤酶活性检测技术研究了生防菌B1619在番茄根部的定殖规律,并评估了B1619对番茄根围土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果显示,生防菌株B1619在番茄根部定殖能力较强,在MS平板中,定殖量可达10⁸ CFU/g根以上。在盆栽试验中,常规土壤中或在接种青枯菌后,番茄根部生防菌的数量都呈现先下降后上升趋势,最后趋于稳定;在第15天时,定殖量达到10⁶ CFU/g根。番茄定植后,B1619对根围土壤中真菌和放线菌具有促进作用,而对细菌则表现为先促进后抑制作用。此外,B1619能够提高土壤蔗糖酶活性而抑制土壤脲酶的活性,B1619施用后第15天,蔗糖酶活性达226.3 mg/g土,比对照高88 mg/g土;土壤脲酶活性则与对照组截然相反,呈下降趋势。     

青枯菌无致病力菌株FJAT-1458与强致病力株FJAT-91的竞争生长作用

为了明确青枯菌无致病力菌株FJAT-1458的生防竞争机制,本研究采用体外共培养方法研究了碳源、氮源和培养时间对菌株FJAT-1458和青枯菌强致病力菌株FJAT-91竞争生长的影响;同时,研究了菌株FJAT-1458和FJAT-91在番茄植株体内的竞争生长。结果表明,碳源含量低于20%时,菌株FJAT-1458不能生长,而菌株FJAT-91可生长;无氮源条件下,FJAT-1458和FJAT-91均不能生长;碳源和氮源含量达100%时,FJAT-1458的菌体浓度（2.16×10⁹ cfu/mL）显著低于FJAT-91的菌体浓度（3.24×10⁹ cfu/mL）。混合培养24 h前,FJAT-1458生长量大于FJAT-91,24 h后则相反。在单独接种或混合接种5 d后,FJAT-1458和FJAT-91均在番茄植株体内出现最大定殖量,随后迅速减少;FJAT-91在单独接种15 d时,定殖数量为0;两种菌株单独接种的定殖数量均大于混合接种（接种15 d除外）。先接种FJAT-1458,3 d后接种FJAT-91对番茄青枯病的防效（100%）显著高于同时接种FJAT-1458和FJAT-91（74.67%）。本研究表明,在体外无致病力菌株FJAT-1458对碳源和氮源的营养竞争能力弱于强致病力菌株FJAT-91;在体内无致病力菌株FJAT-1458会抑制强致病力菌株FJAT-91的生长;因此,FJAT-1458的生防竞争机制中,营养竞争起非主导作用,而位点竞争可能是主导因素。     

内生黏质沙雷氏菌LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病的防治效果及其防病机制研究

本研究评价了从向日葵列当体内分离筛选得到的内生黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病进行盆栽与大田防效评价,并测定了该菌株的生理特性和其在根际土与向日葵体内的定殖情况。结果表明,LIEH 92发酵液对向日葵菌核病的室内盆栽防效达73.35%,对大田根腐型菌核病和盘腐型菌核病防效分别达53.48%和38.64%。菌株LIEH 92可产生几丁质酶,并能在根际土和向日葵根、茎、叶内定殖与传导,定殖菌量达102~106 cfu/g。其在向日葵植株的根内定殖数量最大,茎中次之,叶中最少。在灭菌土中LIEH 92在根际土和向日葵根部的定殖菌量小于在自然土中其在相应部位的定殖菌量,而灭菌土中LIEH 92在向日葵茎部和叶部的定殖菌量则大于自然土中相应的定殖菌量。LIEH 92处理可提高向日葵植株PAL、POD和PPO等防御酶活性,从而诱导向日葵对菌核病的抗性。LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病具有生防潜力。     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌在土壤和植株残体中的越冬能力

为评估菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种或褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种在土壤及植物残体中的越冬能力,对采自黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、河北及新疆的18块菜豆生产田的20份土壤及14份植物残体样品进行病原菌分离和鉴定。在MT选择性培养基上有12个土壤样品和13个植株残体样品提取液产生典型的类似黄单胞菌菌落。选取29个分离物进行致病性测定,有27个分离物对菜豆品种"英国红"致病。利用地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种和褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种的特异性引物X4c/X4e及褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种特异性引物Xf1/Xf2对29个分离物进行多重PCR检测,其中17个分离物为地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种,10个分离物为褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种。结果表明,菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌可以在黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、河北的一些菜豆种植区的土壤及植株残体中越冬存活。     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

芽胞杆菌CQBS03抑菌蛋白TasA基因的克隆及原核表达

为了探讨柑桔溃疡病生防菌芽胞杆菌Bacillus CQBS03菌株TasA基因的功能,采用PCR方法从CQBS03基因组DNA中扩增出编码TasA基因的全长DNA序列,并构建pEASY-E1/TasA原核表达载体,经大肠杆菌Escherichia coli表达获得TasA基因的融合表达蛋白,纸碟法检验融合蛋白对柑桔溃疡病菌Xanthomonas citri citri的抑制作用。结果显示,CQBS03菌株的TasA基因包含1个786 bp的完整开放阅读框（GenBank登录号为JQ309841）,编码261个氨基酸残基;该序列与来源于解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens的1个已知同源TasA基因序列FJ713580的相似性达99.75%。原核表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析,检测到约31 kD的融合蛋白;纯化后的融合蛋白对柑桔溃疡病菌有明显的抑制作用,72 h后抑菌圈直径达11.5 mm。研究表明TasA基因是生防菌芽胞杆菌CQBS03抑制柑桔溃疡病菌的功能基因之一,并且该基因对原核表达宿主没有抑制作用,具有较好的开发利用前景。     

进境油菜籽中黑胫病菌和茎基溃疡病菌的检测

为准确鉴定从进境澳大利亚油菜籽样品中分离的真菌分离物,利用形态学特征、PCR检测、序列分析以及致病性测试等方法对分离物6382-43和6382-51进行了鉴定试验。结果表明,分离物6382-43的形态特征和油菜茎基溃疡病菌Leptosphaeria maculans相似,菌丝生长较慢,菌落边缘不规则,不产生色素。油菜茎基溃疡病菌特异性引物LmacF/LmacR检测为PCR阳性;ITS区序列和油菜茎基溃疡病菌的序列相似性为99.8%;接种幼嫩油菜子叶产生油菜茎基溃疡病的典型症状。分离物6382-51的形态特征和油菜黑胫病菌L.biglobosa相似,菌丝生长较快,菌落边缘规则,产生色素;油菜黑胫病菌特异性引物LbigF/LmacR检测为PCR阳性;ITS区序列和油菜黑胫病菌的序列相似性为100%;接种幼嫩油菜子叶产生油菜黑胫病的典型症状。根据分离物的形态特征、PCR检测结果、序列分析以及致病性测试结果,将进境澳大利亚油菜籽样品中的真菌分离物6382-43和6382-51分别鉴定为油菜茎基溃疡病菌Leptosphaeria maculans和油菜黑胫病菌L.biglobosa。     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency is altered in a novel rice bacterial blight resistance cultivar and is influenced by environmental temperature

Y73 is a progeny of asymmetric somatic hybridization from an elite japonica rice cultivar (Dalixiang) and a wild rice (Oryza meyeriana), which shows high resistance to bacterial blight. It has a similar genetic background to its recurrent parent, Dalixiang, but Y73 has a high resistance to both bacterial blight and Agrobacterium. The transformation efficiency of Y73 was 35.7%, while Dalixiang had higher transformation efficiency (71.2%) under the same co-cultivation temperature (25 °C). These results indicate that the resistance to Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Y73 was linked with its characteristic of bacterial blight resistance, and was obtained from its donor parent, O. meyeriana. Further studies also showed that the resistance to A. tumefaciens was weakened at a lower temperature (20 °C). To study its molecular mechanism, the expression levels of genes associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (OsMPKs, OsVIP1s and OsPR1s) in rice were investigated by Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The expression levels of OsMPK genes remained unchanged at different temperatures, while all OsVIP1s and almost all OsPR1s were up-regulated and transformation efficiency of Y73 was increased notably when infected by Agrobacterium at 20 °C compared with 25 °C. This study suggests that the bacterial blight resistance genes in Y73 also have an effect on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and that the response to temperature is associated with the regulation of MAPK/VIP1 defense signaling pathway.     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的寄主趋向和产卵选择

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

河北和山东鸭梨果实上链格孢菌鉴定

为了查清造成鸭梨果实储藏期黑斑病的链格孢Alternaria的种类,从其产孢表型、分生孢子特征和分子生物学等方面对分离的链格孢菌进行了研究.经对分离到的188支Alternaria菌株的形态学鉴定,共确定了3个种,即链格孢Alternaria alternata、细极链格孢A.tenuissima和侵染链格孢A.infectoria,比例分别为41.0%、54.8%和1.6%.分子生物学研究结果表明,Altemaria大孢子种彼此间及大孢子种与小孢子种之间可以根据ITS和gpd序列差异明确区分;而供试的多数小孢子种在ITS和gpd序列上差异很小,无法区分.