驯养、选育条件下尼罗罗非鱼群体的选择压力分析

家养动物是研究长期人工选择对动物基因组产生选择效应机制的独特对象,尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)是一种受人工干预(驯养、选育)历史较短的优良养殖对象,可作为研究新近发生的人工干预对动物基因组产生影响的遗传机制的良好模型。本研究以1个尼罗罗非鱼埃及野生群体为对照组,以4个"新吉富"罗非鱼选育系群体、2个企业自主选育群体和5个驯养群体为实验组,采用3种模型分析方法(岛屿模型、分级岛屿模型和贝叶斯似然法),在12个微卫星位点上进行F_(ST)-离群值点检测(F_(ST)-outlier test)。结果显示,在本研究所分析的12个微卫星位点中,4个"新吉富"罗非鱼选育系群体在2个微卫星位点(OMO043,OMO114)受到了显著的正向选择压力(P0.01),2个企业自主选育群体在另外2个微卫星位点(OMO049,OMO100)受到显著的正向选择压力(P0.01),而5个驯养群体只在1个微卫星位点(OMO013)受到了显著的正向选择压力(P0.01)。由此可见,选育群体受到的正向选择位点数明显多于驯养群体,选育群体与驯养群体受到正向选择的位点各异,不同选育群体间受到正向选择的位点也各不相同。本研究结果表明,不同的人工干预途径从不同的方向上对尼罗罗非鱼基因组产生了影响。     

缢蛏选育系F5的生长优势比较及育种效应分析

以6个缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)自然群体(浙江象山群体、浙江乐清群体、福建霞浦群体、福建长乐群体、江苏射阳群体和上海崇明群体)为材料,构建基础群体F_0,采用群体选育方法进行多代连续选育(选择强度2.063),比较了选育系F_5与对照群体的生长差异,并估计F_5的选择反应、现实遗传力和遗传获得。结果表明,F_5的卵径及受精率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但F_5的变态率、存活率及后期壳长生长明显优于对照组(P0.05);7~360日龄F_5壳长的选择反应、现实遗传力与遗传获得的变化范围分别为0.30~0.78,0.14~0.37和4.83%~42.18%,平均为(0.49±0.06),(0.23±0.08)和(26.49±11.73)%。研究结果表明,对缢蛏的连续多代选育是有效的,可以明显提高其存活能力和主要经济性状。     

长江刀鲚选育和野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用微卫星标记技术,对长江刀鲚野生群体(YS)与3个连续选育世代群体(F_1、F_2、F_3)间的遗传多样性进行了分析。12对多态性微卫星引物总共检测到等位基因82个,平均每对引物获得等位基因6. 83个。4个群体的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)以及平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为3. 47～4. 10、0. 400 0～0. 516 7、0. 684 4～0. 738 1和0. 646 4～0. 701 2。F_1、F_2、F_3之间的遗传分化微弱(FST0. 05),并与YS具有中等程度的遗传分化(0. 05 F_(ST)0. 15)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,大部分的遗传变异来源于个体间(93. 66%),仅有6. 34%的遗传变异来源于群体间。F_1、F_2、F_3的遗传变异水平低于YS,且呈现出伴随着选育世代的进行而降低的趋势,表明选育群体随着人工选育的进行而日趋纯化,但仍然具有丰富的遗传多样性和进一步选育的潜力。     

美国品系尼罗罗非鱼的选育及其效果分析

采用闭锁群体继代选育的方法(Closed population continuing selection and breeding method)对美国品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)进行提纯选育,并利用选育获得的尼罗罗非鱼亲本作为母本,奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)作为父本进行杂交生产子一代(简称"美奥"罗非鱼),再对子一代开展网箱养殖对比实验,以养殖实验的结果来评价选育尼罗罗非鱼的效果。结果表明:(1)实验组美国品系尼罗罗非鱼雌性后备亲本留种率P2世代分别比第P0、P1世代提高了103.16%和35.92%,P1世代比P0世代提高了49.47%,远高于同期未经选育的美国品系尼罗罗非鱼;(2)实验组"美奥"罗非鱼杂交组合的雌性亲本产苗量高达21.5万尾,高于对照组的21.2万尾;实验组产苗前期、高峰期和后期后代雄性率分别为96.27%、97.01%和95.70%,高于对照组的94.37%、95.65%和94.18%,但均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;(3)经过选育的"美奥"罗非鱼平均体长、平均体质量、绝对增重率、绝对增长率、特定生长率和生长指标均显著高于对照组(P0.05);600g以上的罗非鱼所占的比例由对照组的51.2%增加到64.6%,增幅达到26.2%;头部比例有变小的趋势,头长/体长在0.30以下的比例由对照组的19.0%上升到32.07%,增幅达68.8%;实验组"美奥"罗非鱼的雄性率、单产及肥满度等主要经济指标均比对照组显著提高(P0.05)。以上结果表明,"美奥"罗非鱼的选育效果良好,可为"尼奥"罗非鱼的苗种生产提供亲本保障。     

吉富罗非鱼抗病品系F_5代抗病性能和生长性能的评估

为评估吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)抗病F5代的选育效果,以F0代群体和奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)作为对照组,对F_5代42个家系的抗病性能及生长性能进行评估。对42个家系进行人工腹腔注射感染无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)后,分别有36个和22个家系的感染成活率比F0代和奥尼罗非鱼高,各家系的抗病育种值为–0.158~0.086;生长性能测定发现,42个家系中有27个家系的绝对增长率大于F_0代;感染成活率与体质量之间的遗传相关系数为–0.033。综合分析各个家系的感染成活率、抗病育种值和绝对增长率,筛选出抗病力强且生长速度快的家系7个(2~#、3~#、4~#、6~#、28~#、31~#和35~#),可作为F6代选育和苗种扩繁的亲本。结果表明,经过5个世代的针对性选育,吉富罗非鱼的抗病性能和生长性能均得到了明显改善,选育效果显著。     

罗非鱼优良品系———吉富罗非鱼的育成始末

20世纪80年代末期,亚洲地区养殖罗非鱼种群的经济性状严重退化。1988年,世界鱼类中心发起养殖罗非鱼遗传改良(GIFT)计划,与挪威、菲律宾等国家研究机构合作,在收集亚洲和非洲八个国家和地区的尼罗罗非鱼种质资源的基础上,合成基础群并进行选育,经过六代选育,使其生长速度提高85%。选育形成的品系称GIFT鱼,国内称为吉富罗非鱼,目前已推广到以亚太地区为主的十多个国家。吉富罗非鱼的育成为其它水产动物的育种提供了成功的典范。     

吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼选育过程中遗传变异的微卫星分析

采用微卫星标记技术对选育新品种新吉富罗非鱼（F8－9）群体、基础群体（F0）、以及选育中群体（F6－7）在选育过程中出现的遗传变异进行观察与分析。19个微卫星位点扩增后的等位基因数为3～11个,随引物不同而异,合计得到115个等位基因,大小在70～270 bp之间。五群体平均基因多样性指数分别为,F0：(0.3083±0.1834)、F6：(0.2982±0.1889)、F7：(0.2923±0.1898)、F8：(0.2572±0.1923)、F9：(0.2743±0.1597),表明随着选育的进展,群体呈现出纯化趋势。AMOVA分析表明,在总遗传变异中,93.24%来自选育群体内,仅6.67%来自选育群体间。群体间的校正偏差后相似性系数在 F0与F6、F7之间分别为0.943 5和0.942 2,相对较高;而在F0与F8、F9之间分别为0.933 2和0.930 3, 相对较低。遗传距离在F0与F6、F7之间分别为0.058 1和0.059 5,相对较小;而在F0与F8、F9之间分别为0.069 1和0.072 2,相对较大。配对比较Fst值在F0与F6、F7之间分别为0.037 68和0.064 37,平均 值为0.051 03;而在F0与F8、F9之间分别为0.060 93和0.075 87,平均值为0.068 40,有所提高。这些指标的分析结果表明,经9年9代选育,已在罗非鱼世代间造成程度虽小但却可监测到的遗传分化;同选育群体F6－7相比,\"新吉富罗非鱼\"（F8－9）在遗传上更为稳定。图1表4     

2010年广东省：渔业科技入户主导品种（选登）

一、“新吉富”罗非鱼 品种来源：“新吉富”罗非鱼，是上海水产大学与国家级广东罗非鱼良种场、青岛罗非鱼良种场合作选育的具有自主知识产权的优良品种。在1994年从菲律宾引进的经过三代选育的吉富品系罗非鱼的基础上，从1996年起，通过选择体形标准、健康的吉富品系罗非鱼建立选育基础群体，采取群体选育方法，经过连续9代选育而成。     

吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼选育系F_6、F_7和F_8当年鱼生长对比研究

罗非鱼是世界性养殖鱼类之一,对罗非鱼进行遗传改良研究具有重要意义.在流水池饲养环境里,对选育系F 6、F 7和F 8 3代的当年尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus 生长性能进行同池比较.经过114 d的饲养,F 6、F 7和F 8世代鱼体重的平均生长速度分别为1.07、1.12和1.47 g·d -1,呈逐代增大的趋势.偏差校正后,F 6、F 7和F 8 3代鱼增重率分别为1.13、1.18和1.36 g·d -1.F 8的体重变异系数比F 7降低了6.29%,比F 6降低了7.95%.F 8代的生长方程是 y =40.313 x -61.670( R 2 =0.8783, R =0.9513).     

罗非鱼养殖技术之五吉富罗非鱼优质高产的养殖管理

养殖试验显示,吉富罗非鱼每向下选育一代,其生长速度就加快6%～12%.山东省德州市1998年从青岛罗非鱼良种场引进吉富罗非鱼第七代,通过几年来的养殖表明,吉富罗非鱼适应能力强,生长快,商品规格整齐,易捕捞,饲料易解决,群体产量高,很适合池塘主养和混养.     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.