广东大鹏湾海域糙齿海豚体内多氯联苯的分布特征与毒性评价

以广东大鹏湾海域糙齿海豚(Steno bredanensisLesson)为研究对象,采用气相色谱法分析了海豚8种组织中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量。将海豚8种组织分别经皂化、萃取、净化、浓缩等处理后,用Agilent 6890N型气相色谱仪、DB-XLB型毛细管气相色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.50μm)、ECD检测器测定。共检测出43种PCBs同系物。结果表明,PCBs在海豚8种不同组织中的含量范围为19.6~1 326.3 ng/g组织,皮肤中比其余7种组织的PCBs含量(19.6~90.4 ng.g-1)高2个数量级,各组织中含量由大到小依次为皮肤、心脏、肌肉、肝脏、睾丸、胃、肾脏、肺。PCBs同系物和同族物在海豚不同组织中的分布特征相似,同系物中以PCB153所占总量的百分比最大,在18.7%~21.1%之间,其次分别为PCB180、PCB187,分别占9.65%~12.02%和4.08~9.26%,PCB138、PCB157、PCB151、PCB110和PCB145等5种同系物所占百分比相对较低,范围为0.87%~5.80%;在同族物中以含6个氯原子的PCBs百分比最大,为48.2%~58.2%,其次分别是含7个和5个氯原子的,所占百分比分别为18.76%~24.81%和12.10%~18.10%。应用二英毒性当量(TEQ)评价了糙齿海豚不同组织中PCBs的毒性,其TEQs范围为45.04~2 896.67 pg/g,其中皮肤的毒性当量最高,比肺的高2个数量级,比心脏、睾丸、肌肉、肝脏、胃和肾脏的高1个数量级。TEQs主要来自非邻位取代的PCBs,占总量的98.5%~99.3%,其中来自PCB126的占86.3%~93.7%,是海豚体中TEQs的主体。与世界其他海域海豚的PCBs污染水平相比,大鹏湾海域糙齿海豚的PCBs污染处于相对严重水平。     

广东红海湾海域银杏齿喙鲸体组织中DDT含量的分布特征与污染评价

采用Agilent 6890 N型气相色谱仪,DB-1701型毛细管气相色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm)和63Ni放射源-μECD检测器,测定了搁浅于广东红海湾的银杏齿喙鲸(Mesoplodon ginkgodens)的8种组织中∑DDT(pp′-DDT、pp′-DDE、pp′-DDD和op-DDT)含量.结果表明,该鲸不同组织中的∑DDT含量范围为15.2～177.1 μg ·kg-1(湿重),其高低顺序为鲸脂>肝脏>胃>心脏>肾脏>肌肉>胰>肺,不同组织中的∑DDT含量与其组织中的脂肪含量呈显著正相关(R=0.9968,P<0.01).与国外文献报道的数据比较,所分析的鲸脂中∑DDT含量相对较低,尚未达到造成生理危害的水平.DDE/∑DDT和pp′-DDT/op-DDT的平均比值分别为0.27和5.7,据此推测可能有新的DDT输入此鲸栖息海域,主要来源可能是含DDT化学品的使用和环境中残留DDT的重新释放.     

海水养殖贝类体中TPH和PCBs的分布和积累研究

根据2005年4月和10月对厦门海域贝类养殖区养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质含量的调查资料,对4种养殖贝类(僧帽牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、泥蚶和缢蛏)体中石油类(TPH)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量的分布和积累特征进行了研究。结果表明,厦门海域4种养殖贝类体中TPH和PCBs含量范围分别为(2·89~34·6)mg/kg,湿重和(5·06~45·7)μg/kg,湿重,总平均值分别为12·3mg/kg,湿重和15·5μg/kg,湿重。总体上,养殖贝类体TPH和PCBs含量的区域分布,潮间带养殖贝类>浅海养殖贝类>虾池养殖贝类,呈西海域和同安湾内较高,大嶝海域较低的格局。养殖贝类体TPH和PCBs含量季节变化呈春季(4月)高于秋季(10月)之势。养殖贝类体内组织对TPH和PCBs吸收和积累能力的高低为胃(包括胃含物)>肌肉组织>外套腔液。缢蛏体对TPH的吸收和积累能力较强,泥蚶对PCBs吸收和积累能力较强。这与其自身对TPH和PCBs的吸收和排泄能力有密切的关系。厦门海域养殖贝类受到PCBs轻度污染,一些养殖区的缢蛏、泥蚶和僧帽牡蛎受到TPH的不同程度污染。     

凝胶渗透色谱-气相-质谱测定鲸皮脂中的多氯联苯

建立了一种测定鲸皮脂中多氯联苯(PCBs)前处理的改良方法,即将皮脂样品分别经超声波萃取、GPC净化和浓缩等处理后,用GC-MS测定.结果显示,该方法加标回收率为73%～118%,精密度为4.1%～9.7%,检出限在0.19～1.07 ng · g-1之间.该方法操作简单,净化效果好、准确性高、重复性强,适合鲸皮脂中PCBs含量的分析测定.     

浙江沿海海洋水产动物的多氯联苯检测分析

对浙江沿海5个地区的贝类、虾类和鱼类等水产动物体内的多氯联苯进行GC-MS检测分析，研究多氯联苯各单体在不同生物体内的分布特征、影响因素和积累分布规律。结果表明：浙江沿海海域生物多氯联苯检出率为100%，ω(PCBs)为0.12～9.40μg/kg，低于国家标准限量。其中，贝类中ω(PCBs)为0.83 ~10.52 ng/g，平均值为4.20ng/g；虾类ω(PCBs)为0.43~2.18ng/g，平均值为1.27ng/g；鱼类中ω(PCBs)为0.50～2.63ng/g。平均值为1.61ng/g。总体看不同种类海洋生物PCBs含量贝类>鱼类>虾类。从地区分布来看三门地区海产品中PCBs含量最高，玉环、椒江次之，宁海最低。甲壳类样品的PCBs检出以六氯联苯(PCB138)为主，鱼类样品的PCBs检出以五氯联苯(PCB118)为主，表现出水生生物对高氯联苯富集量高于低氯联苯富集量的共同点。而在各类动物中PCBs检出量最高的样品，如缢蛏、僧帽牡蛎和菲律宾蛤仔，都表现出了对于四氯联苯（PCB52）的强富集能力。     

江苏吕泗渔场发现的柯氏喙鲸

2008年10月10日江苏省赣榆县渔船在吕泗渔场(N 32°45′,E 122°15′)作业时,误捕一头雄性柯氏喙鲸,体长618 cm,为中国大陆海域首次记录.该鲸颅基长874 mm,脊椎式:C7+T9+L11+Ca21=48,指式:Ⅰ1、Ⅱ7、Ⅲ6-7、Ⅳ4-5、Ⅴ3.     

闽东沿岸生态监控区经济水产品中六六六、滴滴涕残留与风险评价

于2005-2007年夏季采集闽东沿岸生态监控区68个经济水产品样品,用气相色谱法测定其中的六六六(BHCs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留量,并对其残留水平、分布趋势和组成特征,以及污染现状、食用安全和人体健康风险进行探讨与评价。结果表明:贝类、虾类、蟹类和鱼类的BHCs的残留范围分别为未检出~1.53 μg/kg、未检出~0.830 μg/kg、未检出~1.21 μg/kg、未检出~4.02 μg/kg(湿重),DDTs的残留范围分别为0.184~66.9 μg/kg、未检出~2.87 μg/kg、8.04~126 μg/kg、0.891~310 μg/kg(湿重)。BHCs污染指数均小于0.5,未受到BHCs的污染;71.2%的样品DDTs的污染指数在0.581~31.0之间,不同程度受到DDTs的污染。与国内外其它海域相比,闽东沿岸生态监控区经济水产品中BHCs残留量处于较低水平,而DDTs残留量处于国内邻近海域中等水平、亚太等国外海域较高水平。贝类和鱼类的p,p′-DDT的含量较高,p,p′-DDT/DDTs平均含量比分别为43.8%和49.1%,推测有新的DDTs类污染物输入。闽东沿岸生态监控区经济水产品中BHCs、DDTs的残留量符合我国的无公害水产品质量安全标准,低于欧盟、美国、日本的食品安全限量;参照美国环保局(US EPA,2000)推荐的危害参考剂量RfD和可疑化学物质致癌斜率因子的接触风险指数ERI和致癌风险指数CRI分析表明,闽东沿岸生态监控区经济水产品消费引起的BHCs、DDTs的接触风险和潜在致癌风险均为可接受风险。     

广东沿海养殖牡蛎中多氯联苯残留水平及人体饮食暴露风险评估

文章利用气相色谱质谱法测定了广东沿海主要养殖区(汕头、汕尾、深圳、珠海、江门、阳江、湛江)养殖牡蛎体内30种多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenys,PCBs)的含量,评价了其污染水平和致癌风险。结果表明,广东养殖牡蛎中普遍检出PCBs,检出率为97.6%,其质量分数为nd~8.62 ng·g^-1(湿质量,下同),平均值为(0.57±1.23)ng·g^-1,其中以深圳水域养殖牡蛎体内的PCBs含量最高,珠海次之,汕头、阳江、江门、湛江及汕尾较低。不同地区养殖牡蛎中PCBs的组成模式类似,均以五氯代和六氯代PCBs为主。与国内外部分沿海海域贝类相比,广东省养殖牡蛎中PCBs含量处于较低水平。广东省养殖牡蛎中PCBs残留量低于中国《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》及欧盟国家的贝类卫生标准,食用牡蛎的致癌风险及危害商数均小于美国环保局(EPA)推荐的可接受风险水平,致癌风险处于可接受风险水平。     

福建省海水贝类养殖区表层沉积物及贝类滴滴涕的残留与风险评价

为了评估福建省海水贝类养殖区滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平和风险,于2005年8月和2006年8月,采集养殖区20个站位的表层沉积物样品20个、养殖贝类样品46个,用气相色谱法测定其中DDTs的残留量,并对其残留水平、分布趋势和组成特征进行分析,以期对该地区污染状况、生态风险及贝类食用安全进行探讨与评价。结果表明,福建省贝类养殖区表层沉积物DDTs含量范围为1.93～56.6μg/kg(干重),平均值15.8μg/kg;40%的样品DDTs的污染指数在0.697～2.83之间,不同程度受到DDTs的污染,提示存在一定的潜在生态风险。养殖贝类DDTs含量范围为2.04～107μg/kg(湿重),平均21.7μg/kg;贝体DDT残留量符合中国无公害水产品质量安全标准,低于欧盟、美国、日本的食品安全限量;以每人50 g/d的摄食量估算,沿海居民食用养殖贝类的DDTs暴露量远低于WHO暂定的TDI值、美国EPA推荐的RfD值,由此引起的健康风险小。与国内邻近海域相比较,福建省贝类养殖区表层沉积物和养殖贝类体中DDTs残留量处于中等水平,与亚太等国外海域相比较,处于较高水平;从DDTs的组成特征推测,调查区部分海域有新的DDTs污染源输入。     

单胞藻饵料强化对太平洋纺锤水蚤营养成分的影响

采用生化手段对舟山附近海域中浮游桡足类夏季优势种—太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)进行营养成分测定,比较分析两种单胞藻饵料小球藻(Chlorella sp.)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)对其营养价值的影响。结果表明,太平洋纺锤水蚤在投喂三角褐指藻和投喂小球藻后,其体内粗蛋白湿重含量分别为(6.51±0.46)%和(5.21±0.98)%,比对照组(2.44±0.63)%显著上升(P0.05);投喂三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤粗脂肪湿重含量(0.25±0.03)%显著上升(P0.05),投喂小球藻后粗脂肪湿重含量(0.15±0.03)%显著下降(P0.05);但总糖和灰分湿重含量变化不明显(P0.05)。本研究检测出太平洋纺锤水蚤体内共含17种氨基酸,其中鱼类必需氨基酸(EAA)9种,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)8种,对照组与投喂两种饵料后太平洋纺锤水蚤中EAA含量均较高,干重含量为(47.56±0.04)%~(49.84±0.07)%;检测出太平洋纺锤水蚤共含21种脂肪酸,投喂三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤的DHA和EPA干重含量之和最高(28.00%),其次为投喂小球藻(21.51%),均高于对照组(9.77%),而对照组干重(9.77%)也仍高于强化后轮虫DHA和EPA干重含量(0.8%)和强化后卤虫DHA和EPA干重含量(8.40%)。通过本实验发现,自然状态下的太平洋纺锤水蚤DHA和EPA含量较高,营养价值高,而投喂后三角褐指藻后太平洋纺锤水蚤营养价值明显增加,表明人工培养条件下太平洋纺锤水蚤具有作为水产经济动物活体开口饵料的潜在开发价值。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.