带鱼腌制加工过程理化指标、微生物和生物胺的动态变化及相关性

为探明鱼类腌制过程生物胺形成机理,本文研究了带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)在腌制加工过程盐度、水分含量、水分活度(Aw)、pH、蛋白质水解指数(P.I.) 非蛋白氮(NPN) 、游离氨基酸、微生物和生物胺的动态变化及相互关系,结果表明：pH在腌制阶段增加但在干燥阶段下降;盐度、P.I和微生物(菌落总数、乳酸菌、葡萄球菌和微球菌)在整个加工过程持续上升,水分含量和Aw则持续下降。整个加工过程,发生了明显的蛋白质降解反应,NPN 和游离氨基酸在干燥阶段含量显著上升;总生物胺含量增加了2.26倍(p＜0.05),其中尸胺含量显著增加了157倍,其次是组胺。带鱼腌制过程,游离氨基酸与生物胺显著正相关(p＜0.05),作为生物胺前体物质对生物胺的形成影响较大,微生物则起到了促进和抑制生物胺的作用,生物胺的形成还受pH、盐度、Aw等因素的共同影响,是一个极其复杂的过程。     

草鱼冷藏过程鱼肉品质与生物胺的变化及热处理对生物胺的影响

文章研究了草鱼（Ctenpharyngodon idellus）冷藏过程鱼肉品质与生物胺的变化及热处理对生物胺的影响.将经过前处理的草鱼鱼片于4℃条件下贮藏,对其感官品质、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、菌落总数、汁液流失率以及生物胺等指标进行测定,另外经过85℃、15 min的热处理后对草鱼鱼片的生物胺进行测定,探求其变化规律及草鱼的生物胺与其品质指标的相关性.结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,草鱼的汁液流失率、TVB-N、菌落总数均呈现明显的上升趋势,与感官分值的变化趋势相符,草鱼的感官接受极限为9d.草鱼鱼片在冷藏加工过程中变化最显著的生物胺是腐胺和尸胺,第15天腐胺的质量分数达到（17.12±4.40） mg·kg^-1,尸胺的质量分数达到（237.47 ±3.96） mg·kg^-1,且腐胺和尸胺与其他评价指标有着较好的相关性.经热处理后,腐胺、尸胺、组胺、精胺的质量分数有所下降,但与未经热处理的鱼片没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）,故85℃、15 min的热处理对于草鱼中生物胺的破坏作用不明显,难以有效地去除生物胺.     

不同贮藏温度下马鲛鱼和秋刀鱼中生物胺含量变化

建立反相高效液相色谱法快速检测鲭科鱼类(马鲛鱼和秋刀鱼)中8种生物胺(色胺、2-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺)含量的方法,进而研究马鲛鱼和秋刀鱼在不同贮藏温度下(-30、4和25℃)生物胺含量的变化情况。衍生后的样品经反相色谱柱C18分离,以超纯水和甲醇为流动相梯度洗脱,254 nm紫外检测生物胺含量。结果显示,8种生物胺在17 min内完全分离,加标回收率为96.80%~116.29%,检出限、定量限分别为0.06~0.31mg/L和0.20~0.75 mg/L。马鲛鱼和秋刀鱼中总生物胺含量与贮藏温度和贮藏时间显著相关(P0.05),且随着温度(4、25℃)的升高而增加。-30℃条件下,在前10天秋刀鱼与马鲛鱼总生物胺含量均降低;10 d后秋刀鱼中总生物胺含量升高。两种鱼在3种不同贮藏温度下,2-苯乙胺、尸胺和组胺均是贮藏过程中的主要生物胺;在-30℃贮藏条件下,马鲛鱼2-苯乙胺和尸胺含量在前10天随贮藏时间延长而降低,而秋刀鱼中两者的含量在前10天逐渐增加;在4、25℃条件下,秋刀鱼较马鲛鱼更易产生组胺;鲭科鱼中精胺含量在整个检测时间内无明显变化规律。秋刀鱼在-30、4℃贮藏条件下未检出色胺和酪胺;马鲛鱼中色胺含量较低且变化不显著;鲭科鱼中酪胺在4℃贮藏条件下显著性升高。在25℃贮藏条件下,除亚精胺和精胺外,鲭科鱼中其他生物胺均明显增加。结果表明,鲭科鱼类中生物胺含量与贮藏温度紧密相关,低温贮藏可有效抑制鱼肉中色胺、2-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺的产生。本结果可为鲭科鱼类贮藏和生物胺监控提供参考依据。     

常见水产品中生物胺的调查及分析

为研究不同水产品中生物胺的产生情况,利用高效液相色谱-柱后衍生-荧光检测技术对蓝点马鲛、黄鳍金枪鱼、银鲑、牙鲆、中国明对虾、鹰爪虾、中华绒螯蟹、杂色蛤、杂色鲍中的7种生物胺含量进行调查与分析。试验结果表明,鲜活水产品中几乎不含生物胺,或仅含少量的精胺、亚精胺;腐败水产品中检出大量的生物胺,其中蓝点马鲛、黄鳍金枪鱼、银鲑、牙鲆中的组胺含量分别为422.57、640.00、309.63、151.86mg/kg,而虾、蟹、贝类等无脊椎动物几乎不产生组胺。不同水产品在腐败过程中产生的生物胺种类、含量、比例不同。生物胺总量可作为水产品腐败变质程度的指标。     

两种常见淡水鱼在高温储存过程中挥发性盐基总氮和生物胺的含量变化

实验检测了条和红鳍红鲌在30℃下贮存48 h内每隔6 h的挥发性盐基总氮(TVBN)和9种生物胺(尸胺、腐胺、组胺、酪胺、5-羟色胺、亚精胺、精胺、多巴胺和章鱼胺)含量的变化,并对TVBN和生物胺含量与时间的相关性进行分析,以期为淡水水产品类饵料安全投喂和人类食品安全提供基础资料。结果显示,两种鱼在相同贮存条件下TVBN和生物胺含量均存在一定差异。其中,TVBN含量均随着贮存时间的延长而逐渐增加且与时间存在明显的相关性。红鳍红鲌除在42 h时TVBN含量低于■条外,其他时间均高于■条。在30℃贮存下,■条和红鳍红鲌的TVBN含量均在12 h时超过30 mg/100 g,因此,这两种鱼在12 h后不推荐食用。尸胺、腐胺、酪胺和组胺是这两种鱼主要的生物胺类型,且有随贮存时间延长含量显著增高的趋势,并与时间呈显著性相关,可推荐用于评价此两种水产品食用安全的生物胺类型。除此之外,在可测到的生物胺中,红鳍红鲌的尸胺和组胺含量明显高于■条,且红鳍红鲌体内的5-羟色胺与时间也呈显著性相关。     

疑似大鲵生物胺中毒综合征防治实例

<正>生物胺(Biogenic amine)是一类低分子量含氮有机化合物的总称,包括组胺、酪胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺等多种物质,广泛存在于生物体及多种食品当中。研究表明,适量的生物胺对机体健康有益,在人和动物的生物活性细胞中发挥着重要的生理作用。如组胺在神经系统、循环系统、消化和呼吸系统以及免疫反应中具有多种不同的生理调节作用。然而,当摄入过量的生物胺时,能够造成机体严重的食物中毒。例如,摄入过量的组胺时,会引起一系列过敏性中毒症     

非挥发性生物胺对组胺的可见分光光度法检测结果的影响

采用液相色谱法和可见分光光度法分别测定水产品中组胺的含量,比较了这两种检测方法测定结果的差异性,结果发现可见分光光度法的检测值比液相色谱法高。根据可见分光光度法的显色反应原理,研究了尸胺、腐胺、亚精胺和酪胺4种水产品中常见的非挥发性生物胺与偶氮试剂的显色反应,发现4种生物胺在480nm处都有一定吸光度,这会对组胺的检测结果产生不同程度的影响;其中酪胺对检测结果的影响最大,其吸光度达到了同浓度组胺的70%左右,而且生物胺的浓度越高对组胺检测结果产生的影响也越大。这4种生物胺是水产品中常见的胺类物质,采用可见分光光度法测定组胺含量时,其存在往往会导致检测结果偏高。因此,为保证水产品中组胺检测数据的准确性,尽量选择使用液相色谱法进行检测。本研究为水产品中组胺定量检测方法的选择及检测结果分析提供数据支撑。     

美国试用氯胺T治疗细菌性鳃病

为测定氯胺T控制大麻哈鱼鱼种细菌性鳃病引起大量死亡的效果，美国鱼类和野生生物司的科研人员进行了3次试验。显微镜观察病鱼鳃组织，发现大麻哈鱼种患有严重的细菌性鳃病。研究人员将氯胺T稀释至浓度为12mg／L，将病鱼放入药液中浸浴1小时，尔后移入水池中正常喂养。发现用氯胺T水溶液浸浴过的病鱼死亡率显著降低，第19天病鱼死亡率下降至86％，而未经氯胺T处理的病鱼死亡率高达97．6％。表明氯胺T可有效控制大麻哈鱼的细菌性鳃病。美国试用氯胺T治疗细菌性鳃病@任维美     

水产加工

012086加工过程对半防腐鳗鱼酱制品中生物胺的影响二BiogelliC anlinesinsemipreserved anehovies as affected by pro-e哪ing[刊,英}。raiseiR// FSTA一2000,32(4)一Rc236 检测L了意大利半防腐鳗鱼酱制品(亚速海鳗)加工工艺中各步骤的生物胺(腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺)的变化量。鳗鱼酱制品盐熟化工艺条件为:压力0.35和709/c耐,温度1S℃和22℃,而且由优秀的实验师36(GMPS)调节鱼品加工装置,经过对各种胺的离子交换分离,运用精确的色谱法测定了生物胺的变化及其灵敏性、选择性,用综合脉冲电流分析法(IC一IPAD)确定了检测限。盐熟化过…     

贮藏过程中凡纳滨对虾生物胺的变化

以邻苯二甲醛(OPA)为柱后衍生化试剂,采用反相HPLC法测定凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)中的酪胺(Tyr)、腐胺(Put)、尸胺(Cad)、组胺(His)、胍丁胺(Agm)、精胺(Spe)和亚精胺(Spd)等7种生物胺。结合虾的感官分析、pH值和T-VBN值测定等方法评价凡纳滨对虾的品质,分析了凡纳滨对虾在不同贮藏温度和贮藏时间下的生物胺种类及含量的变化。结果表明,在0和4℃两种贮藏温度下,尸胺和腐胺发生的变化均最显著,可以其作为凡纳滨对虾新鲜程度的参考指标,确定最长贮藏时间分别为8d和6d。     

水产品中生物胺的研究进展

杂交瘤-单克隆抗体技术由Koehler和Milstein创建于1975年。20世纪80年代初在世界各国兴起单克隆抗体研究热潮，现在每年都有大量有关单克隆抗体的研究报道，单克隆抗体已从初期的探索性研究进入大量开发、应用阶段。Siwicki等制备了抗金鱼免疫球蛋白单克隆抗体并用于抗体分泌细胞定位和免疫水平监测，Lin和Dickeison等应用单克隆抗体分析小瓜虫保护性抗原并进行了被动免疫实验，Austin和Cartwright等建立了以单抗为核心的水产病原快速检测方法。     

Simultaneous Determination of Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines in Tuna and Mahi-Mahi by Reversed-Phase Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Tuna and mahi-mahi are two major fish species responsible for histamine poisoning. This research developed a rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method to determine amino acids, histamine, and other biogenic amines that can act as co-indicators of histamine poisoning in tuna and mahi-mahi. The modified UHPLC method could simultaneously determine four biogenic amines and 10 major free amino acids in mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) within 17.5 min. This UHPLC method showed good linear response, sensitivity, resolution, recovery, repeatability, and number of theoretical plates. The concentrations of detected amino acids, biogenic amines in mahi-mahi and tuna, and their relationships with fish spoilage grade were determined by this UHPLC method. The developed UHPLC method is a rapid and accurate way to monitor quality changes of mahi-mahi and tuna by inspecting the changes of amino acids and biogenic amines.     

Effect of Bacterial Community and Free Amino Acids on the Content of Biogenic Amines During Fermentation of Yu-lu,a Chinese Fermented Fish Sauce

The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of bacterial community and free amino acids on the content of biogenic amines in Yu-lu during fermentation. Four major biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine) were identified, and the content of tyramine was positively correlated with histamine (R value = 0.9113). Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, leucine, and lysine were the dominant free amino acids. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the composition of the bacterial community changed significantly during fermentation of Yu-lu. Principal component analysis revealed the crucial links between microbial community and biogenic amines. For example, Halanaerobium was probably associated with the formation of putrescine, while Halomonas might be associated with the degradation of biogenic amines at the end of fermentation of Yu-lu. This study provided a detailed evaluation of the Yu-lu fermentation process, enabling development of better strategies for biogenic amine control in fish sauce.     

Essay of Different Extraction Procedures in Capelin Fish Meal for Biogenic Amine Determination by HPLC

This study assesses the effects of different extraction procedures of biogenic amines in capelin fish meal with different concentrations of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for their determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). No significant differences were noted between the use of TCA at 7.5 and 10% for the extraction of biogenic amines in E1 and E3 extraction, except for tyramine. The extraction using 7.5% TCA in one step and centrifugation (E1) was a simple and rapid method. This extraction seems to be the most suitable for the extraction of amines in these kinds of samples, compared to the other methods tested. The biogenic amine that presented the highest levels in the fish meal studied was cadaverine (208–226 mg/kg), followed by putrescine and histamine (164–173 and 44–46 mg/kg, respectively). Biogenic amine levels were low when compared to the toxic levels observed in these kinds of products.     

发酵鳜鱼营养成分和安全性评价

文章对发酵鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)肌肉中的营养成分(蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、脂肪酸、矿物质元素等)和安全指标[挥发性盐基氮(T-VBN)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、亚硝酸盐、生物胺、重金属元素等]进行检测,以评价其营养成分和安全性。结果表明,经发酵后的两款鳜鱼中水分和粗蛋白含量均低于新鲜鳜鱼,灰分、粗脂肪、鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和丙氨酸)、必需氨基酸、总不饱和脂肪酸、钠(Na)和钙(Ca)等含量均高于新鲜鳜鱼;两款发酵鳜鱼中氨基酸组成较为接近,其中1号发酵鳜鱼中灰分、粗脂肪、Na和Ca含量高于2号,而多不饱和脂肪酸和粗蛋白含量低于2号。在安全性方面,两款发酵鳜鱼重金属含量均未超标,TBA、T-VBN、亚硝酸盐和生物胺含量均高于新鲜鳜鱼;其中1号发酵鳜鱼中T-VBN和组胺含量高于2号,而TBA、亚硝酸盐和总生物胺含量低于2号。研究表明,发酵鳜鱼属于营养较全面且营养价值较高的发酵鱼制品,同时也需要进行品质控制以提高产品质量。     

Effects of Delayed Processing of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) By-products on Fishmeal Quality

The effects of storage temperature and time on raw pink salmon by-products were evaluated in relation to the fishmeal produced. Chemical analyses were performed on the raw and processed by‐products at two temperatures. Total volatile base nitrogen values indicated substantial spoilage by day 2 at 15.4 ± 1.4°C and day 6 at 6.0 ± 0.8°C. For most biogenic amines in raw by-products stored at 15.4°C, there were many significant differences from the fresh by-products by day 2. For by-products stored at 6.0°C, significant changes in biogenic amine were evident by day 2 and continued to increase. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of the raw material stored at 15.4°C started showing significant changes from fresh on day 3 and at 6.0°C on day 4. The lipid oxidation (TBARS) was significantly different from fresh by day 2. Biogenic amines in fishmeals suggested some changes occurred between day 0 and day 3 at 15.4°C and by day 7 at 6.0°C.     

Nutritional and Chemical Composition of By-Product Fractions Produced from Wet Reduction of Individual Red Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Heads and Viscera

There is growing interest for fishmeals and oils made from utilizing different fish by-products (heads, viscera, frames, etc.) that come directly from the commercial processing line. The major components of fish processing waste from salmon filleting operations are heads and viscera. In order to maximize the utilization of these individual by-products, the different fractions were evaluated. Analysis of essential amino acids in fishmeal showed significant differences in all essential amino acids except lysine. Differences were also noted in the levels of minerals, fatty acid methyl esters, biogenic amines, and fat soluble vitamins. The largest difference observed was in the level of retinol in the oil extracted from heads (8.9 ± 1.0 μg/g oil) and viscera (26.9 ± 3.8 μg/g oil). Head processing resulted in more lipids and cake, while the majority of viscera became stickwater. Results suggest that the fishmeal produced from different by-product parts can result in different nutritional values for feed or food ingredients.     

高效液相色谱法测定生物胺衍生条件的优化研究

利用荧光检测器（FLD）,采用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对组胺（HIS）、色胺（TRP）、2-苯乙胺（2-PHE）、腐胺（PUT）、尸胺（CAD）、酪胺（TYR）、亚精胺（SPD）和精胺（SPM）8种生物胺（BA）进行测定分析。通过探究丹酰氯（Dns-Cl）质量浓度、反应体系的pH、衍生时间及衍生温度对生物胺衍生反应的影响,确定最优的衍生条件。结果显示,当Dns-Cl的质量浓度为BA质量浓度的10倍、pH 11.0、40℃下避光反应45 min,所有BA均能有效分离。BA的相对标准偏差（RSD）在3%以内,能够满足分析要求。