溶血性曼氏杆菌PCR检测方法的研究

溶血性曼氏杆菌是导致牛、羊呼吸道传染病的一种病原菌。为快速、准确诊断由本菌导致的疾病 ,从基因库中获得溶血性曼氏杆菌( M.haemolytica )的基因序列 ,再从其基因序列中获得与其它细菌包括 M.annheimiagranulomatis,M.varigena ,M.ruminalis,M.glucosidal ,M.annheimiaspp和多杀性巴氏杆菌等不同的基因片段 ,设计成引物 ,建立了特异性好、敏感性高的 M.haemolytica PCR检测方法。结果表明 ,除溶血性曼氏杆菌为阳性外 ,其余所有细菌均为阴性 ,特异性为 1 0 0 % ,最小检出量为 8× 1 0 2 cfu/ m L 曼氏杆菌或 1 / 1 0个单个菌落。检验人工感染牛 ,检出率为 75%。此PCR检测方法的建立 ,为 M.haemolytica提供了一个快速诊断方法     

副溶血弧菌和溶藻弧菌双重PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

为建立同时快速检测海产品中的副溶血弧菌(VP)和溶藻弧菌(VA)的双重PCR方法,本研究根据VP和VA的toxR基因序列设计针对这两种细菌的两对特异性引物,建立能够快速同时检测这两种细菌的双重PCR方法,并对该反应体系的特异性和灵敏度进行检测。结果显示纯培养细菌VP和VA的检测灵敏度分别为2.32×103cfu/mL和2.56×103cfu/mL,临床病料检测灵敏度分别为2 cfu和3 cfu;与枸橼酸杆菌、沙门氏菌、美人鱼弧菌、霍乱弧菌、麦氏弧菌无交叉反应。研究表明本实验方法操作简便快速、特异性强、灵敏度高、稳定性好,并且经济实惠,值得推广应用。     

牛布鲁菌单克隆抗体乳胶凝集试验方法的建立

建立了用纯化好的牛布鲁菌(B.abortus)单克隆抗体致敏乳胶的检测方法。通过试验确定了抗体致敏乳胶最佳偶联蛋白量为1.23 mg/mL,最佳致敏时间4 h,最佳的乳胶浓度为1%。水样模拟样本的制作,取含1.0×109cfu/mL灭活的B.abortus544A生理盐水菌悬液各1 mL,加入9 mL自来水中,充分混合均匀,各取1 mL,土样、奶样模拟样本制作同上。最低检出率水样为3×104cfu/mL~1.0×105cfu/mL,土样、奶样为5×104cfu/mL~1.0×105cfu/mL。     

PCR扩增Nuc基因检测奶牛乳腺炎致病性金黄色葡萄球菌

为建立奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌致病菌株的检测方法,依据金黄色葡萄球菌耐热核酸酶Nuc基因序列,设计合成特异性引物,通过聚合酶链式反应扩增Nuc基因,并将扩增基因克隆入T载体,进行序列测定,对所分离的奶牛乳腺炎病原菌进行鉴定.结果显示:金黄色葡萄球菌扩增出特异性条带,大小为694bp;其他菌株未出现条带.敏感性检测的最低浓度为1.25×103 cfu/mL.本试验所建立的方法具有特异性强、敏感度高的特点.     

大肠杆菌菌毛基因多重PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

为建立一种可以同时扩增大肠杆菌(E.coli)F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因保守序列的多重PCR检测方法,本研究设计合成5对分别针对F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的特异性引物,以具有相应菌毛基因的E.coli参考菌株DNA为模板,通过对多重PCR反应条件的优化,建立了检测F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的多重PCR方法。所建立的多重PCR方法能够特异性扩增F4、F5、F6、F41、F18菌毛基因的目的片段,大小分别为770 bp、533 bp、422 bp、643 bp和1140 bp,该方法对沙门氏菌、猪丹毒杆菌、巴氏杆菌以及无菌毛基因的E.coli等参考菌株均无特异性扩增片段,检出F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的最低活菌浓度分别为5.3×10^5cfu/mL、3.7×10^6cfu/mL、3.1×10^5cfu/mL、3.7×10^7cfu/mL、6.9×10^5cfu/mL。用不同批次的引物和试剂进行3次多重PCR检测均能扩增出目的条带,表明建立的多重PCR方法有很好的批内和批间重复性。对90株大肠杆菌临床分离菌株菌毛基因进行检测,F4阳性率为3.33%,F5阳性率为2.22%,未检测到F6、F41和F18阳性菌株,其检测结果与常规单一PCR的检测结果一致。研究表明:建立的E.coli菌毛基因多重PCR分型方法具有很好的特异性、敏感性和重复性,可用于E.coli分离菌株菌毛基因型的快速鉴定,同时提高了检测效率。     

奶牛乳腺炎5种病原菌多重PCR快速检测方法的建立与评价

为建立一种能同时快速检测多种奶牛乳腺炎致病菌的多重PCR检测方法,本研究以化脓隐秘杆菌ISR基因、无乳链球菌cfb基因、大肠杆菌phoA基因、副乳房链球菌23S rRNA基因和金黄色葡萄球菌nuc基因为靶基因,设计并合成了5对特异性引物,通过方阵法对多重PCR反应体系及反应条件优化,建立了一种能快速检测5种病原菌的多重PCR方法。对各菌种随机组合后利用该多重PCR方法检测,结果显示,该方法能同时快速检测奶牛乳腺炎乳样中5种主要病原菌,而其他病原菌则呈阴性结果,具有较强特异性。分别将化脓隐秘杆菌、无乳链球菌、大肠杆菌、副乳房链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌菌液10倍倍比稀释后,利用建立的多重PCR方法进行检测,确定该方法敏感性,结果显示,该方法对5种病原菌最低检测浓度分别为:金黄色葡萄球菌6.25×10~4cfu/mL,大肠杆菌2.95×10~6cfu/mL,化脓隐秘杆菌2.95×10~5cfu/mL,副乳房链球菌4.3×10~5cfu/mL,无乳链球菌3.15×10~5cfu/mL。对临床送检及人工模拟的乳样检测结果显示该方法具有较好符合率及灵敏度。本研究首次建立了对包括副乳房链球菌在内的奶牛乳腺炎致病菌多重PCR检测方法,为快速检测奶牛乳腺炎病原菌提供了可行的技术手段。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对三角帆蚌消化酶活性、免疫指标和抗氧化指标的影响

本研究旨在探明地衣芽孢杆菌对三角帆蚌消化酶活性、免疫指标和抗氧化指标的影响.选取二龄三角帆蚌144只,随机分成4组,按终浓度分别为0(对照)、0.5×106、1.0×106、2.0×106 cfu/mL添加芽孢杆菌菌液,每组设3个平行,每个平行12只蚌,养殖30 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,各试验组增重率显著升高(P<0.05),其中以1.0×106cfu/mL组增重率最高,且显著高于0.5×106和2.0×106cfu/mL组(P<0.05).15 d时1.0×106 cfu/mL组淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),30 d脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性恢复到对照组水平.各试验组溶菌酶活性均显著升高(P<0.05),0.5×106、1.0×106cfu/mL组酚氧化酶活性显著升高(P<0.05).随着芽孢杆菌水平的增加,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈上升趋势,15 d时1.0×106、2.0×106 cfu/mL组酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著升高(P<0.05),30 d时恢复到对照组水平.总抗氧化力和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著增加,但0.5×106cfu/mL,组15 d时除外,且1.0×106cfu/mL组与2.0×106cfu/mL组差异不显著(P>0.05).添加1.0×106cfu/mL芽孢杆菌15 d时过氧化氢酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),30 d时恢复到对照组水平.添加芽孢杆菌不影响血清丙二醛的含量(P>0.05).由此得出,水体中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可提高三角帆蚌消化酶、免疫指标和抗氧化指标活性,促进蚌体生长;最适添加水平和间隔时间分别为1.0×106cfu/mL和15 d.     

猪、鸡与貂源肠外致病性大肠杆菌群型、耐药性与致病性分析

为检测不同动物源肠外致病性大肠杆菌(ExPEC)的耐药及致病性差异,本研究从132份鸡、猪和水貂等动物肠道外组织中分离鉴定大肠杆菌,并对分离菌株进行了16S rRNA基因测序、毒力基因检测、药敏试验、O抗原鉴定、系统进化群分析及动物致病性试验。实验结果显示:分离出53株ExPEC,且至少携带特异性毒力基因pap、sfa/foc、afa/dra、iutA、kpsMTII中的两种基因,并携带fimH、ibeA、hlyA、malX、iss、iroN等其它相关毒力基因。53株ExPEC分离株对氯霉素、卡那霉素、头孢噻吩、四环素、多粘菌素B、氨苄青霉素等呈现不同程度的多重耐药性;O抗原主要分布于O1、O2、O8、O11、O38、O78、O120血清型;系统进化群分析结果显示:28株属于A群,19株属于B1群,1株为B2群,5株属于D群。选取20株ExPEC分离菌株按照6×10~6cfu/只对小鼠进行腹腔注射,验证其致病性;并测定ExPEC6、ExPEC42、ExPEC52、ExPEC53菌株对BALB/c小鼠的LD_(50),其结果分别为3.49×10~6cfu/mL、9.49×10~5cfu/mL、9.48×10~6cfu/mL、2.38×10~7cfu/mL。本研究为动物源性ExPEC的预防诊断提供依据,并为下一步研究其致病机理等奠定基础。     

PCR扩增Nuc基因检测奶牛乳腺炎致病性金黄色葡萄球菌

为建立奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌致病菌株的检测方法,依据金黄色葡萄球菌耐热核酸酶Nuc基因序列,设计合成特异性引物,通过聚合酶链式反应扩增Nuc基因,并将扩增基因克隆入T载体,进行序列测定,对所分离的奶牛乳腺炎病原菌进行鉴定。结果显示:金黄色葡萄球菌扩增出特异性条带,大小为694bp;其他菌株未出现条带。敏感性检测的最低浓度为1.25×103cfu/mL。本试验所建立的方法具有特异性强、敏感度高的特点。     

牛支原体双重PCR检测方法的建立

为鉴别牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis)与丝状支原体丝状亚种SC(M.mycoides subsp.mycoides SC),本实验通过优化M.bovis特异性引物pMB81-1/pMB81-2s和MmmSC特异性引物SC1/SC2的退火温度,建立了鉴别M.bovis和MmmSC的双重PCR检测方法。该方法能够分别由M.bovis和MmmSC扩增得到528bp和270bp片段。敏感性试验结果显示该方法检测M.bovis和MmmSC培养物的最低浓度分别为106cfu/mL和105cfu/mL。特异性试验结果显示,该方法对无乳支原体代表株PG2、丝状支原体丝状亚种LC型代表株Y-goat、山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种Mccp、绵羊支原体Y-98、猪鼻支原体BST-7、巴氏杆菌以及结核分枝杆菌扩增结果均为阴性。应用该方法对临床病料的检测结果与培养鉴定结果的符合率为100%,表明该方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可以应用于临床检测。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.