PCV2感染性克隆的构建与拯救病毒在不同细胞系中的增殖特性

将猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)感染性克隆分别转染到猪肾上皮细胞(PK15)和猪小肠上皮细胞(J2)中获得拯救病毒PCV2,比较病毒在2个细胞系中的复制动力学差异。设计特异性引物,通过PCR法和Over-lap PCR技术获得含1.1个拷贝PCV2基因组的DNA片段,克隆于p SP72载体获得PCV2感染性克隆。用PCV2感染性克隆分别转染PK15和J2细胞,Real-time PCR和间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测结果表明:拯救病毒可在PK15和J2细胞系中分别连续盲传10代以上,且PK15培养的PCV2基因组的拷贝数极显著高于J2培养的(P0.01),提示获得的PCV2拯救病毒在PK15的增殖性能优于J2,为进一步探索PCV2基因组的功能及PCV2相关发病机制奠定了基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染性DNA的构建及病毒拯救

用PCR法扩增猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV2)全长基因组。将全基因组插入到真核生物表达载体PcDNA3.1的多克隆位点中,获得单拷贝重组质粒P-PCV2和串连双拷贝重组质粒p-2PCV2,将所得质粒分别转染无PCV污染的PK-15细胞系,经7次连续传代后,间接免疫荧光试验显示在细胞中含有病毒抗原。提取mRNA后经RT-PCR检测都有PCV2特异性基因转录。免疫小鼠后,对免疫后不同天数小鼠的血清用ELISA检测,结果到免疫后35 d病毒几乎都能检测到衣壳蛋白特异性抗体,小鼠致死后在其体内也能检测到病毒DNA。结果表明,所构建的2种重组质粒均可表达并在体外组装出有感染性PCV2病毒粒子。为进行PCV2分子特性、疫苗免疫及致病机理研究打下了基础。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和猪圆环病毒2型共感染对猪体内病毒动态及免疫反应的影响

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)单感染和共感染6周龄健康仔猪,采用实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)对血清、组织(心、肝、肺、肾、胰、脾、胸腺、扁桃体、腹股沟淋巴结、肠系膜淋巴结)中的PRRSV和PCV2载量进行检测,分别采用间接ELISA和间接IFA对血清中的PRRSV和PCV2特异性抗体进行检测,采用MTT法对猪外周血淋巴细胞(PBLC)的增殖能力进行检测.结果,PRRSV/PCV2共感染组血清、组织中PRRSV的载量均显著高于PRRSV单感染组,PCV2的载量均显著高于PCV2单感染组;共感染组PRRSV和PCV2特异性抗体阳转的时间均晚于并且效价均显著低于PRRSV或PCV2单感染组;共感染组和单感染组PBLC的增殖能力均受到抑制,其严重程度依次为:PRRSV/PCV2组>PRRSV组>PCV2组.由此表明,PRRSV和PCV2在猪体内对彼此的增殖具有促进作用;PRRSV和PCV2共感染对猪的免疫抑制具有加重作用.     

猪圆环病毒pSCA-Cap-T2A-Rep重组载体的构建及小鼠免疫试验

克隆猪圆环病毒1型(PCV1)的Rep基因和猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)Cap基因,利用T2A片段进行连接,并插入到载体pSCA,构建pSCA-Cap-T2A-Rep重组质粒。转染PK-15细胞后通过Western blot技术检测目的蛋白的表达。大量提取构建的重组质粒后进行小鼠接种试验。56只小鼠随机分为8组,每组7只。第1,2,3组为质粒注射组,注射质粒质量分别为50,100,200μg/只;第4～6组分别为与1～3组注射相同剂量质粒+免疫佐剂对应组;第7组为注射生理盐水对照组;第8组为注射生理盐水+佐剂对照组。首次接种后14 d进行第2次接种,处理方法同第1次。在首次接种后0,14,21,28 d从试验小鼠眼静脉丛采血,ELISA方法检测血清中PCV2 Cap蛋白抗体。结果显示,pSCA-Cap-T2A-Rep重组质粒接种小鼠血清中Cap蛋白特异性抗体在接种后14～28 d均为阳性;质粒+免疫佐剂组比质粒注射组小鼠特异性抗体水平显著升高。结果表明,pSCA-Cap-T2A-Rep重组质粒在试验小鼠中产生有效的特异性抗体,为进一步优化免疫方法、在试验猪上的应用及猪圆环病毒核酸疫苗的研制提供了依据。     

免疫组化法检测猪圆环病毒2型在人工感染猪体内的分布

将猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）BF株经滴鼻接种28日龄健康普通仔猪,于接种后不同时间剖杀,采集相关的器官组织制备组织切片,使用免疫组化方法检测病毒在猪体内的分布。结果显示,淋巴结、脾脏、扁桃体等淋巴组织均出现阳性信号,心、肝、肺、肾、胃、十二指肠、大脑及小脑同样存在阳性细胞,其他组织呈阴性反应。阳性信号主要位于感染细胞的胞质中,偶尔出现在细胞核内。结果表明,PCV2确已造成猪体组织感染。     

单克隆抗体间接免疫荧光检测猪瘟病毒方法的建立

以作者制备的抗猪瘟病毒单克隆抗体(anti-CSFV McAb)为一抗、荧光素标记羊抗小鼠IgG为二抗,通过反应条件的优化,建立检测猪瘟病毒抗原的间接免疫荧光(IFA)检测方法。确定IFA最佳工作条件:CSFV最佳接种浓度和培养条件为CSFV 10-3倍稀释后接种PK15细胞,37℃5%CO2恒温箱中培养36 h;McAb最适工作浓度为1∶1 000倍稀释;荧光素标记的羊抗小鼠IgG荧光抗体的最适工作浓度为1∶50倍稀释。特异性试验表明,用建立的IFA检测方法检测CSFV感染PK15细胞为阳性,而检测伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪2型圆环病毒(PCV-2)感染PK15细胞均为阴性。结果表明,建立的检测细胞培养中CSFV抗原的IFA检测方法具有敏感特异、简便快速等优点,可用于CSFV感染的实验室诊断及CSFV在感染细胞中的定位和动态分布研究。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染性克隆的构建

为构建猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)感染性克隆,采用PCR方法从已鉴定为PCV2阳性的病料中扩增PCV2全长基因组片段后将其定向克隆至PVAX1载体中,构建了PCV2感染性克隆质粒p VAX1-PCV2;将重组质粒转染细胞进行病毒拯救,通过免疫过氧化物酶和RT-PCR进行拯救病毒检测,并初步测定了拯救病毒在体外细胞培养的增殖能力和遗传稳定性。结果表明,构建的PCV2感染性克隆质粒,成功拯救出PCV2,拯救病毒盲传8代后毒价可达104.78TCID50/m L,体外增殖能力较为稳定。本试验为深入研究PCV2的基因功能及致病机制等奠定基础。     

PCV2a和PCV2b感染性克隆的体外拯救

 研究旨在获得PCV2a和PCV2b的拯救毒株。对筛选得到的PCV2a和PCV2b感染性克隆分别进行酶切,使酶切得到的全长基因组DNA自身环化并分别转染PK15细胞。经IFA和PCR验证,确认成功拯救出两亚型PCV2病毒。病毒传至第9代时对PCV2a和PCV2b的毒价分别进行测定,结果显示PCV2a的毒价为103.5TCID50/mL, PCV2b的毒价为104.6TCID50/mL。本试验为分型特异性序列与病毒致病力相关性的研究打下了基础.     

猪圆环病毒2型标记毒株的构建与iDNA疫苗的初步研究

为实现携带分子标记的猪圆环病毒2型标记毒株的构建,对其进行感染性DNA(iDNA)疫苗的初步研究,即构建的感染性克隆质粒既能发挥DNA疫苗的作用,同时又能在动物机体内拯救出活病毒,发挥病毒活疫苗的作用,本研究以PCV2Cap蛋白末端具有赖氨酸延伸特征的GZ-RH1株为材料,构建该毒株的感染性克隆质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-PCV2,并在病毒基因组中引入1个SalⅠ酶切位点作为鉴别拯救病毒的分子标记。将该感染性克隆质粒转染PK-15传代细胞进行病毒拯救后,通过IPMA、PCR-RFLP以及全基因组测序等试验对拯救病毒进行检测和鉴定,并初步测定了拯救病毒在体外细胞培养的增殖能力。结果表明,利用构建的感染性克隆质粒拯救获得的PCV2标记毒株,经盲传10代后毒价可到105.3 TCID50/mL,分子标记能够稳定存在,该感染性克隆质粒可以应用到PCV2iDNA疫苗的初步研究中。昆明小鼠接毒试验结果表明,构建的感染性克隆质粒在小鼠体内也具有感染性,能够拯救出PCV2标记毒株,且可以诱导产生抗PCV2的抗体,与体外拯救的标记毒株免疫小鼠具有类似的体内生物学特性,表明PCV2iDNA新型疫苗构建策略是可行的。本研究为进一步研究PCV2iDNA疫苗奠定了基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.