柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株的内生发育及其致病性

为了给鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗的开发提供依据,对柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eim eria tenella) 北京株经10 代早熟选育获得的早熟株的内生发育研究发现,其第2 代裂殖生殖发育较快,第2 代裂殖体含裂殖子较少,提前进入配子生殖,从而造成卵囊“早熟”。该早熟株致病性大大下降,经口感染10×104 个/只的致病性仅相当于剂量0.1×104 个/只亲本毒株的致病性。该虫株可作为研制早熟弱毒苗用虫株。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫伴侣蛋白TCP-1亚基α的特性和功能初步分析

柔嫩艾美耳球虫是一种重要的寄生于鸡盲肠细胞内的寄生原虫,可引起危害严重的鸡球虫病。目前,对鸡球虫病的预防和治疗主要依靠抗球虫药,而药物的广泛使用使球虫产生了严重的耐药性。为研究球虫耐药性产生的机制,本实验室前期对诱导的地克珠利耐药株、马杜拉霉素耐药株和亲本敏感株进行转录组测序,经分析发现TCP-1亚基α为耐药株和敏感株的差异表达基因且在耐药株上调表达。本文以柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株为模板,成功克隆出TCP-1亚基α基因,构建了原核表达重组质粒p ET-Et TCP-1α,并成功诱导表达了重组蛋白r Et TCP-1α,用纯化的重组蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔和BALB/C小鼠获得多克隆抗体。用荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法检测柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株、地克珠利耐药株和马杜拉霉素耐药株TCP-1亚基α基因的m RNA转录和翻译水平,同时检测了该基因在球虫不同发育阶段的转录水平和翻译水平。结果显示,Et TCP-1α在2个耐药株的m RNA转录和蛋白翻译水平明显高于敏感株,而且该蛋白在第二代裂殖子的表达最高;间接免疫荧光实验显示该蛋白主要位于子孢子和第二代裂殖子表面,当虫体入侵DF-1细胞进行裂殖生殖后,该蛋白分布于整个虫体,且表达量明显升高。因此,推测Et TCP-1α在柔嫩艾美耳球虫细胞内的生长发育和耐药性的产生过程中发挥了一定的作用。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫含HD结构域蛋白特性和功能初步研究

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳球虫引起的一种危害严重的肠道寄生虫病,每年都会给世界各地的养禽业带来巨大的经济损失。目前,该病主要依靠抗球虫药物进行防治,但由于药物的长期及不合理使用导致鸡球虫几乎对所有使用过的抗球虫药均产生耐药性。为研究球虫耐药性产生的分子机制,本实验室前期对柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利耐药株、马杜拉霉素耐药株以及敏感株进行了转录组测序并获得了敏感株与耐药株的差异表达基因,发现柔嫩艾美耳球虫含HD域蛋白（EtHDCP）在耐药株中上调表达。本研究以柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株孢子化卵囊cDNA第一链为模板,成功克隆出EtHDCP基因,构建了原核表达重组质粒pGEX-4T-EtHDCP,并成功诱导表达了重组蛋白rEtHDCP。利用qRT-PCR和Western blot对柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株不同发育阶段的转录和翻译水平进行分析,结果显示,EtHDCP在第二代裂殖子的转录和翻译水平高于其他三个阶段（未孢子化卵囊、孢子化卵囊和子孢子）。同时利用Western blot分析了EtHDCP在柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株、地克珠利耐药株、马杜拉霉素耐药株中的翻译水平,结果显示,EtHDCP在耐药株中的蛋白翻译水平显著高于敏感株。间接免疫荧光定位结果显示,该蛋白主要定位在子孢子和裂殖子的表面以及裂殖子的胞质内。入侵抑制试验表明,抗rEtHDCP多克隆抗体可有效抑制子孢子对宿主细胞的入侵。这些结果说明该蛋白可能参与了虫体在宿主细胞内的生长发育、耐药性的产生以及子孢子入侵宿主细胞的过程。     

表达M2e-EYFP融合蛋白的转基因柔嫩艾美耳球虫生物学特性分析

本文从卵囊形态大小、潜在期、最短孢子化时间、致病性与免疫原性等生物学特性方面对表达M2e-EYFP融合蛋白的转基因柔嫩艾美耳球虫及其受体野生型柔嫩艾美耳球虫进行了比较分析.结果显示,转基因球虫的上述生物学特性与柔嫩艾美耳球虫种相符,且与其受体野生型球虫具有较高相似性,但也存在部分差异,主要表现在卵囊大小、最小潜在期、繁殖力、致死率和免疫后抑制卵囊产量上.分析原因,作者认为是单孢子囊筛选所致.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫乳酸脱氢酶单克隆抗体的制备及其在蛋白定位中的应用

为了制备柔嫩艾美耳球虫乳酸脱氢酶(Eimeria tenella lactate dehydrogenase,Et LDH)单克隆抗体,用大肠杆菌表达的重组Et LDH可溶性蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,经5次免疫后取脾脏制备免疫脾细胞,与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0融合,用间接ELISA法筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞,经3次亚克隆后获得2株能稳定分泌Et LDH单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株2F7和2H4,抗体亚类鉴定均为Ig G1,腹水效价分别为1:8000和1:64 000。Western blot结果显示2F7抗体能识别柔嫩艾美耳球虫第二代裂殖子中大小约为35 k Da的天然蛋白。利用该单抗对Et LDH在柔嫩艾美耳球虫第二代裂殖子中的分布进行了定位,结果显示该蛋白主要分布于裂殖子的细胞质,表明成功地制备了Et LDH单克隆抗体,为深入研究Et LDH的功能和特性奠定了基础。     

鸡毒害艾美耳球虫ApiAP2转录因子的克隆、表达与虫体内定位

顶复门原虫的AP2结构域蛋白(ApiAP2)可能是调控虫体生长发育的转录因子。本研究旨在克隆、表达毒害艾美耳球虫ApiAP2转录因子，检测其天然蛋白及其在虫体内的亚细胞定位。以毒害艾美耳球虫第3代裂殖子的总RNA为模板，RT-PCR扩增毒害艾美耳球虫EnApiAP2基因后，连接至pMD18-T载体，测序后构建pET28a (+)-EnApiAP2表达载体，转化至表达菌BL21(DE3)，重组菌经测序鉴定后诱导表达，并纯化复性重组蛋白。用重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠，制备鼠抗rEnApiAP2多克隆抗体。利用多克隆抗体，分别用Western blot和间接免疫荧光试验检测裂殖子中天然EnApiAP2蛋白及其定位。最后，应用荧光定量PCR分析EnApiAP2基因在第2、3代裂殖子中的转录水平。结果显示，该基因全长1 830 bp，编码610个氨基酸，含有一个AP2结构域，预测分子质量67.69 ku；重组蛋白大小约为74 ku，主要以包涵体形式存在，可以被6×HIS标签单抗、鸡抗毒害艾美耳球虫康复血清和鸡抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫康复血清识别；在第3代裂殖子中检测到天然EnApiAP2蛋白，分子质量约为85 ku；EnApiAP2蛋白定位在第2、3代裂殖子细胞核内；第3代裂殖子EnApiAP2转录水平显著高于第2代裂殖子(P<0.01)。成功克隆、表达了EnApiAP2基因，证实该基因表达的蛋白定位在裂殖子的细胞核内，为进一步研究EnApiAP2蛋白的转录因子功能奠定了基础。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫马杜拉霉素抗药株与敏感株的mRNA差异显示

利用柔嫩艾美耳球虫马杜霉素敏感虫株裂殖子和抗药虫株裂殖子为材料,对马杜霉素敏感虫株和抗药虫株进行差异显示PCR,共回收34条电泳差异片段,反向Northern点杂交鉴定4个片段为真正差异片段,并对4个片段进行测序、B1ast同源性比较.来自于马杜霉素抗药虫株裂殖子的ACD3-2序列与柔嫩艾美耳球虫微线-5同源性99%,说明AcD3-2序列是该基因的部分序列,微线-5蛋白与虫体融解宿主细胞膜、入侵、运动和溢出有关,在第二代裂殖子时期,抗药性虫株该序列发生转录,而在敏感虫株中沉默;HCD1序列来自马杜霉素敏感虫株,与柔嫩艾美耳球虫表面抗原16和17序列同源性分别为83%和86%,说明与这2个基因同源.AGD5片段来自抗药虫株,HAD8-2序列来自敏感虫株,通过比较这2条序列可能为新序列.     

Eimeria tenlla和E. acervulina对凋亡诱导抑制的研究

为了研究鸡艾美耳属球虫不同种在入侵细胞早期对凋亡诱导抑制的差异,将柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenlla)和堆型艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)纯化的裂殖子入侵马-达氏牛肾细胞(MDBK细胞)1.5 h后,对被入侵的细胞计数并计算入侵率;加入含6%乙醇的完全培养基对细胞诱导凋亡3 h,检测细胞凋亡率。结果表明,E.tenlla裂殖子和E.acervulina裂殖子入侵率为21%和43%;凋亡诱导组的凋亡率是36.98%;柔嫩艾美耳球虫凋亡诱导组的凋亡率是25.77%;堆型艾美耳球虫凋亡诱导组的凋亡率是28.92%。柔嫩艾美耳球虫凋亡诱导组与凋亡诱导组之间差异极显著(P<0.01);堆型艾美耳球虫凋亡诱导组与凋亡诱导组之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。柔嫩艾美耳球虫凋亡诱导组与堆型艾美耳球虫凋亡诱导组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。结果提示,E.acervulina裂殖子入侵细胞并起到明显的抑制细胞凋亡作用,在入侵早期也许有类似于E.tenlla裂殖子抑制凋亡的机制;与E.tenlla裂殖子的抑制率相比略低,这可能与它的个体大小、致病能力有关。     

抗球虫剂——常山酮

常山酮(商品名 Stenorol)是法国 R-oussel-Uclaf 生产的抗球虫剂,对柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫、巨型艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、布氏艾美耳球虫等均有效,该药对卵囊内释出的子孢子,对第一代和第二代裂殖体有明显的抑制作用,并能消除卵囊的排出。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫两种表面抗原基因的原核表达与鉴定

为进一步研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫表面抗原蛋白,应用RT-PCR从柔嫩艾美耳球虫第2代裂殖子总RNA扩增表面抗原基因SAG19(Q70CD0)和SAGfm(U6L233),与pGEM-T easy载体连接,扩增目的片段后分别双酶切扩增产物与pET-28a(+),连接转化至BL21后,诱导表达,分别获得两种重组蛋白。SDSPAGE结果表明,两种重组蛋白的分子质量均为32ku,为包涵体蛋白形式。分别以感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的鸡血清和重组蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔获得的多克隆抗体作为一抗,经Western blot分析,结果表明重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性和抗原性。通过对这两种表面抗原基因的研究,为基因工程疫苗的研究提供一定的理论依据。     

外源性一氧化氮对鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫的作用

用酸化亚硝酸钠作为一氧化氮(NO)供体处理新收取的柔嫩艾美尔球虫未孢子化和已孢子化卵囊,来探讨外源性NO对球虫卵囊的抑杀作用。另外通过内服亚硝基谷胱甘肽(GSNO)试验来观察外源性NO对球虫病的防治作用。结果表明,酸化亚硝酸钠溶液(pH=1)对球虫卵囊的孢子生殖具有明显的抑制作用,20mmol/L酸化亚硝酸钠溶液对卵囊孢子生殖的抑制率可达100%;但不经酸化的亚硝酸钠溶液和相同pH的盐酸溶液对卵囊的孢子生殖没有明显影响。经20mmol/L以上浓度酸化亚硝酸钠处理的孢子化卵囊也失去了对雏鸡的致病力,但直接内服GSNO溶液则没有明显的抗球虫作用。这提示外源性NO对鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫未孢子化和孢子化卵囊均有抑杀作用,但直接内服没有明显的抗球虫病作用。     

Isolation, propagation, identification and comparative pathogenicity of five Egyptian field strains of Eimeria tenella from broiler chickens in five different provinces in Egypt

A battery trial was conducted to evaluate the comparative pathogenicity of five field strains of Eimeria tenella from Behera, Khafr El-Sheikh, Alexandria, Gharbia and Matrouh provinces in Egypt. Two-week-old broiler chickens were infected with 25×10(3) sporulated oocysts of each strain of E. tenella. The comparative pathogenicity of the strains was assessed by calculating body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, lesion scores, dropping nature scores, cecal scrapings, mortality percentage and oocysts count. Hematological parameters including hemoglobin (Hb) content, packed cell volume (PCV%) and total erythrocytic count, were also evaluated. There were different degrees of pathogenicity between the strains.     

Protective effects of sugar cane extracts (SCE) on Eimeria tenella infection in chickens

The effects of oral administration of sugar cane extracts (SCE) on Eimeria tenella oocysts infection in chickens were studied with 2 different experiments. In Experiment 1, 3-week-old inbred chickens (MHC; H.B15) were inoculated into the crop with SCE (500 mg/kg/day) for 1 day or 3 consecutive days, and then challenged with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (2 x 10(4) cells/chicken). In Experiment 2, 1-week-old chickens were orally administered SCE at the same dose for 3 consecutive days, and then initially infected with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (2 x 10(3) cells/chicken). At 2 and 3 weeks of age, these chickens were immunized intravenously with the mixed antigens of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Brucella abortus (BA). At 4 weeks of age, chickens were challenged with E. tenella sporulated oocysts (1 x 10(5)/chicken). Challenged chickens with E. tenella oocysts showed markedly decreased body weight gain/day, severe hemorrhage and great number of shedding oocysts in feces and high lesion scores. Oral administration of SCE and initial infection with oocysts (2 x 10 (3)/chicken) resulted in a remarkable improvement in body weight gain/day, hemorrhage, the number of shedding oocysts and lesion score, compare to other infected groups. In addition, SCE-inoculated chickens with the initial infection showed a significant increase in antibody responses against SRBC and BA and also improvement in decreased relative proportions of Bu-1a(+) and CD4( )cells in cecal tonsil lymphocytes of E. tenella-challenged chickens. Cecal tissues of chickens administered SCE and initially infected with E. tenella oocysts showed lower numbers of schizonts, gametocytes and oocysts than those of infected control chickens. These results suggest that SCE have immunostimulating and protective effects against E. tenella infection in chickens.     

三株柔嫩艾美球虫野外分离株的致病性分析

用每鸡4×104和8×104个孢子化卵囊的剂量感染黄羽肉雏,以临床症状、肉眼病变、平均增重、病变记分和死亡率为判定指标,对柔嫩艾美球虫EtCZ-1、EtCZ-2、EtCZ-3株的致病性进行了比较分析。结果显示:各虫株引起的临床症状和肠道肉眼病变基本相似,致病性随着感染剂量的增加而增强。各感染组的增重与对照组相比均有显著差异(P<0.50),相对增重率分别下降了74.4%～83.2%、68.7%～72.2%和70.6%～74.4%;感染后鸡出现血便的时间较一致,即第108小时开始排血便,在120h～144h达高峰;病变值和卵囊值均随着感染剂量的增加而增大;除EtCZ-1株高剂量组的存活率是90%以外,其余各组均为100%。显示3株球虫的致病性相似。     

布氏艾美耳球虫保定株的鉴定及致病性研究

本研究采用琼脂薄膜球虫单卵囊分离技术,从河北省保定市暴发球虫病的某鸡场鸡粪便中成功分离出布氏艾美耳球虫卵囊。生物学特性研究结果表明,该虫种潜隐期为125 h,卵囊大小为26.1 μm×21.3 μm,形状指数为1.22,寄生与病变部位主要在小肠后段、直肠和泄殖腔,特征性病变是肠黏膜层有出血斑纹及血性内容物。感染一定剂量该球虫,鸡的生产性能受到影响,当感染剂量为2×10⁵个/羽时会出现鸡死亡,表明该虫株具有较强致病性;应用特异PCR方法对获得的卵囊进行分子鉴定,结果确认所分离和纯化的球虫卵囊为布氏艾美耳球虫纯种,并将该虫株命名为布氏艾美耳球虫保定株--BBD株。     

Potential of a recombinant antigen as a prophylactic vaccine for day-old broiler chickens against Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections.

A genetically engineered Eimeria tenella antigen (GX3262), produced as a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase and identified with a monoclonal antibody, induced partial but significant protection in young broiler chickens against experimental E. tenella and Eimeria acervulina infections. The antigen appears to share a T-helper cell epitope with the parasite as evidenced by (a) booster inoculation with either the recombinant antigen or with a small number of live oocysts enhanced the protective immunity in GX3262 primed chickens, and (b) ability of the antigen to induce in vitro stimulation of T-cells from chickens immunized with antigen or parasite. These observations suggest the feasibility of a single vaccination of 1 or 2-day-old broilers with GX3262 to induce an acceptable degree of protective immunity. The implications of the observations reported here are far reaching in terms of a practical coccidiosis vaccine for poultry, and show for the first time that 1-day-old broiler chickens can be efficiently vaccinated with a recombinant antigen against one or more species of Eimeria.     

Evaluation of interspecific hybrids of the chicken, guinea fowl, and Japanese quail for innate resistance to coccidia

Experimental chicken/guinea fowl hybrids, guinea fowl, and chickens were orally inoculated with Eimeria acervulina or E. tenella, which are specific for chickens, or with E. grenieri, which is specific for guinea fowl. No intact oocysts were found in feces within 24 hr of inoculation, suggesting that excystation occurred in the normal and abnormal hosts. No oocysts were found in the feces of hybrids during a 9-day postinoculation period. The guinea fowl passed oocysts of guinea fowl coccidia (E. grenieri) but not those of chicken coccidia, and the chickens passed oocysts of chicken coccidia (E. acervulina and E. tenella) but not those of guinea fowl coccidia. Some asexual development (schizogony) occurred in hybrids inoculated with E. tenella, but sexual development (gametogony) did not. In contrast, quail/chicken hybrids became infected with oocysts of chicken coccidia (E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. maxima) and quail coccidia (E. bateri) and passed a few oocysts during the normal patent period; control chickens and quails became heavily infected with oocysts of chicken and quail coccidia, respectively.     

鸡胚接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆形艾美耳球虫活卵囊的免疫保护试验

给18日龄鸡胚接种一定剂量的柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eim eria tenella)和/或堆形艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)孢子化卵囊,出雏后在无球虫环境中笼养,1~10日龄每天收集各组粪便样本,计数克粪便卵囊数(OPG),并于14日龄时以大剂量同源孢子化卵囊攻虫,以相对增重率(RWG)、饲料转化率(FCR)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)评价免疫保护效果。结果显示,以E.tenella或E.acervulina卵囊免疫18日龄鸡胚,其卵囊排出的潜隐期及达到峰值的时间与1日龄雏鸡接种组相一致,有相似的排卵囊曲线,提示其诱导免疫的建立是在出雏后开始建立的。攻虫后各免疫组的RWG由攻虫对照组的31.9%~51.7%提高到了76.5%~83.6%,RCR由攻虫对照组的4.11~4.89改善为2.72~2.96,ROP降至4.7%~23.5%。结果表明以一定剂量E.tenella和E.acervulina卵囊单独或混合经羊膜腔免疫18日龄鸡胚都可以建立起针对出雏后14日龄同源攻虫的良好免疫保护力。比较混合免疫E.tenella和E.acervulina卵囊组与单一接种E.tenella或E.acervulina卵囊组的免疫效果发现,混合免疫组的各项指标均稍优于后者。     

Drug resistance in coccidia: a robenidine-resistant strain of eimeria tenella.

Tests for resistance to a recently introduced anticoccidial drug, robenidine, were performed on a strain of Eimeria tenella recovered from broiler chickens infected with acute cecal coccidiosis. The strain was identified previously and again confirmed by the timing of mortality of the infected chickens (five to six days postinfection), the appearance of lesions and parasites in ceca only, and the measurements (21.6 +/- 1.9 micron X 19.8 +/- 2.4 micron) of the oocysts. The tests showed that the strain of E. tenella could establish infections in chickens medicated with fourfold the recommended level of robenidine in feed but no oocysts could be recovered from the feces of infected chickens when the level of drug was increased to eightfold. The decrease in mortality, in the severity of lesions and oocyst output and the increase in the average weight gain of infected chickens followed closely the increase in the level of robenidine in feed. In contrast, no infections were found in chickens infected with a sensitive strain of E. tenella and maintained on feed mixed with the recommended level of robenidine. This and other findings discussed here show that resistance to robenidine is developing in coccidia commonly found in broiler houses.