柔嫩艾美耳球虫组蛋白去乙酰化酶2A基因的克隆表达及转录动态分析

为研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)组蛋白去乙酰化酶2A(Et Sir2A)的生化功能及其对生活史发育的潜在调节作用,以柔嫩艾美耳球虫甘肃株为例,检测其在不同发育阶段表达量的差异。以基因组数据预测的编码序列为模板设计引物,采用RT-PCR的方法扩增得到Et Sir2A的全长ORF,构建p MAL-C2X-Et Sir2A重组表达质粒并进行原核表达;提取未孢子化卵囊、孢子化7h卵囊、孢子化卵囊、子孢子和第二代裂殖子5个发育阶段/时期的总RNA,采用qRT-PCR方法检测Et Sir2A的转录动态变化。测序结果显示,克隆的Et Sir2A ORF序列全长909 bp,编码302个氨基酸,并能在大肠杆菌原核系统中成功表达;qRT-PCR结果显示,Et Sir2A在不同发育阶段mRNA转录水平差异显著,在未孢子化卵囊阶段最高,第二代裂殖子阶段最低。结果为进一步研究Et Sir2A功能和开发新型抗球虫药物提供了数据基础。     

堆型艾美耳球虫与柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊最短孢子发育时间的测定

将收集到的新排出的堆型艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)与柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E．tenella)卵囊于29℃静态系统中孢化。以30min为间隔，对卵囊孢子发育的4个阶段在显微镜下进行观察。以1h为间隔，用发育中的卵囊连续接种无球虫鸡，以确定最短孢子发育时间(MST)。对影响孢子发育的外部因素进行了初步探讨。用堆型艾美耳球虫比较不同卵囊浓度，不同悬液深度在卵囊孢化过程中第20h时子孢子形成的卵囊百分率。E.acervulina与E.tenella的MST分别为11b与18b。卵囊浓度和悬液深度与孢子发育时间呈明显反比关系。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫多肽:N-乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶2的基因表达及转录动态分析

蛋白质翻译后O-糖基化修饰普遍存在于真核生物、细菌和古细菌,多肽:N-乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶2(polypeptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2,ppGalNAc-T2)是O-糖基化反应的限速酶。基因组数据分析揭示艾美耳球虫具有O-糖基化反应途径。为研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)蛋白质翻译后糖基化修饰及其关键酶的药靶效用,对Et ppGalNAc-T2基因进行了克隆,并检测其在E.tenella不同发育阶段的表达动态。根据EuPathDB中所预测Et ppGalNAc-T2基因序列设计引物,以RT-PCR方法扩增获得Et ppGalNAc-T2的ORF,插入酶切位点后连接到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1进行诱导表达。提取E.tenella广东株未孢子化卵囊、孢子化7h卵囊、孢子化卵囊、子孢子和第二代裂殖子5个发育阶段的总RNA,以qRT-PCR法检测Et ppGalNAc-T2转录水平的动态变化。结果表明,Et ppGalNAc-T2的全长ORF为1 983bp,编码660个氨基酸,在E.coli Transetta(DE3)可溶性表达。qRT-PCR结果显示,Et ppGalNAc-T2转录水平随发育阶段不同而有显著差异,子孢子阶段表达水平最高、而在孢子化卵囊则几近不能检出。结果为进一步研究EtppGalNAc-T2的功能提供了试验基础。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫含HD结构域蛋白特性和功能初步研究

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳球虫引起的一种危害严重的肠道寄生虫病,每年都会给世界各地的养禽业带来巨大的经济损失。目前,该病主要依靠抗球虫药物进行防治,但由于药物的长期及不合理使用导致鸡球虫几乎对所有使用过的抗球虫药均产生耐药性。为研究球虫耐药性产生的分子机制,本实验室前期对柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利耐药株、马杜拉霉素耐药株以及敏感株进行了转录组测序并获得了敏感株与耐药株的差异表达基因,发现柔嫩艾美耳球虫含HD域蛋白（EtHDCP）在耐药株中上调表达。本研究以柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株孢子化卵囊cDNA第一链为模板,成功克隆出EtHDCP基因,构建了原核表达重组质粒pGEX-4T-EtHDCP,并成功诱导表达了重组蛋白rEtHDCP。利用qRT-PCR和Western blot对柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株不同发育阶段的转录和翻译水平进行分析,结果显示,EtHDCP在第二代裂殖子的转录和翻译水平高于其他三个阶段（未孢子化卵囊、孢子化卵囊和子孢子）。同时利用Western blot分析了EtHDCP在柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株、地克珠利耐药株、马杜拉霉素耐药株中的翻译水平,结果显示,EtHDCP在耐药株中的蛋白翻译水平显著高于敏感株。间接免疫荧光定位结果显示,该蛋白主要定位在子孢子和裂殖子的表面以及裂殖子的胞质内。入侵抑制试验表明,抗rEtHDCP多克隆抗体可有效抑制子孢子对宿主细胞的入侵。这些结果说明该蛋白可能参与了虫体在宿主细胞内的生长发育、耐药性的产生以及子孢子入侵宿主细胞的过程。     

鸡球虫体外HCT-8细胞培养模型的建立

由柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)引起的球虫病严重损害鸡的肠道健康,给养鸡业造成巨大的经济损失。E.tenella寄生在鸡盲肠上皮细胞,体外培养可在鸡原代肾细胞内发育成卵囊完成内生发育过程,而在其他传代细胞系内只能完成部分生殖阶段,为了延长其在细胞内的发育进程,建立了鸡球虫HCT-8细胞培养模型。将新鲜制备的E.tenella子孢子接种HCT-8细胞,制备细胞爬片,分别进行HE染色和DAPI染色,观察子孢子在细胞内的发育状况。结果表明,子孢子在接种后6 h即可入侵HCT-8细胞,随后子孢子发育为滋养体至48 h形成第一代裂殖体,至54h第一代裂殖子释放,于72 h形成第二代裂殖体,在144 h第二代裂殖子释放出来,继续培养至168h未见到卵囊形成,而试验虫株接种鸡体后在144～168 h即可观察到大量未孢子化卵囊排出体外,据此确定子孢子在该细胞内的发育过程结束。本研究所建立的鸡球虫细胞培养模型将子孢子发育至第二代裂殖生殖阶段,将发育阶段向前推进了一个进程,为鸡球虫相关研究工作的开展提供技术平台。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫表面抗原（EtSAG）基因的分离及鉴定

利用本实验室前期获得的柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella）孢子化卵囊和未孢子化卵囊差异表达ESTs序列,选取编号为BW4-C03的孢子化卵囊,采用RACE技术,获得该基因全长序列。经BLAST分析,该序列与柔嫩艾美耳球虫表面抗原有72%以上的同源性,命名为EtSAG。利用荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）检测发现该基因在孢子化卵囊的转录拷贝数最高,且随着孢子化时间的延长,转录拷贝数逐渐增加。采用原核表达载体pET-28C表达该基因,得到的融合蛋白大小约为36 kDa,符合预期大小。经Western blot分析,该重组蛋白可被兔抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫的多克隆抗血清识别,表明该蛋白具有较好的反应原性。本研究结果为进一步研究该基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

肉用仔鸡球虫病的诊断与防治

鸡球虫病是一种对养鸡业危害极大的寄生原虫病,病原包括9种艾美耳属球虫,其中以柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)及毒害艾美耳球虫(E.necatrix)致病性最强。集约化的商品肉鸡养殖场是球虫病暴发的最适宜场所。雏鸡感染球虫后,大量肠上皮细胞受损,出血。主要特征是患鸡消瘦、贫血和血痢。病愈的小鸡在长时间内不易复原,严重者死亡,其病死率有时高达40%。1病原及流行病学诊断1.1球虫生活史以柔嫩艾美耳球虫为例。鸡吞食了已孢子化的卵囊,卵囊壁在肌胃内被破坏,孢子囊进入小肠,子孢子逸出。到达盲肠的子孢子首先进入表层上皮细胞,再通过基底膜到达固…     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫棒状体颈部蛋白EtRON2基因的克隆及序列分析

预测并克隆柔嫩艾美耳球虫棒状体颈部蛋白2 (EtRON2)基因,分析其结构特点及与顶复门其他虫属间的差异.本研究利用生物信息学和比较基因组学技术注释拼接得到柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)棒状体颈部蛋白2(EtRON2)的基因序列,用RT-PCR方法扩增出Etron2全长ORF；以E.tenella 子...     

兔球虫病防治

正1病原兔艾美耳球虫的生活史与鸡艾美耳球虫的生活史相同,但寄生于兔胆管的斯氏艾美耳球虫的生活史则略不同。斯氏艾美耳球虫的感染性卵囊可在兔的十二指肠内经酶的作用释放出子孢子,其钻入肠黏膜,再经门脉循环或淋巴循环移行到肝脏,最后钻入胆管的上皮细胞开始裂殖增殖,产生大量的卵囊、裂殖体和裂殖子等。2流行特点断奶到3月龄的兔易感本病。幼兔对球虫的抵抗力弱,感染率可达100%,     

表达黄色荧光蛋白和乙胺嘧啶抗性基因的转基因柔嫩艾美耳球虫的发育和致病性分析

为了研究外源基因表达对转基因柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)生物学特性的影响,对转基因球虫(TE1)和BJ株(野生强毒)的发育和致病性进行比较分析.结果显示,相对于BJ株,转基因球虫TE1株繁殖力下降约4倍,低剂量感染时致病性下降明显,但是高剂量感染时依然保持较强的致病性.另外,在荧光显微镜下发现,TE1有滋养体、第一代裂殖体/裂殖子、第二代裂殖体/裂殖子和大小配子体等内生发育虫体.孢子化卵囊内4个孢子囊并非全部表达黄色荧光蛋白.这些结果说明黄色荧光蛋白和乙胺嘧啶抗性基因的表达在一定程度上降低了转基因柔嫩艾美耳球虫致病性和繁殖力.在柔嫩艾美耳球虫合子减数分裂过程中,存在同源或异源染色体重组现象.     

鸡球虫Etp28基因在球虫不同生活阶段转录活性的研究

本文采用体外转录技术和ＲＮａｓｅ保护法进行Ｅｔｐ２８基因转录活性的研究。结果表明在未孢了化卵囊和孢子化１２ｈ的卵囊中均未发现Ｅｔｐ２８基因的转录活动从孢子化３６ｈ后Ｅｔｐ２８基因的转录渐趋活跃，至孢子化后１２０ｈ达到最高峰。     

Characterization of proteins in sporulated and unsporulated Eimeria maxima oocysts

Proteins in sporulated and unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima were characterized, using monoclonal antibodies (MAB), ELISA, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and protein (western) immunoblotting techniques. Three MAB (EM1, EM2, and EM4) were produced against proteins of sporulated oocysts. The ELISA results indicated that EM1 was reactive with sporulated oocyst proteins, EM2 was reactive with sporulated and unsporulated oocyst proteins, and EM4 was reactive with unsporulated oocysts and proteins. Separation of proteins in E maxima sporulated and unsporulated oocysts by SDS-PAGE indicated that sporulated oocysts had proteins of approximately 200 kilodaltons (kD) and distinct protein bands at 21.5 and 45 kD. Using SDS-PAGE, unsporulated oocysts had less-distinct high molecular weight protein bands (greater than 200 kD), compared with sporulated oocysts, and a distinct protein band at 31 kD. Use of all 3 MAB yielded negative results in western blot analysis of fractions obtained by SDS-PAGE.     

球虫消毒剂的筛选及氨水对艾美耳球虫卵囊抑杀条件的优化

为了筛选有效的球虫消毒剂,本研究将柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊分别与16种常用消毒剂和1种高效抗球虫药物溶液（250 mg/L妥曲珠利溶液）混合作用2 h然后在2.5%重铬酸钾溶液中孢子化培养,或混合作用4 h后接种14日龄雏鸡,根据卵囊孢子化率、孢子化抑制率、每克粪便卵囊数量（oocysts per gram of feces,OPG）、病变计分和血便情况评价消毒剂和抗球虫药物抑杀球虫卵囊效果。结果显示,8%氨水对未孢子化卵囊和孢子化卵囊均表现为100%的抑杀效果;250 mg/L妥曲珠利、3%甲醛、4%苯酚、0.5%过氧乙酸、5% NaOH+10% NaCl和5% NaOH对球虫卵囊活性具有一定的抑制作用,孢子化抑制率超过10%,但是对孢子化卵囊抑杀作用不明显;而剩余10种常用消毒剂对球虫卵囊没有明显的抑杀作用。氨水抑杀球虫卵囊条件优化的试验结果显示,1%~8%氨水与未孢子化卵囊作用1 h以上,均可100%抑杀球虫卵囊活性。粪便干扰试验结果显示,粪便不影响2%和4%氨水对球虫卵囊的抑杀效果。本研究结果说明常用消毒剂和抗球虫药物不能有效杀灭球虫卵囊的活性,而氨水是一种高效球虫消毒剂。本研究结果可为开发新型高效球虫消毒剂和球虫病控制提供参考。     

Column chromatographic characterization of cytoplasmic proteins in Eimeria maxima oocysts from chickens

Cytoplasmic proteins from unsporulated and sporulated Eimeria maxima oocysts were analyzed by gel-filtration column chromatography. Unsporulated oocysts were characterized as having 3 major cytoplasmic proteins and sporulated oocysts as having 5 major cytoplasmic proteins. Molecular weights ranged from 5 x 10(3) to 1.4 x 10(6). Larger molecular weight proteins were detected in sporulated and unsporulated oocysts, but were associated more with sporocysts of sporulated oocysts.     

The sporulation time of Isospora suis oocysts from different sources

Feces containing Isospora suis oocysts were collected from naturally- and experimentally-infected pigs from four different areas of the United States. The unsporulated oocysts were cleaned, concentrated, mixed with 2.5% aqueous potassium dichromate solution, poured into petri dishes to a depth of 5 mm, and incubated at 25 degrees C. The oocysts were examined with a microscope at 12 h intervals and the stages of sporulation present were counted. Although a few oocysts were completely sporulated after 12 h of incubation, in most fecal samples the majority of the oocysts were not completely sporulated until 24 or 36 h. In the present study, the sporulation time of I. suis oocysts was considered to be less than or equal to 48 h. There were no major differences in the sporulation times of I. suis oocysts from the different sources.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫泛素蛋白功能初步研究

泛素是真核生物中普遍存在的一种小分子蛋白,广泛参与细胞内蛋白质的平衡代谢过程,对维持细胞内环境的稳态具有重要作用.为研究泛素在柔嫩艾美耳球虫中的功能,本研究利用PCR方法克隆了柔嫩艾美耳球虫泛素(EtUb)基因,将其亚克隆至原核表达载体pET28a(+),转入大肠杆菌BL21,诱导表达制备rEtUb蛋白,用纯化的重组蛋...     

Study on Expression of Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Neck Protein 5 Gene in Different Developmental Stages

To investigate the relationship between the expression level of Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry neck protein 5 (TgRON5) gene in different developmental stages and the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii, the objective of this study was to examine the different expression of TgRON5 gene in different developmental stages of type Ⅱ Toxoplasma gondii PRU strain. Specific primers were designed according to the sequence of TgRON5 gene, and ACT1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii was used as a reference gene. Following the establishment of standard curve for the target and reference genes, in order to confirm the consistency of their amplification efficiency, Real-time PCR method was applied to determine and compare the expression level of TgRON5 gene in development stage which including tachyzoite, bradyzoite, non-sporulated oocyst and sporulated oocyst. The results demonstrated that TgRON5 was expressed in all developmental stages but the sporulated oocysts had the highest expression, followed by the non-sporulated oocysts, the third was tachyzoite, and the lowest was bradyzoite. It suggests that the synthesis and secretion of TgRON5 protein was closely associated with the invasiveness of the parasite. All these findings had important implications for elucidating the functions of TgRON5 involved in the invasion of Toxoplasma gondii.     

弓形虫不同发育时期棒状体颈部蛋白5基因的表达研究

为探究不同发育时期弓形虫棒状体颈部蛋白5（Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry neck protein 5,TgRON5）基因的表达情况与其毒力的相关性,本试验以Ⅱ型弓形虫PRU虫株作为研究对象,以弓形虫管家基因ACT1作为内参基因,分别对目的基因和内参基因设计特异性引物,通过对各基因建立标准曲线,确定二者扩增效率的一致性后,采用实时荧光定量PCR相对定量法对弓形虫4个不同发育时期（速殖子、缓殖子、未孢子化卵囊及孢子化卵囊）中TgRON5基因的表达情况进行检测与分析。结果显示,TgRON5基因在弓形虫各发育时期均有表达,其中,孢子化卵囊表达水平最高,未孢子化卵囊次之,速殖子较低,缓殖子最低,表明RON5蛋白的合成与分泌与虫体入侵宿主细胞的侵袭力有着密切的关系。本研究结果为阐明TgRON5蛋白参与弓形虫入侵的机理奠定了基础。     

Demonstration of antibodies to Eimeria species in lambs by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Soluble extracts were prepared from sporulated oocysts, unsporulated oocysts and merozoites of Eimeria crandallis, E faurei and E ovinoidalis. They were assessed for antigenicity and specificity by ELISA using rabbit antisera to sporulated oocysts or merozoites. Antibody levels were examined in sera from colostrum-deprived coccidia-free lambs, conventionally reared lambs and lambs which had received experimental infections. Maternal antibody was demonstrated in colostrum and in serum taken at 24 hours from all conventionally reared animals but not colostrum-deprived animals. Antibody levels in conventional animals dropped over the first five weeks of life and rose again during the next five weeks. Antibody was not detected in coccidia-free animals. Monospecific infections of E faurei or E ovinoidalis demonstrated antibody responses to primary and secondary infections. Some specificity of response was suggested with E faurei infection. The antigen preparations showed considerable cross-reactions between species. These serum antibody responses, although appearing too late for individual diagnosis, may assist diagnosis on a flock basis.