超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性研究

选用4个籼型超级杂交稻组合Ⅱ优602、准两优527、协优9308和国稻1号为试验材料,以汕优63为对照,对超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性进行了研究。结果表明:超级杂交稻具有最高分蘖数低、分蘖成穗率高、有效库容量和齐穗后干物质积累量大、收获指数高等特点;在成都平原生态区,增加有效穗数和每穗实粒数是实现超级杂交稻高产的重要途径;在水稻生长前期积累合理的总生物量,提高生育后期群体质量,增强生育后期光合生产能力和提高茎鞘物质向穗部的运转效率是实现超级杂交稻高产的关键。     

超级杂交稻生理生态特性及高产稳产栽培调控的研究进展

 综述了近年来超级杂交稻高产生理研究进展。与普通高产水稻相比,库容量大、物质生产与积累能力强、光合生产能力强、根系发达是超级杂交稻重要的超高产生理基础,然而,其养分吸收量大、中后期养分吸收能力强、异步灌浆特性明显、生态适应性要求严格的生理生态特性,对高产稳产栽培调控技术提出了新的要求。因此,在超级杂交稻的生产中,应采取因种因地种植、适时播种、适当增施肥料、加强中后期营养、加强稳健群体调控、增苗争多穗与控苗争大穗相结合等栽培调控技术策略。同时,超级杂交稻的高产稳产还面临着产量稳定性差、高产田倒伏、高产与高效难协调、气候变化等问题。为有效应对和解决这些问题,应当加强超级杂交稻的生态适应性技术、抗倒稳产调控技术、高效栽培技术、气候变化适应性栽培技术等方面的研究。     

缓释氮肥对超级杂交稻后期生长与生理功能的影响

以超级杂交稻两优0293为材料,在2007-2008年2个不同气候年景条件下,以缓释氮肥正常用量(SCU2,氮素用量180kg/hm2)及其减氮用量(SCU1,氮素用量135 kg/hm2)为处理,普通尿素(U,氮素用量180 kg/hm2)为对照,研究了缓释氮肥对超级杂交稻后期生长和生理功能的影响.结果表明,SCU2、SCU1处理与对照U相比,水稻产量依年度不同而不同程度增加.水稻总物质积累量SCU2处理与U相当,scul略低.scul处理水稻后期物质积累和物质转运均有一定优势,但前期物质积累明显不足.SCU2和SCU 1处理与U比较,水稻成穗数减少但每穗颖花数增加,且在气温异常年份结实率较高,抽穗灌浆期剑叶叶绿素含量较高、光合性能也有一定优势,且这一优势在强日照条件下表现更为明显.但SCU2处理的冠层叶长和叶宽均较scul和U处理增加,有异致后期冠层结构恶化的可能.超级杂交稻使用缓释氮肥减氮25%、一次性全层施用具有节氮作用和一定的稳产高产效果,但有关施肥技术有待进一步完善.     

超级杂交稻生育特性及其高产栽培技术

现有超级杂交稻组合由于把杂种优势与优良的株叶形态较好地结合起来了，具有适宜叶面积指数较大、穗大粒多、根系发达、灌浆充实期相对较长、茎秆粗壮抗倒、结实率高但千粒重偏低等生育特点。根据其生育特性及高产栽培实践，提出了超级杂交稻的高产栽培策略及相应的栽培技术要点。     

不同水稻品种的干物质生产及产量形成特性的比较研究

为了探讨结实期茎叶非结构性物质转移和群体光合能力对水稻产量形成的影响,以不同类型的10个水稻品种为材料,调查抽穗期和成熟期的干物质量、茎叶部非结构性物质量及产量,从库源关系的角度比较了不同品种的产量形成特点。结果表明:不同品种之间的干物质积累量、茎叶非结构性物质积累量以及结实期茎叶非结构性物质转移量和群体光合量差异性显著;10个品种可分为3种类型,第一类群体光合能力低、茎叶非结构性物质转移量少和产量低,第二类结实期群体光合能力高、茎叶非结构性物质转移量少和产量高,第三类群体光合能力高、茎叶非结构性物质转移量多和产量高;Ⅱ优航2号、两优培九、汕优63、特优009等4个杂交稻品种属于第三类,具有较高的增产潜力。     

超级杂交稻协优9308生理模型的研究

观察比较了超级杂交稻协优9308和高产杂交稻协优63的生理特性。与高产杂交稻协优63相比,超级杂交稻协优9308表现出两个明显的顶端优势,即营养生长期间的“茎蘖顶端优势”和灌浆成熟期间的“粒间顶端优势”。认为这两优势是协优9308超高产的生理特性和基础,据此提出以单茎（蘖）物质生产优势为基础,以“两个顶端优势”为中心的超级杂交稻协优9308的“生理模型”,即(1) 协优9308 干物质生产能力高,全生育期单株干物质生产量达120 g;抽穗后仍具有较高生产力,此间生物产量占总生物产量的40%。(2) 营养生长期“茎蘖顶端优势”显著,有效分蘖终止期较早,出现在移栽后2周左右,幼穗发育整齐,成穗率>65 %。(3) 灌浆成熟期“粒间顶端优势”显著,优势粒灌浆势高,齐穗后第2周便达到灌浆势的峰值,此后仍保持一定的灌浆能力;劣势粒灌浆进程比优势粒滞后,在临近成熟时,仍未出现灌浆势峰值;支撑劣势粒灌浆势不减的生理机制是：根系衰老迟缓,花后物质运转势较高,功能叶衰老迟缓。这一超级杂交稻“生理模型”的经济产量指标是11~12 t/hm2。     

我国不同年代玉米品种生育特性演进规律研究 Ⅱ物质生产特性的演进

通过比较研究我国不同年代玉米品种的物质生产特性,随年代的更替发生了以下变化：①干物质生产量(生物产量)增大,花后积累量增加尤为显著,收获指数得到提高。②对产量提高贡献率最大的是生物产量的提高(通径系数DPC＝0.8353),同时伴随着收获指数的提高(DPC＝0.1820)。③灌浆速率高且高值持续期长,灌浆物质主要来源于花后的光合作用,由营养器官转移到子粒中的比率减少。④叶面积指数高且高值持续期长,中下部叶片所占总叶面积的百分数增加、受光好。⑤光合势、净同化率增加,花后光合势和净同化率增加更为显著。     

不同类型复合肥在超级杂交稻中的应用效果

以超级杂交稻组合Y两优2号为供试品种,研究了4种复合肥对超级杂交稻生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,在等养分用量条件下,与施用普通复合肥的处理(对照)相比,施用有机复合肥的处理有利于增加分蘖数、叶绿素含量、干物质积累、有效穗数和穗粒数,比对照增产9.1%,差异达极显著水平,是本试验中效果最佳的肥料品种;施用缓释复合肥的处理生长发育前期分蘖能力、干物质积累能力较弱,但后期养分持续供给能力强,总穗粒数和千粒重在各处理中均最高,最终比对照增产8.0%,差异达极显著水平;施用硅溶复合肥的处理分蘖迅速,物质积累能力强,在分蘖盛期具有试验中最大的群体,但进入抽穗灌浆期后群体下降较快,最终比对照增产6.7%,差异达极显著水平;施用微生物菌剂肥的处理与对照产量基本持平,增产效果不明显,但显著提高了超级杂交稻的有效穗数和结实率。     

超级杂交稻丰源优299光合特性研究

以金优207为对照研究了超级杂交稻丰源优299的光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明,在分蘖期,丰源优299与金优207的各光合气体交换参数间差异微小;在孕穗期和灌浆期,丰源优299的净光合速率分别比金优207高6.9%和6.7%,引起胞间CO2浓度显著低于金优207。在灌浆期,丰源优299具有较高的呼吸速率、表观量子效率以及较低的光补偿点;丰源优299各生育时期的叶片均有较高的水分利用效率和叶温。叶绿素荧光参数中,丰源优299的实际量子效率、表观光合电子传递速率和光化学猝灭系数均高于金优207。此外,丰源优299耐光抑制能力较强。     

超级杂交稻冠层形态结构与干物质生产特性研究

以第1,2,3期超级杂交稻代表品种两优培九、Y两优1号、Y两优2号为材料、以高产三系杂交稻汕优63为对照,对冠层形态结构、干物质积累与转运和产量性状进行了研究。结果表明:与对照汕优63相比,超级杂交稻的比叶重、卷叶指数较大,叶基角、披垂角较小,表现为上3叶直立、厚、卷,基部透光率较高;总干物质积累量及抽穗后干物质积累量、茎鞘物质输出率较高,群体总颖花量、每穗总粒数和结实率也显著高于对照,且随不同时期超级杂交稻产量水平的提高,群体总颖花量、抽穗后及总干物质积累量依次提高。在"源"足、"流"畅的支撑下,不断提高"库"容量是进一步提高超级杂交稻产量水平的重要途径。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.