枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394的GFP标记及其定殖能力

为探明枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394在番茄根围的定殖能力,采用电转化法获得绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）标记菌株PTS-GFP,构建其生长曲线,采用对峙生长法评价其室内抑菌活性,并应用抗生素平板回收结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察标记菌株在番茄根围的定殖数量。结果显示：与原始菌株PTS-394相比,标记菌株PTS-GFP的生长、对青枯病菌和4种病原真菌的室内抑菌能力无明显差异。标记菌株PTS-GFP和青枯病菌菌液单独或混合处理番茄苗,灌根当天标记菌株初始菌量接近10⁸ CFU/g,处理3 d后种群数量迅速下降,约10⁶ CFU/g,随后缓慢下降,处理10 d后种群数量约10⁴ CFU/g,处理30 d后,标记菌株仍然能被检测到,约20 CFU/g。表明枯草芽胞杆菌PTS-394在番茄根际土壤中具有一定的定殖能力。     

枯草芽胞杆菌XF-1的根围定殖能力分析

采用抗生素标记菌株与盆栽试验研究了对大白菜根肿病具有良好防治效果的枯草芽胞杆菌XF-1的定殖动态及影响其定殖的因素,以便了解该菌株的生防机制及其商品化应用前景。结果表明,XF-1的定殖能力较强,能在大白菜根围、根表和根内长时间定殖,接种60天后,根围和根表定殖密度仍能稳定在103CFU/g土壤,根内定殖密度也仍稳定在102CFU/g根（鲜重）水平,根围和根表定殖趋势为先下降后上升再下降,最后趋于稳定;根内定殖动态则呈先上升后下降的趋势。XF-1在根部组织内的皮层薄壁细胞和导管内均有分布。定殖受土壤质量影响,灭菌土中定殖能力最强;施入菌液浓度越高,定殖菌体数越多;在16℃光照培养箱中28天后,定殖仍可达到105CFU/g土壤;施入马铃薯汁蔗糖液体培养基（PS）发酵的菌液后,XF-1在根围中的定殖量大于施入马铃薯汁葡萄糖液体培养基（PD）发酵的菌液。XF-1还能很好地在玉米根围定殖。     

青枯雷尔氏菌Tn5转座子无致病力突变株在番茄根部的定殖特性

为筛选防治番茄青枯病的优良生防菌株,本研究以弱化指数、胞外多糖含量和盆栽苗番茄发病率为指标确定20株经形态初步判定为无致病力的青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum Tn5突变菌株的致病性,测定其在番茄根部的定殖数量,并于显微镜下观察其定殖特性。结果表明,供试的20株青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株的弱化指数均大于0.75,胞外多糖含量介于1.59~16.68 μg/mL之间,显著低于强致病力菌株FJAT-91,接种40 d番茄植株未出现青枯病症状;20株青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株均能在番茄根部定殖,定殖数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中菌株T659的定殖数量最大,定殖时间最长,分别为2.86×10⁶CFU/g和35 d;透射电镜观察发现,青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株T659从番茄植株根部表皮细胞中侵入,然后进入维管束厚壁细胞,并在维管束细胞中大量繁殖和定殖,但未引起番茄根部细胞结构病理变化。表明供试的青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株T659的定殖能力最强,具有良好的生防潜力。     

生防菌FJAT-346-PA的内生定殖特性及对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果

内生生防菌FJAT-346-PA是一株从香蕉植株体内分离的对香蕉枯萎病病原菌具有良好抑制作用的铜绿假单胞菌。为研究该生防菌在植株体内的定殖动态,采用逐步提高诱导浓度的方法,筛选获得稳定的双抗(抗利福平和卡那霉素,浓度均为300μg/mL)菌株FJAT-346-PA-K,跟踪分析了该菌株在香蕉组培苗、盆栽苗及大田植株体内的定殖情况,并调查该菌株对香蕉生长特性的影响和对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果。结果显示:香蕉植株根部和茎部均有该菌定殖,在盆栽苗和大田苗根部的最大定殖量分别为2.15×105CFU/g和8.00×103CFU/g;该生防菌对香蕉有明显的促长作用,显著提高香蕉的株高和叶片数量;对香蕉枯萎病具有较好的防治效果,盆栽防效和田间防效分别为83.67%和82.00%。     

荧光假单胞菌PEF-5#18防控番茄枯萎病的定殖机理

通过电转法成功将EGFP表达质粒p EGFP20转入对番茄枯萎病具有优良防病效果的荧光假单胞菌PEF-5#18体内,并研究了该生防菌在番茄根际土壤与植株根、茎内部组织的定殖情况。结果表明,处理25 d后,标记型与野生型生防菌处理均能有效控制番茄枯萎病害并增加植株鲜、干重量。与病原菌阳性对照相比,野生型菌株的防治效果为76.92%,鲜重增加194.10%,干重增加564.71%;接种后的PEF-5#18能良好定殖于番茄根际土壤并扩展进入植物根茎内部生长,其分布数量呈现出根际土壤(1.05×106 CFU/g)根(6.75×104 CFU/g)茎(1.25×102 CFU/g);与病原菌阳性对照相比,接种PEF-5#18对番茄根际土壤的可培养细菌总数影响差异不显著,但可显著提高根(增幅为8.42%)、茎(增幅为14.78%)内的可培养细菌总数以及根际土壤pH(增幅为1.61%);接种PEF-5#18能显著降低根际土壤与根、茎内病原菌侵染数量;激光共聚焦镜检发现,接种25 d后,PEF-5#18能大量分布于番茄根系表面、根内木质部、根内皮层细胞、根内细胞间隙、茎内维管及其周围细胞。     

海洋细菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌BA-3在兰花的定殖及对根际微生态的影响

为明确海洋细菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌BA-3在兰花根际的定殖特性，本研究采用抗生素标记法筛选出对利福平和卡那霉素稳定的菌株BA-3-K。平板对峙试验证明，菌株BA-3-K对兰花茎腐病抑菌率达86.91%，与原始菌株BA-3抑菌率87.69%无明显差异。采用灌根法和涂茎法证实了标记菌株BA-3-K能在兰花植株体内定殖达60 d以上。灌根处理表明，生防菌BA-3-K的定殖数量为土壤 > 根 > 茎，呈先升后降的趋势，第21 d在根部和茎部达到最大分别为2.54×10⁵和1.47×10⁵ cfu/g，在土壤中第15 d达到最大6.50×10⁵ cfu/g，但叶部未检测到标记菌株BA-3-K；涂茎处理生防菌的定殖量茎>叶，第17 d在茎部达到最大2.33×10⁵ cfu/g，随后呈下降趋势，根部和土壤未检测到标记菌株BA-3-K；通过扫描电镜定性观察，发现BA-3-K可在植株茎部定殖。盆栽试验表明，菌株BA-3-K施用后，根际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量明显高于对照处理。本研究表明海洋细菌BA-3有较强的定殖能力，具有良好的应用价值。     

人参病原菌拮抗细菌的分离筛选与鉴定

为明确土壤拮抗细菌对人参常见病原菌的生防价值,从吉林省抚松县人参根际土壤中分离、纯化获得113株细菌,采用平板对峙法测定菌株的拮抗能力,通过温室盆栽试验研究其在土壤及人参根部的定殖规律,并通过形态、培养特征及16S r DNA序列分析进行分类鉴定。对峙试验结果表明,2株细菌对供试人参病原菌具有良好的拮抗广谱性,且多次验证其抑菌效果稳定。定殖研究结果表明,活性菌株SZ-56与SZ-60的定殖能力均达到显著水平,在土壤中的最大定殖菌量分别为每克土7.51×106CFU和7.28×106CFU,30 d后定殖菌量仍保持在105CFU;21 d后在人参根部的定殖菌量仍保持在每克根105CFU水平。根据形态、培养特征、生理生化指标和16S r DNA序列分析,确定SZ-56为内生芽胞杆菌Bacillus endophyticus,SZ-60为解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens。     

根肿病生防菌Zhihengliuella aestuarii B18定殖能力及防效分析

Zhihengliuella aestuarii B18是一株对十字花科根肿病菌Plasmodiophora brassicae具有抑制作用的优良生防菌株。为探明其生防潜能,本文通过抗生素抗性标记法、盆栽试验和田间小区试验研究了B18在不同土壤pH、土壤温度、土壤含水量、初始接种浓度、蔬菜作物以及不同土壤类型中的定殖动态。灭菌土试验结果表明:调节土壤pH 7.5～8.5,含水量10%～30%,放置于10～25℃,70 d后B18定殖菌量保持在105～107 cfu/g。盆栽试验结果表明:初始接种菌液浓度为109 cfu/mL时,45 d后根际土中定殖菌量可稳定在104～105cfu/g。将50 mL浓度为2×109 cfu/mL的生防菌菌液接种于田间不同类型土壤后,第30天定殖菌量分别为病田8.7×105cfu/g,病土1.02×105cfu/g,健田8.5×104cfu/g,健土2.6×104cfu/g,即定殖能力由强到弱依次为:病田＞病土＞健田＞健土。且病田中B18在根际土中可存活至45 d且菌量保持在104 cfu/g,根内可存活至31 d且菌量保持在104 cfu/g。田间调查结果显示B18在病田和病土中对榨菜根肿病的防效分别为42.01%和47.53%,增产率分别为37.24%和40.22%。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌B1619对番茄的促生作用

解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciensB1619是一株对设施番茄土传病害具有很好防治效果的生防菌株。为了明确其对番茄的促生作用,本研究通过室内盆栽试验研究了不同稀释倍数的生防菌B1619发酵上清液对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响;测定了喷施B1619菌液后番茄体内叶绿素、胡萝卜素和根系活力的变化;运用液质联用法检测了生防菌B1619上清液中促生相关物质(生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、脱落酸和亚精胺)的含量。结果表明,生防菌B1619不同浓度的上清稀释液对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长均有一定的促进作用,其中以100倍稀释液(4.8×10⁷cfu/mL)促生作用最大;用生防菌B1619不同浓度的上清稀释液对番茄喷施后,番茄植株的叶绿体色素、胡萝卜素和根系活力均有不同程度的增加,其中以100倍稀释液各生理指标活性增加最大(分别增加47.92%、38.37%和49.75%);生防菌B1619上清液中生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA₃)、脱落酸(ABA)和亚精胺(Spd)的含量分别为1.90、1.30、0.0544、1.94和1.22mg/L。本研究结果证实了解淀粉芽孢杆菌生防菌株B1619对番茄生长具有显著促生作用,且促生物质主要存在于上清液中。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌B6在番茄根部定殖及对番茄枯萎病盆栽防效初步研究

采用利福平选择标记解淀粉芽孢杆菌B6,于土培及水培条件下研究其在番茄根部定殖情况及对番茄枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明,番茄种子出芽后4～19 d,根表及根际均能成功检测标记菌株B6~R。在根表,标记菌株B6~R定殖密度4 d时达最高,后逐渐下降,16～19 d稳定在7.40×10~5 cfu/g。在根际,标记菌株B6~R定殖密度先升高后降低,菌体数量稳定在2.53×10~6 cfu/g。水培条件下,能够观察到标记菌株B6~R在番茄根部附着定殖。室内盆栽试验显示,解淀粉芽孢杆菌B6能够较好防治尖孢镰刀菌引起的番茄枯萎病,防治效果达64.35%。     

内生菌B47的定殖能力及其对番茄青枯病的防治作用

从番茄茎分离的内生枯草芽孢杆菌菌株B47对番茄青枯病有较好的防治作用,利用该菌株的抗链霉素突变菌株,研究其在土壤和番茄植株根、茎中的定殖能力及其对番茄青枯病的防治作用。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌菌株B47可在土壤和番茄植株中定殖。B47施到土壤中后的15~45天,其数量逐步增加,45天后,其数量逐步下降。B47在土壤中的定殖能力随土壤的种类和土壤的处理情况而异。施入菜地土后的第45天,B47在非灭菌土中的数量是9.91×105cfu/g土壤干重,而在灭菌土中的数量是9.84×107cfu/g土壤干重。接种后,番茄植株根和茎中的B47数量,从苗期到结果期逐渐增加,但到了成熟期呈下降趋势。B47和番茄青枯病菌混合施入土壤后,随B47的数量增加番茄青枯病菌的数量显著降低。当番茄植株根和茎中B47的含量分别为1.17×104cfu/g鲜重和3.33×104cfu/g鲜重时,接种番茄青枯病菌后的第20天,对番茄青枯病的防治效果达79.79%。     

生防菌哈茨木霉FJAT-9040的GFP标记及土壤定殖示踪

哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum FJAT-9040对茄科尖孢镰刀菌具有较强拮抗作用。为跟踪分析该菌株在土壤中的存活与定殖特性,利用PEG-CaCl2介导的原生质体转化体系,筛选获得1株荧光性状稳定的菌株FJAT-9295,该菌株在生长速率、产孢量、对酸碱度和温度的适应性及对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性等方面与野生型菌株FJAT-9040无显著差异（P〉0.05）。同时,研究了菌株FJAT-9295在4种类型土壤中的定殖能力以及作物生长对该菌株在土壤中定殖的影响。结果表明：菌株在育苗土中定殖最好,其次为沙土及菜园土,黄泥土中定殖最差;种植茄子比未种植作物的土壤更有利于菌株的存活;菌株FJAT-9295在不同类型土壤中的菌落数随时间的延长均略有下降,16天后趋于稳定,维持在105 CFU/g,较初始接菌量下降了约1个数量级。     

萝卜软腐病生防菌株Hy11的筛选、鉴定及定殖特性

为探讨银杏内生细菌对萝卜软腐病的防病作用,通过块根接种和温室盆栽试验筛选对萝卜软腐菌Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.carotovorum具有高效抑制作用的生防菌株,共获得8株拮抗作用较强的内生细菌,其中菌株Hy11抑菌作用明显.对生防菌株Hy11进行了形态观察、生理生化特性测定、16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列分析,并应用绿色荧光蛋白基因标记菌株Hy11,研究该菌株在萝卜体内的定殖动态.结果显示,该菌株对萝卜软腐病具有较好的防效,对萝卜块根和幼苗的防治效果分别为77.9％和66.7％;对萝卜幼苗的促生率达113.28％.经鉴定,菌株Hy11为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.标记菌株Hy11-gfp在喷雾接种银杏叶片后0～3 d种群数量呈急剧下降趋势,10d后保持相对稳定;其在萝卜的根、茎和叶中均能够定殖,在根中的定殖数量最高可达1.2×104 CFU/g.     

The role of autotoxins from root residues of the previous crop in the replant disease of asparagus

Replant disease is a common phenomenon in asparagus growing in the Netherlands. It is distinct from the decline phenomenon reported from many other asparagus producing area’s. The involvement of autotoxins from root residues of former asparagus crops was evaluated. Residues of aspar agus roots decompose extremely slowly. At two locations, each with fields where asparagus production was terminated 1 and 10 years before, biomass of root residues was 4180 and 11060 kg dw ha^?1 after 1 year and 420 and 1140 kg dw ha^?1 after 10 years.Although 10-year-old residues were for the greater part decomposed, crude aqueous extracts inhibited root growth of asparagus seedlings significantly and even more of garden cress. In root observation boxes with field soil mixed with non-sterilized or sterilized asparagus root fragments, growth of secondary roots was inhibited. Non-sterilized strawberry roots did not inhibit root growth, suggesting that effects of organic matter were not involved. In a pot experiment, sterilized asparagus root fragments inhibited root growth when added at a rate of 20 g1^?1, but not a 2 g1^?1 Addition of non-sterilized root fragments strongly inhibited root growth at both levels. This was probably due to simultaneous infection byFusarium oxysporum present in these residues. When an asparagus field is replanted, the amount of root residues left behind in soil after termination of the crop in the previous season is about 2 g dw 1^?1, that corresponds to approx. 11000 kg dw ha^?1. This level is too low for considering direct growth inhibition by autotoxins as a major factor. Their possible indirect effects are briefly discussed.     

Effects of avirulent bacteriocin-producing strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum on the control of bacterial wilt of tobacco

Root systems of tobacco dipped in suspensions containing 2 × 10⁹ colony forming units (CFU)/ml of avirulent bacteriocin-producing strains (ABPS) of Pseudomonas solanacearum and assayed immediately after planting in steam-sterilized soil had 8 × 10⁶ CFU/root system of ABPS. The bacterial population declined to an average of 5·3 × 10⁵ CFU/root system after 30 days. Roots of seedlings dipped in bacterial suspensions of ABPS were more effectively protected against wilt caused by P. solanacearum than those dipped in suspensions of an avirulent nonbacteriocin-producing strain (ANBPS). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from one ABPS (121) inhibited the attachment of bacteria on roots by 70% but had no effect on the reduction of wilt, whereas bacterial cells significantly reduced the disease severity as compared to LPS or water treatment. In steam-sterilized soil containing a 1:1 mixture (5 × 10⁵ CFU/g of oven-dried soil) of ABPS 121 or 237 and the virulent strain K-60, ABPS 121 reduced multiplication of the virulent strain in soil and in the rhizosphere of seedlings. When roots of seedlings were dipped in a suspension of 2 × 10⁹ CFU/ml of ABPS before planting, root colonization by the virulent strain added to steam-sterilized soil at 2 × 10⁶ CFU/g of oven-dried soil was significantly reduced. When roots were dipped in a suspension of ABPS and assayed 20 days after planting, 98% of the bacterial population was found in the original zone of inoculation and only 2% was detected in new growths of the root system. Plants which were grown in soil infested with ABPS 121 or K-60 had both strains present at variable populations along all sections of roots.     

内生细菌EBS05在小麦体内的定殖动态及其对小麦纹枯病的防治作用

以抗药性突变菌株为筛选标记,采用稀释倒平板法,研究了内生细菌EBS05在小麦体内的定殖动态,并通过盆栽和大田试验研究了EBS05对小麦纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,EBS05在小麦根内具有较强的定殖能力,且能从根部向茎、叶部转移,其定殖量与菌株的接种浓度呈正相关,当接种浓度为108 CFU/mL时,EBS05能在根、茎内有效定殖,并持续向叶内转移。以菌体浓度为108CFU/mL的发酵液进行浸种或灌根处理后,EBS05在根内定殖量始终大于同时期茎、叶内的定殖量;菌株在小麦根、茎和叶内的定殖数量均表现为接种初期逐渐增加,至接种后第10～12天达到最大值,随后逐渐降低。内生细菌EBS05对小麦纹枯病的防治效果优于对照药剂25 g/L咯菌腈（flu-dioxonil）悬浮种衣剂,带菌发酵液和除菌发酵液的盆栽防治效果分别达91.2%和88.2%,大田防治效果分别为66.3%和56.2%。     

沼气发酵残留物对红富士苹果园土壤酶活性的影响

对干旱地区的红富士苹果园土壤中施沼肥定位试验施肥后收获期土壤主要土壤酶种类及活性进行分析结果表明:施沼肥土壤中主要存在脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶等4种土壤酶,它们的酶活性存在差异,施工程沼肥果园中除蔗糖酶外其余酶活性均高于施户用沼肥果园.对土壤酶和土壤养分进行相关分析、通径分析、主成分分析结果表明,施户用沼肥果园的脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶和施工程沼肥果园的蔗糖酶都可以作为土壤肥力的指标,且酶活性大小受到土壤化学性质和其它酶活性影响.土壤主成分分析能较为客观地评价土壤肥力水平.     

Factors affecting the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum and its colonization on tobacco roots

Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting tobacco cultivation in southwest China. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal conditions of tobacco bacterial wilt, and green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) labelling was applied to monitor the location and survival dynamics of R. solanacearum (Rs::gfp) on tobacco roots and in soil under these optimal conditions. The results showed that the highest wilt incidence was 91.13%, which occurred when the population reached 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil, the temperature was 30.55 °C, and the humidity was >81.42%. The Rs::gfp densely colonized the root tips and root hairs, and cells of Rs::gfp were observed intermittently in the elongation zone or at the point of the emerging lateral roots. The Rs::gfp number in the rhizosphere soil was 10.75‐, 73.13‐ and 74.86‐times higher than that in the bulk soil at 10, 15 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively. Increased colonization by Rs::gfp was related to the population of the pathogen, the environmental temperature and the humidity in the soil. These three conditions determined whether R. solanacearum would induce tobacco wilt. This is the first study to investigate factors affecting the virulence of a tobacco wilt bacterial pathogen, which is important for conducting field diagnosis and biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt.