Formulation of management strategies for two exploited West African prawn populations

The life histories of the estuarine prawn, Nematopalaemon hastatus Aurivillius, and the brackish river prawn, Macrobrachium macrobrachion Herklots, were compared in relation to their seasonal exploitation patterns in the Cross River estuary, Nigeria. The period of intensive exploitation of N. hastatus (March to June) was outside the main spawning season (July to October), because these prawns migrate from the main fishing area in the estuary and near shore coastal waters into the deeper continental shelf waters to spawn. This probably contributes to their reproductive success and conservation of the stock. With M. macrobrachion , the peak spawning period and the major fishing season converge between July and September. These prawns also migrate from the fresh water into the major fishing zone within the estuary during the spawning season. This exposes the spawning population to intense human exploitation. On the basis of their spawning dynamics, M. macrobrachion requires more urgent management attention. An option would be a closed season for M. macrobrachion within the estuary during the spawning period.     

Effects of lunar phase and habitat depth on vertical migrationpatterns of the sergestid shrimp Acetes intermedius

ABSTRACT:   The effects of lunar phase and habitat depth on the verticalmigration patterns of the sergestid shrimp Acetes intermedius wereexamined based on seven field observations in coastal waters offsouth-western Taiwan. The results indicate that the pattern of nocturnalvertical movement of A. intermedius depends on the lunarphase. The shrimp evaded moonlight during the ascending period andthen the moon was used as a trigger for resuming an ascent towardsthe sea surface or descending towards the 10 m water layer.During the descending period, A. intermedius moved rapidlyto the bottom or to a middle water depth at 50–80 mbefore sunrise. However, A. intermedius in waters of deepKaoping Canyon can also perform a slow descending migration thatcoincides with photosynthetically active radiation of 4 µmol/sper m². Because the density of A. intermedius onthe surface layer is affected by moonlight, the lunar phase is oneof the factors affecting the catch rate of large-skimming nets duringthe night in waters off south-western Taiwan.     

Migration route of Pacific saury Cololabis saira inferred from the otolith hyaline zone

In order to establish the migration route of Pacific saury Cololabis saira, we measured the radius of otolith annual rings (ROA) in fish collected from areas off the Japanese coast up to 165°W in June and July (pre-fishing season) and from fishing grounds in August?CNovember (fishing season). The average ROA for six sea areas that each spanned 10° of longitude sampled during the pre-fishing season were compared with data obtained during each month of the fishing season. The average ROA decreased from west to east and also decreased monthly from August to November. The average ROA of fish caught after October at the peak of the fishing season was equivalent to that of the fish caught in the areas east of 160°E or 170°E. We conclude that Pacific saury caught by Japanese fishing vessels during the peak of the fishing season migrate from an area east of 160°E.     

东海带鱼摄食习性、饵料基础及与渔场的关系

本文对东海主要渔场中带鱼Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus的摄食习性、饵料浮游生物的群落结构及数量分布等进行了阐述和分析，并对其与渔场间的关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明，东海带鱼是一种以磷虾等甲壳动物和小型鱼类等为主食，并兼食头足类、毛颚动物等的杂食性鱼类。研究结果还阐明浮游动物生物量及磷虾等的数量分布同东海带鱼渔场的位置变化和鱼群移动的关系密切，其中冬、春季浙江南部近海渔场；夏、秋季长江口及海礁、舟山等渔场，其关系尤为明显。     

Comparisons of monthly and geographical variations in abundance and size composition of Pacific saury between the high-seas and coastal fishing grounds in the northwestern Pacific

The monthly and geographical abundances and size compositions of Pacific saury were compared between the high-seas and coastal fishing grounds in the northwestern Pacific during 2000–2005 based on Taiwanese fishery data. The large-sized saury was dominant (44.3–71.4% of the catch) in the beginning of the fishing season, while the medium-sized saury followed and dominated from September to the end of the fishing season (70.1–92.4% of the catch). In the high seas, the total catch per unit effort (CPUE) (about 71.2% of the mean coastal value) and both the large- (about 55.0%) and medium-sized saury CPUEs (about 81.8%) were significantly smaller than those in the coastal waters. The mean proportions of the large- and medium-sized saury in the high-seas catch were about 86.6 and 107.0% of the coastal values, respectively. CPUEs for the total catch and the catch of medium-sized saury varied in a highly consistent way. The total and medium-sized CPUEs were negatively correlated with the sea-water temperature. When the temperature was held the same statistically, the total and medium-sized CPUEs were larger in the shoreward, southward, and shallower waters of the fishing grounds, while the large-sized CPUE was larger in the shoreward waters.     

福建莆田近海鲻鱼渔业现状及秋冬季产卵群体特点

本文主要根据2010年11月—2011年2月福建莆田近海流刺网作业鲻鱼生产调查资料,分析秋冬季渔获鲻鱼产卵群体组成、性腺成熟度分布等生物学特点及鲻鱼生产基本情况。结果表明:秋冬季(11月至翌年1月)是鲻鱼产卵盛期,也是鲻鱼渔业生产旺季;鲻鱼产卵群体主要为流刺网作业所利用,渔获群体优势叉长450～550 mm;近岸众多的流刺网作业过度捕捞亲鱼是造成鲻鱼资源量不断减少的主要原因之一。为更好地保护和利用莆田近海鲻鱼资源,建议进一步开展流刺网及张网作业对鲻鱼资源合理开发利用的专项调查研究。     

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp fishery of Texas, Louisiana, and adjoining Gulf of Mexico EEZ

Growth overfishing in the brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, fishery in inshore (estuarine) and offshore (Gulf of Mexico) territorial waters of Texas and Louisiana, and adjoining waters of the United States’ (U.S.) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and its potentially detrimental economic consequences to the harvesting sector, have not been among major concerns of Federal and State shrimp management agencies. Three possible reasons include (1) environmentally influenced variations in recruitment that cause wide fluctuations in annual landings, which tend to obscure effects of fishing, (2) competition between inshore and offshore components of the harvesting sector, and (3) partitioning of management jurisdiction among a Federal council and two State agencies. Wide variations in landings led to beliefs that high levels of fishing mortality were tolerable and recruitment overfishing was of no major concern. This encouraged somewhat laissez-faire management approaches that allowed fishing effort to increase over the years.Our objectives were to determine whether growth overfishing occurred in this fishery during 1960–2006, and whether and how decreases in size of shrimp within the landings, in response to increases in fishing effort, affected inflation-adjusted annual (calendar year) ex-vessel value of the landings, i.e., their value to the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing occurred in the early 1990s, and then abated as fishing effort declined due to rising fuel costs and competition from imported shrimp. However, inflation-adjusted annual ex-vessel value of the landings peaked in 1985, prior to growth overfishing.Management actions implemented in 2001 for Texas’ territorial waters, and in the EEZ off Texas and Louisiana in 2006, should limit future fleet expansion and increases in fishing effort, thereby reducing the chances of growth overfishing and its potentially detrimental economic impacts on the harvesting sector. Growth overfishing should be included among the guidelines for future management of this brown shrimp fishery.     

2014年江苏省刺网渔业生产时空分布特征

基于抽样调查获得的2014年江苏省沿海刺网渔船生产数据,对江苏刺网渔业生产和渔获结构时空分布进行了初步分析。结果表明,江苏刺网渔船基本为本地近海生产,未出现远赴外地渔场生产情况;江苏中部以北近岸水域为刺网渔船主要作业渔场,而中部以南近岸水域少有渔船作业,可能是因为受航道、其它网具占用渔场、或捕捞对象分布习性等因素影响。伏季休渔前后在江苏中北部近岸水域,冬末春初在长江口渔场中部外侧水域,生产情况均相对较好,这可能与捕捞对象产卵、越冬行为相关。吕四渔场和大沙渔场是江苏刺网渔船主要作业水域,随着水温季节性变化,其生产范围会相应往北部和南部水域适当扩大;年初主要集中在吕四渔场,年末集中在大沙渔场;伏休前生产范围最广,伏休后生产范围有所收缩。另外,刺网捕捞主要渔获为价值较低的小个体鱼类和虾类,传统经济鱼类所占比例较低。由于刺网网目尺寸偏小,加上拖网、张网和多重刺网的泛滥使用,对渔业资源补充造成危害;刺网已经失去了传统上被认为是具有高度选择性的优良特征,建议管理部门重新考虑相关管理策略,开展针对各个渔业种群进行差别化精准管理研究。     

珠江口浅水域小型虾拖网渔获组成分析

拖虾是广东省沿海捕捞渔业的主要作业方式之一。为了查明小型虾拖网的渔获组成及其对渔业资源的影响，2006年10～11月对在珠江口浅水域进行捕虾作业的虾罟网渔船进行了海上渔获组成抽样调查。研究结果表明，珠江口浅水域虾罟网的渔获种类多、组成复杂，幼鱼和副渔获的比例高；主要渔获种类是周氏新对虾Metapenaeus joyneri（18．57％）、矛形梭子蟹Portunus hastatoides（15．48％）、脊尾白虾Exopalaemoncarinicauda（11．50％）和斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon（11．16％），刀额新对虾Metapenaeus ensis、脊尾白虾、白姑鱼Argyrosomus argentatus、海鳗Muraenesocidae和银鲳Pampusargenteus渔获100％为幼鱼，凤鲚Coiliamystus和棘头梅童鱼CoUichthys lucidus幼鱼比例分别高达87．65％和96．15％；周氏新对虾、脊尾白虾、斑节对虾为主捕对象，鱼类和蟹类是主要的副渔获种类；虾罟网捕捞对渔业资源造成一定程度的破坏。     

2014年江苏沿海定置张网渔业生产时空分布特征

本研究基于 2014 年江苏沿海定置张网渔船的大样本随机抽样调查数据, 对渔船捕捞产量及渔获物结构的时空分布特征进行了初步分析。研究结果显示: 江苏沿海渔船捕捞具有显著的空间特征, 多数在近海生产、少有渔船远赴外海生产, 除个别月份, 少有渔船在长江口航道中生产, 长江口近岸北侧常年有该类渔船生产, 在江苏近岸 20 m 等深线附近水域形成了一条连贯、且相对高产的水道走廊。渔船生产具有季节性, 在水温偏低的冬季, 渔船趋于向外、向南扩展生产, 而在水温偏高的夏季则趋于向北扩展生产。渔获物结构比较分析发现, 主捕对象存在季节变化, 分别出现虾类(1—4 月和 10—11 月)、毛虾(2—3 月、5 月和 11—12 月)、梭子蟹(9—11 月)等渔获比例相对较高的情况, 而杂鱼杂虾除 1—4 月和 11 月比例相对偏小外, 其余月份比例均较高, 虾类资源与其他杂鱼杂虾资源之间呈现显著负向关系。文献比较分析发现, 渔获物中的杂鱼杂虾与经济鱼类幼鱼之间有对应关系。基于研究结果, 建议定置张网伏休时间提前一个月、并加强伏休后渔船捕捞网目尺寸的管理, 以确保足量补充群体维持渔业资源的可持续利用。     

Evaluation of the effect of stock enhancement in the coastal waters of Guangdong,China

A total of 14.573 million fish fry and 96.32 million shrimp larvae were released across 31 locations into the coastal waters off Guangdong, China, in 2010. The released fish and shrimp were sampled through a combination of market and fishing log‐book surveys. The combined fishery production reached 362 868 kg. The input–output ratio was 1:5.99 for released fish (over 3 years) and 1:11.01 for released shrimp (over 2 years). The average increase in income was 721 RMB per capita. Approximately 240 thousand fish (after 3 years) and 1.2 million shrimp (after 2 years) survived to sexual maturity and could contribute to the spawning stock. The stockings were approximately one‐seventh of the fish and one‐half of the shrimp stocking carrying capacities, respectively. Based on these results, the intensity of stocking could be increased. Stocking and recapture strategies should be adjusted to align with the optimal stocking carrying capacity determined from this study.     

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔场分布的影响

研究大范围环境变化对茎柔鱼渔场分布的影响,对指导渔业科学生产、掌握资源变动规律具有重要意义。根据2005—2009年我国鱿钓船鱿钓生产数据,结合表温(SST)、0~200 m垂直水温(15 m水层温度T15,50 m水层温度T50,100 m水层温度T100,200 m水层温度T200)等资料,研究厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔场分布的影响。结果表明,2006和2009年10—12月受厄尔尼诺影响,作业渔场分布在79°W~84°W、10°W~17°S海域,最适SST为19~22℃;2007年10—12月受拉尼娜影响,作业渔场分布在81°W~85°W、10°W~14°S海域,最适SST为17~20℃,中心渔场作业范围相比厄尔尼诺年份向北偏移1°~2°,平均SST降低2℃。各层水温分布表明,2007年10—12月T15和T50水温均明显高于2006年10—12月,最大温度差值为6~9℃;T100和T200温度差别较小,最大温度差值为1℃。水温垂直结构结果表明,2006年10—12月作业渔场未形成明显的上升流,主要分布在外洋水与沿岸水交汇处;2007年10—12月的沿岸一侧形成了势力强劲的上升流,作业渔场主要分布在上升流等温线密集交汇处。此外,由于受上升流的加强使栖息水层营养盐丰富,更有利于茎柔鱼索饵,导致茎柔鱼渔场分布也出现一定转移。研究表明,秘鲁外海中心渔场位置的变化与厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件具有密切关系。     

闽东北外海光诱敷网渔业资源监测分析

本文根据2007-2008年闽东北外海光诱敷网渔业监测调查资料,分析该渔场光诱敷网渔业利用状况。监测调查结果表明：光诱敷网作业生产汛期一般为4-10月,旺汛期在5-7月,2008年产量260 t,比2007年增加2.5倍;主要渔获种类有扁舵鲣,占总渔获产量40-50%,其次枪乌贼约占40%。目前枪乌贼资源现状仍然保持相对良好,反映在光诱敷网作业枪乌贼所占比例及平均网产年间的变化很小,年产量不断上升。为更合理利用和保护枪乌贼资源,建议加强光诱敷网、拖网渔业资源监测调查工作。     

Temperature conditions in the Argentine chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fishing ground: implications for fishery management

We describe the seasonal migrations of Argentine chub mackerel ( Scomber japonicus ) into the fishing ground in relation to sea surface temperature conditions and analyse the temperature evolution during the fishing season on the basis of 1955–97 time-series. The upper temperature limit for the presence of schools was around 19°C. At higher values, most schools leave coastal waters (< 50 m) for the shelf. An inverse relationship was observed between catches per unit of effort (CPUE) of the inshore fishery and sea surface temperature. The highest standardized CPUE values corresponded to temperatures lower than 19°C. Above this temperature, the probability of obtaining a standardized CPUE higher than 1 was extremely low, and the standard deviations were minimal. The economic benefit from catches was also analysed through the different months of the fishing season. It was found that the mean benefit corresponding to temperatures lower than 19°C exceeded approximately 15 times that obtained at higher temperatures. A simple fishing strategy was proposed to the commercial fleet in order to improve the economic benefit of the catches. The migratory pattern followed by mackerel during the spawning period was also analysed in relationship to other environmental factors like food availability. Zooplankton composition, size structure and abundance in coastal and shelf waters are described, and their implications for feeding ecology of larvae and adults of the species are discussed.     

珠江口虾拖网的副渔获组成

拖虾是南海捕捞渔业的一种主要作业方式,南海北部的珠江口是广东省虾拖网的优良渔场之一。文章以珠江口铜鼓水道虾拖网渔业生物调查资料为基础,对该渔业的副渔获组成进行了分析研究。结果表明,珠江口虾拖网渔获种类多,以底栖鱼类和甲壳类为优势类群;副渔获的组成在不同月份有所变化;副渔获比例较高,虾与副渔获之比为1:10-1:19;副渔获中大部分鱼种未达到可捕规格,对幼鱼资源造成损害。建议渔业管理部门重视对副渔获问题的调查研究。     

Management Strategies for Production of the Atlantic White Shrimp Penaeus setiferus as Bait Shrimp in Outdoor Ponds

Abstract The geographic distribution of the Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus is in coastal waters from New York to Florida and around the Gulf of Mexico. Beside its value to commercial fisheries, this shrimp is sold as bait for recreational fishing. Previous data suggest that demand for live bait shrimp cannot be satisfied by commercial fleets. A 120-d trial was designed to study production of bait size P. setiferus at high densities in eight small outdoor ponds in south Texas. A 2^4–1 fractional factorial design was applied to study the effects of postlarval (PL) density (350 and 700 shrimp/m²), feed type (A and B), and water circulation methods (with and without airlift pumps or center pond dividers) on shrimp growth, survival and yield. No significant differences in survivals or yields were found between treatments (P = 0.2). Feed type ( P = 0.011), airlift pumps ( P = 0.021), and center dividers ( P = 0.026), had significant impacts on shrimp growth rates. Density effect on growth was not statistically significant ( P = 0.055). This study demonstrated that 6-d-old postlarvae can be stocked at 700 per square meter and reached a bait size (6.2 g) in 94 d with a 73.6% survival and a yield equivalent to 31,300 kg/ha when offered a commercial shrimp feed. A preliminary economic analysis based on this data suggests that operating a bait shrimp farm in Texas with two crops/yr will show profitability within 7 to 12 yr with an internal rate of return of 6.5 and 17.6%, respectively.     

对东海区拖虾作业休渔期的商榷

根据对历年来东海虾类资源调查和社会调查资料分析 ,提出实施拖虾作业休渔措施的必要性。分析认为 :虾类资源是多种类组成的捕捞对象 ,不同种类生态属性不同、分布海域不同、繁殖期和幼虾出现高峰期不同、渔场和渔期不同等 ,指出拖虾作业休渔期不宜搞一刀切 ,应实行分区管理。北部 (31°0 0′N以北 )以广温广盐种类为主 ,宜实行伏季休渔 ;而南部 (31°0 0′N以南 )以高温高盐种类为主 ,宜在 4～ 5月份休渔。为有利于管理 ,可把拖虾休渔管理权下放给各省 ,由各省根据本省的实际情况确定具体的休渔时间。     

舟山群岛以东沿岸海域虾类资源状况及其多样性分析

依据2018年4月和11月在舟山群岛以东沿岸海域开展的渔业资源调查所获得的虾类资料,应用相对重要性指数公式、生物多样性指数、ABC曲线等方法,对虾类的种类组成、物种多样性、优势种、种类的空间分布、丰度/生物量等进行研究。经鉴定,本次调查共捕获虾类32种,隶属于10科21属。春季(4月)出现的虾类共有22种,隶属于9科16属;秋季(11月)共有29种虾类,隶属于9科20属,出现种类较多。两季共出现虾类19种。秋季虾类的种类数高于春季,秋季有哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)和中华管鞭虾(Solenocera crassicornis) 2种优势种,春季无优势种出现。秋季生物多样性指数与丰富度指数的平均值高于春季,而均匀度指数则相反,秋季小于春季。ABC曲线的W值春季小于0,秋季大于0,表明春季群落结构受到较大程度的干扰,秋季群落结构受到干扰的程度较小。春、秋季ABC曲线末端均有重叠,表明舟山群岛以东沿岸海域虾类群落遭到一定程度的破坏。     

Trends in trawl-targeted species landings off northern Taiwan and effects of fishing and environmental factors

Time series of landings may provide information crucial to achieving a better understanding of temporal variations in the abundances and compositions of exploited species and ecosystems. The waters off northern Taiwan, located in the southern East China Sea, are one of the most important fishing grounds for Taiwan’s coastal and neritic fisheries. Temporal variations in the abundances of the species exploited in this region are rarely studied because of the multi-gear fisheries involved. In this study, trends in the landing per unit effort (LPUE) time series for 13 trawl-targeted species (groups) off northern Taiwan from 1976 to 2007 were explored using dynamic factor analysis (DFA). Potential effects of fishing effort (number of vessels) and environmental factors [Southern Oscillation Index, sea surface temperature (SST) near northern Taiwan, and river discharge] were examined. The optimum DFA model included three common trends and three explanatory variables (excluding SST). A general decreasing pattern was identified from among the common trends, and this was observed in the LPUE time series for most of the species. Fishing effort is an important explanatory variable in the model, suggesting that it plays a critical role in explaining LPUE variations of trawl-targeted species. The common trends identified here could lead to new strategies for fisheries management, particularly where multi-gear fisheries operate and multiple species are targeted.     

Variation in the distribution of ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) recruits: links with coastal upwelling and climate change

In this analysis, an atypical northward shift in the distribution of age‐1 ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) recruits off Oregon in 2000 and 2002–2004 was linked to anomolously strong coastal upwelling winds off southern Oregon (42°N latitude) in April–July of the year of larval release (t?1). This is the first clear evidence that strong upwelling winds can depress local recruitment of ocean shrimp. Regression analysis confirmed a long‐term negative correlation between log_e of ocean shrimp recruitment and April sea level height (SLH) at Crescent City, California, in the year of larval release, for both northern and southern Oregon waters. The regional pattern of ocean shrimp catches and seasonal upwelling winds showed that, although the timing of the spring transition as reflected in April SLH drives ocean shrimp recruitment success off Oregon generally, the strength and consistency of spring upwelling limits the distribution of large concentrations of ocean shrimp at the southern end of the northern California/Oregon/Washington area. A northward shift in 1999 and 2001–03 in the northern edge of this ‘zone of maximum upwelling’ is the likely cause of the weak southern Oregon recruitment and resulting atypical distribution of ocean shrimp observed off Oregon in 2000 and 2002–04, with a return to a more typical catch distribution as spring upwelling moderated in subsequent years. It is noted that a northward shift in the conditions that produce strong and steady spring upwelling winds is consistent with many predictions of global climate models under conditions of global warming.