发酵饲料对克氏原螯虾生长性能、肌肉品质、抗氧化能力和肠道微生物群落的影响

为探究克氏原螯虾配合饲料经发酵处理后的饲喂效果，分别用未发酵和发酵饲料在室内循环水系统中饲养体重为(4.91±0.18) g的克氏原螯虾幼虾8周，采样分析发酵饲料对克氏原螯虾生长、肌肉品质、消化力、抗氧化能力及肠道菌群结构的影响。结果显示，(1)发酵饲料水中溶失率显著低于未发酵饲料；(2)发酵饲料显著提高克氏原螯虾增重率和特定生长率，降低饲料系数，但对存活率、肝体比、含肉率和体成分无显著影响；(3)发酵饲料显著提高克氏原螯虾肌肉硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和胶黏性，降低了黏附性；(4)发酵饲料显著提高克氏原螯虾肝胰腺及肠道中胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性，血清和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性，以及肝胰腺总抗氧化能力；(5)发酵饲料显著提高了肠道绒毛长度和宽度；(6)发酵饲料改善了克氏原螯虾肠道微生物结构，显著升高了厚壁菌门和放线菌门相对丰度，同时提高了肠道菌群多样性。研究表明，饲料经发酵处理后可以有效提高克氏原螯虾生长性能、肌肉品质、消化力和抗氧化能力，改善了肠道组织结构，改变了肠道微生物结构，为克氏原螯虾新型环保饲料的生产提供理论依据。     

铜绿微囊藻对克氏原螯虾幼虾存活及成虾几种酶类的影响

为研究铜绿微囊藻对克氏原螯虾的影响,将克氏原螯虾幼虾及成虾暴露在不同浓度的铜绿微囊藻溶液中,研究了铜绿微囊藻对幼虾存活率、外部形态及肝胰腺超微结构的变化和成虾总血细胞密度(THCs)、血清中血蓝蛋白含量、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、酚氧化物酶(PO)以及鳃丝Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明,(1) 高浓度的铜绿微囊藻能显著降低幼虾的存活率。(2) 显微观察表明,1.0×10⁷/mL及以上浓度的铜绿微囊藻液中培养7 d后,幼虾肝胰腺呈现暗红色,并伴有一定的肿大现象,透射电镜显示其肝胰腺细胞受到损伤。(3) 高浓度的铜绿微囊藻能造成应激反应,THCs在暴露1 d后显著升高并稳定在较高水平;血蓝蛋白含量变化不明显,只在5 d时显著低于对照组(P<0.05),PO活性都表现出先显著性增强(P<0.01),回落后又有所增加的波动趋势;血清中的T-SOD活力在1 d后受到抑制,5 d时被激活至较高水平;POD活性都表现出先显著性增强(P<0.01),回落后又有所增加的波动趋势;鳃丝中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性在暴露1 d后显著降低(P<0.01)后回升,并最终维持在较高水平。研究结果表明,高浓度的铜绿微囊藻能造成克氏原螯虾幼虾存活率显著降低并影响其肝胰腺超微结构;而克氏原螯虾成虾对铜绿微囊藻有相对较强的耐受力,血淋巴的酶学变化表明,暴露在铜绿微囊藻水体的成虾经历过应激反应并有逐步适应的过程。     

植物甾醇对克氏原螯虾生长消化、肠肝形态及抗氧化和免疫水平的影响

本研究旨在探究饲料中添加植物甾醇对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生长、消化、抗氧化、免疫及肠肝形态的影响。制备 5 组等氮等脂饲料, 分别为在基础饲料中添加 0% (CON)、0.10% (P1)、0.19% (P2)、0.38% (P3) 和 0.76% (P4)的植物甾醇, 对体均重为(9.37±0.02) g 的克氏原螯虾进行 6 周的养殖实验。结果显示, P1 和 P2 组的增重率、特定生长率显著高于 CON 组(P＜0.05), 且 P2 组实验虾的生长性能最佳。P3 组实验虾肠道蛋白酶活性显著高于 CON 组, 脂肪酶活性显著低于 CON 组(P＜0.05)。P1 组肝胰腺中酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性最高, P2 组血淋巴中酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性最高, 但与 CON 差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。随着植物甾醇添加水平提高, 肝胰腺和血淋巴总超氧化物歧化酶活性与过氧化氢酶活性呈上升趋势, 丙二醛含量呈下降趋势。相较 CON 组, P1 组肠道结构更加健康完整, 植物甾醇水平达到 0.19%及以上时, 克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺与肠道组织形态出现受损状态。 随着植物甾醇水平提高, 肝胰腺的 NF-κB 相对表达水平升高。P1 组 Hsp70 相对表达水平显著高于其他组(P＜0.05)。 研究表明, 本实验条件下添加 0.10%~0.19%植物甾醇可以促进克氏原螯虾的生长消化, 改善肠肝组织形态, 提高克氏原螯虾抗氧化和免疫能力。     

维生素C对克氏原螯虾生长及非特异性免疫机能的影响

为探讨维生素C对克氏原螯虾生长及非特异性免疫机能的影响,以初始体质量(3.19±0.06)g的克氏原螯虾为试验对象,分别投喂维生素C添加量为0(对照),30、60、120、240和480 mg/kg的等能等氮饲料,进行为期60 d的养殖试验。结果表明,饲料维生素C添加水平对克氏原螯虾的存活率(SR)、肝胰腺指数(HSI)、肥满度(CF)及饲料系数(FCR)没有显著影响(P0.05),增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)随饲料维生素C含量增加先上升后下降,其中120 mg/kg组增重率和特定生长率显著高于其他各组(P0.05);克氏原螯虾血浆溶菌酶(LZM)活性以120 mg/kg组最高,且显著高于其他各组(P0.05),酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性变化趋势一致,均以120 mg/kg组最高,显著高于除480 mg/kg组外的其他各组(P0.05);克氏原螯虾肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不受维生素C添加水平影响(P0.05),肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随饲料中维生素C含量的增加先升高后降低,120 mg/kg组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),120 mg/kg组肝胰腺丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。可见,饲料中适量的维生素C(120 mg/kg)可促进克氏原螯虾生长,提高机体免疫和抗氧化能力。     

复方中草药制剂对克氏原螯虾抗白斑综合征感染研究

为评价饲料中添加大黄、黄芩、茵陈、地锦草、白术、板蓝根制成的复方中草药制剂对克氏原螯虾非特异免疫、抗氧化能力和抗白斑综合征病毒感染的效果,在空白饲料中分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的复方中草药连续投喂克氏原螯虾14 d,分析克氏原螯虾血清非特异免疫酶活、肝胰腺抗氧化能力及其对白斑综合征病毒抗感染能力。试验结果显示,以摄食空白饲料的克氏原螯虾为对照,摄食复方中草药制剂的克氏原螯虾血清溶菌酶、酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性分别增加了4.07%～16.20%(P<0.05)、12.96%～31.94%(P<0.05)、32.36%～39.87%(P<0.05)、36.50%～71.94%(P<0.05),肝胰腺总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和总抗氧化能力分别提升了4.39%～25.76%(P<0.05)、32.85%～93.43%(P<0.05)、21.52%～55.10%(P<0.05),肝胰腺丙二醛含量降低了26.22%～45.05%(P<0.05)。此外,复方中草药制剂处理的克氏原螯虾人工感染白斑综合征病毒5 d的存...     

维生素C对克氏原螯虾肝胰腺非特异性免疫的影响

为探究维生素C作为饲料添加剂短期投喂克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)对其肝胰腺非特异性免疫的影响,并寻找出最适的添加量,将规格相同(27 g±3 g)、健康无伤的克氏原螯虾暂养7 d后分5组,对照组投喂基础饲料,4个试验组投喂的饲料为在基础饲料中添加维生素C(添加量分别:0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 g/kg)。投喂5 d后,取试验虾肝胰腺进行免疫相关酶活指标的测定,结果显示:添加0.2 g/kg的维生素C可以显著提升克氏原螯虾肝胰腺中SOD、CAT、T-AOC等抗氧化酶的活性,对于免疫酶ACP、AKP的活力依然有显著提升作用。并且对于肝胰腺中MDA的含量有降低作用(P<0.05)。0.4 g/kg添加组,能够显著提升肝胰腺中CAT活力,并且显著降低MDA含量(P<0.05)。由此可以得出在饲料中添加0.2~0.4 g/kg维生素C可以在一定程度上提升克氏原螯虾肝胰腺的非特异性免疫。     

养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活力和生理生化指标的影响

以体质量(0.015±0.004)g克氏原螯虾幼虾为研究对象,研究了50、100、300、600、900尾/m25种养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活力和生理生化指标的影响,实验周期为30 d。结果显示,克氏原螯虾幼虾的终末体质量随着养殖密度的增大而减小。胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力随着养殖密度的增大表现出减小趋势,纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力在5种养殖密度下变化规律不显著(P>0.05)。克氏原螯虾幼虾体内水分含量在5种养殖密度下差异较小(P>0.05);粗蛋白含量随养殖密度的升高呈增高趋势,由54.02%增高至60.75%(P<0.05);粗脂肪含量不断减少(P<0.05),由26.19%减少至19.19%(P<0.05)。随着养殖密度的增大,克氏原螯虾幼虾肌肉葡萄糖的含量呈下降趋势(P<0.05),甘油三酯、总蛋白、尿素氮和胆固醇含量呈不断增多趋势(P<0.05)。克氏原螯虾幼虾肝胰腺葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总蛋白和尿素氮含量随着养殖密度的增大呈不断增多趋势。结果表明,高密度养殖对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长和消化酶活力具有一定负面影响,体内蛋白、脂肪、葡萄糖和尿素氮等物质的含量也随着养殖密度的增大而发生变化。     

饲料中添加不同水草粉对克氏原螯虾生长、消化酶、抗氧化酶活性及色泽的影响

【目的】为研究饲料中添加不同水草粉对克氏原螯虾生长、消化酶、抗氧化酶活性及色泽的影响,【方法】本研究 通过在饲料中分别添加15%的伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻、苦草、金鱼藻和喜旱莲子草5种水草粉(分别标记为Diet 2~6组),对照组饲料无水草粉添加（标记为Diet 1组）,对克氏原螯虾幼虾进行为期60 d的养殖实验。【结果】结果显示：水草组(Diet 2~6组)成活率(SR)与Diet 1组无显著差异,Diet 3~5组增重率(WGR)及特定生长率(SGR)均与Diet 1组无显著差异,而Diet 3组肝胰腺指数(HSI)显著高于Diet 1组。在肝胰腺中,Diet 2~6组脂肪酶(LPS)活性显著高于Diet 1组,且Diet 5组LPS和α-淀粉酶(α-AL)活性最高,而胃蛋白酶活性为Diet 2组最高,Diet 2~3及5组纤维素酶(CL)活性显著高于Diet 1组;在肠道中,Diet 2~6组4种消化酶活性均低于Diet 1组。Diet 3~6组头胸甲和肌肉总类胡萝卜素、头胸甲虾青素含量及卵巢中总类胡萝卜素、虾青素、叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量均显著高于Diet 1组。Diet 2~6组头胸甲及卵巢的红度(a*值)和黄度(b*值)均显著高于Diet 1组,而亮度(L*值)却低于Diet 1组。在肝胰腺中,Diet 2~6组总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性均显著高于Diet 1组且在Diet 5组最高,Diet 4组总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性最高,Diet 2组丙二醛(MDA)含量最高;血清中,Diet 6组T-AOC活性最高,但各组间T-SOD活性和MDA含量无显著差异。【结论】综上,添加15%轮叶黑藻、苦草和金鱼藻水草粉到饲料中,对克氏原螯虾生长无负面影响,有利于体内类胡萝卜素、虾青素的积累,改善克氏原螯虾头胸甲和卵巢色泽的同时提升抗氧化能力。     

湖北地区温棚养殖与稻田养殖克氏原螯虾生长特性研究

2018年12月—2019年3月间,定期从温棚养殖和稻田养殖的克氏原螯虾中采集599尾样本,测量克氏原螯虾的体质量(y)、全长(x1)、头胸甲长(x2)、头胸甲宽(x3)、腹节总长(x4)、第一腹节长(x5)、第一腹节宽(x6)、尾节长(x7)、第六腹节长(x8)、第六腹节宽(x9)和螯长(x10),探明温棚养殖幼虾与稻田养殖幼虾以及温棚养殖雌雄幼虾的生长特性,以期为克氏原螯虾温棚养殖及单性养殖提供参考。试验结果表明,克氏原螯虾全长(L)和体质量(m)呈幂函数,回归方程为:m=0.0209L3.1132;温棚养殖和稻田养殖克氏原螯虾幼虾均在2—3月生长最快,1月生长最慢;克氏原螯虾幼虾各时期各生长指标温棚养殖幼虾均大于稻田养殖幼虾,至3月,温棚养殖的克氏原螯虾体质量接近稻田养殖的2倍;在温度较低的12月—翌年2月期间,温棚养殖的克氏原螯虾幼虾的平均体质量增加率比稻田养殖的克氏原螯虾幼虾的平均体质量增加率高14.00%,温棚养殖的克氏原螯虾幼虾全长平均增长率比稻田养殖的高3.96%。温棚养殖的各时期雄虾体质量均略高于雌虾,但差异不显著(P>0.05);在所有生长指标中,只有雄性克氏原螯虾螯长一直大于雌性,且自12月后,雌、雄虾螯长间一直存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

不同粒径硬颗粒饲料养殖克氏原螯虾的投饲策略研究

为探究不同粒径硬颗粒饲料投饲策略对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生长性能、消化酶活性和免疫的影响,本实验采用两种粒径饲料(2 mm和3 mm),进行4种不同组合,分别为FS1组(3 mm粒径饲料投喂60 d)、FS2组(2 mm粒径饲料投喂10 d和3 mm粒径饲料投喂50 d)、FS3组(2 mm粒径饲料投喂20 d和3 mm粒径饲料投喂40 d)和FS4组(2 mm粒径饲料投喂30 d和3 mm粒径饲料投喂30 d),对克氏原螯虾幼虾(7.73±0.05) g进行为期60 d的养殖试验。结果显示,各组间存活率、肝体比、肥满度和腹部含肉率均无显著差异。克氏原螯虾增重率和特定生长率均呈现先升高后降低,且在FS2组达到最大值。FS2组和FS3组的饲料系数显著低于其他处理组。各组间肝胰腺淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均无显著性差异,而胰蛋白酶活性先升高后降低且在FS2组达到最高水平。不同粒径硬颗粒饲料投饲策略对血清非特异性免疫酶活性(碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶)、超氧化物歧化酶、总抗氧化能力以及丙二醛含量均无显著影响。与单一粒径组(FS1组)相比,FS3组克氏原螯虾肝胰腺超氧化物歧化...     

Characteristics of the marine environment and algal blooms in Gamak Bay

This study was conducted to gain insight into the characteristics of algal blooms in relation to the marine environment of Gamak Bay. From the first known occurrence of algal blooms in 1984 until 2006, 23 causal species have been identified, the most common ones being Prorocentrum sp., Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema costatum, and Heterosigma akashiwo. A principal component analysis indicated that blooms of these species develop under different conditions in terms of water temperature, salinity, precipitation, and insolation. Field data showed Cochlodinium polykrikoides to be favored by high temperatures and to be euryhaline, whereas Skeletonema costatum appeared to be eurythermal and euryhaline. Prorocentrum sp. and Chaetoceros sp. appeared to be stenothermal and stenohaline. Finally, Heterosigma akashiwo appeared at the lowest temperature and highest salinity of the five species and was classified here as stenothermal and stenohaline.     

Antifreeze proteins in the urine of marine fish

Several species of marine teleosts have evolved blood plasma antifreeze polypeptides which enable them to survive in ice-laden seawater. Four distinct antifreeze protein classes differing in carbohydrate content, amino acid composition, protein sequence and secondary structure are currently known. Although all of these antifreezes are relatively small (2.6–33 kd) it was generally thought that they were excluded from the urine by a variety of glomerular mechanisms. In the present study antifreeze polypeptides were found in the bladder urine of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Since the plasma of each of these fish contains a different antifreeze class it would appear that all four classes of antifreeze can enter the urine. The major antifreeze components in the urine of winter flounder were found to be identical to the major plasma components in terms of high performance liquid chromatography retention times and amino acid composition. It is concluded that plasma antifreeze peptides need not be chemically modified before they can enter the urine.     

Delivery of HUFA, probionts and biomedicine through bioencapsulated Artemia as a means to enhance the growth and survival and reduce the pathogenesity in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae

One of the major problems in the shrimp culture industry is the difficulty in producing high-quality shrimp larvae. In larviculture, quality feeds containing a high content of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and ingredients that stimulate stress and disease resistance are essential to produce healthy shrimp larvae. In the present study, Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL15) were fed for 25 days on an unenriched Artemia diet (control; A) or on a diet of Artemia enriched with either HUFA-rich liver oil of the trash fish Odonus niger (B), probionts [Lactobacillus acidophilus (C1) or yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (C2)] or biomedicinal herbal products (D) that have anti-stress, growth-promoting and anti-microbial characteristics. P. monodon postlarvae fed unenriched Artemia exhibited the lowest weight gain (227.9 ± 8.30 mg) and specific growth rate (9.95 ± 0.05%), while those fed the HUFA-enriched Artemia (B) exhibited the highest weight gain and specific growth rate (362.34 ± 12.56 mg and 11.77 ± 0.08%, respectively). At the end of the 25-day rearing experiment, the shrimp postlarvae (PL40) were subjected to a salinity stress study. At both low and high (0 and 50‰) salinities, the group fed the control diet (A) experienced the highest cumulative mortality indices (CMI) 935.7 ± 2.1 and 1270.7 ± 3.1, respectively. Those fed diet D showed the lowest stress-induced mortality, and CMI were reduced by 31.1 and 32.3% under conditions of low and high salinity stress, respectively. A 10-day disease challenge test was conducted with the P. monodon postlarvae (PL40–PL50) by inoculating the shrimp with the pathogen Vibrio harveyi at the rate of 10⁵–10⁷ CFU/ml in all rearing tanks. P. monodon postlarvae fed probiont-encapsulated Artemia diets (C1 and C2) exhibited the highest survival (94.3 and 82.3%, respectively) and lowest pathogen load (V. harveyi) in hepatopancreas (5.2 × 10² ± 9.0 × 10 and 4.6 × 10² ± 9.0 × 10 CFU g⁻¹, respectively) and muscle (2.0 × 10² ± 6 × 10 and 1.7 × 10² ± 8.6 × 10 CFU g⁻¹, respectively) tissues. The shrimp that were fed the unenriched Artemia (Control; A) showed the lowest survival (26.33%) and highest bacterial load in the hepatopancreas (1.0 × 10⁵ ± 5 × 10³ CFU g⁻¹) and muscle (3.6 × 10⁴ ± 6 × 10² CFU g⁻¹). The shrimp fed the herbal product (D)-enriched Artemia also exhibited enhanced survival and reduced V. harveyi load in the tissues tested compared to the control diet (A) group. The results are discussed in terms of developing a quality larval feed to produce healthy shrimp larvae.     

Bioaugmentation in the growth and water quality of livebearing ornamental fishes

Bacillus subtilis isolated from the intestine of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was incorporated into the rearing water of Poecilia reticulata (Peters), Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes), Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) and Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther) at four different concentrations (5 × 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁷ cells ml⁻¹, 5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ and 5 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹) and its effect on fish growth performance and survival, water quality parameters and bacterial population of water were assessed. The results showed that the addition of bacterial cells in the rearing water resulted in greater survival and a faster growth rate and, hence, greater length and weight increments of the livebearers. The use of a bioaugmentor in the rearing water of the livebearing fishes resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of dissolved organic matter and total ammonium nitrogen. The counts of motile aeromonads and total coliforms recorded in the water of bioaugmented tanks were also lower than that in the control tank. Bioaugmentation between 10⁶ and 10⁸ cells ml⁻¹ in the rearing water is sufficient in establishing a bioaugmentor and the use of a higher concentration of bacterial cells did not always lead to significantly better results.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于线粒体COⅠ和Cytb基因序列的北太平洋柔鱼种群遗传结构研究

为准确掌握柔鱼的种群遗传结构,拟通过线粒体DNA的COI和Cytb基因序列分析方法对柔鱼不同产卵季节群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究。经PCR扩增与测序分别获得600 bp COI与481 bp Cytb基因序列。基于COI基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为24、(0.729 ±0.033)、(0.005 70 ± 0.003 25)和3.421。基于Cytb基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为28、(0.852 ± 0.016)、(0.006 45 ± 0.003 73)和3.101。分析认为, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体均具有较高的单倍型多样性指数和较低的核苷酸多样性指数。单倍型邻接树、两两群体间的F_st值以及AMOVA分析结果均表明, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体间的遗传差异不显著, 不存在显著的群体遗传结构。初步认为, 该海域因缺乏地理上的障碍, 加之北太平洋海流的作用以及柔鱼个体较强的游泳能力, 使得群体之间具有较强的基因流。     

Henneguya pseudorhinogobii n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) parasitizing the gills of the freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp. OR from the Nagara River and redescription of Henneguyarhinogobii

Two types of infection with myxosporean parasites, which were different in cyst size, were found from the gill of Rhinogobius sp. OR collected from the Nagara River, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. A myxosporean forming large-type cysts in the gill filament was morphologically identified as Henneguya rhinogobii. Another myxosporean forming small-type cysts was found to be parasitic in the gill lamella. Average spore sizes of the latter myxosporean were 15.8 (range 14.2–17.8) μm in length, 5.3 (4.7–5.8) μm in width, 6.5 (5.9–7.6) μm in polar capsule length and 34.9 (25.3–42.9) μm in caudal appendage length, which were almost identical to those of H. rhinogobii. However, the two were distinguishable by the location in the gill (intrafilamental or intralamellar) and by the difference in the sequence of SSU rDNA (about 96% similarity). We propose the myxosporean forming intralamellar small-type cysts as Henneguya pseudorhinogobii n. sp. and redescribe H. rhinogobii by morphological and molecular studies.     

东太平洋公海茎柔鱼种群遗传结构初步研究

根据2009年7月到10月我国大型鱿钓渔船在东太平洋(81.9°～94.9°W,8.9°N～11.3°S)秘鲁和哥斯达黎加外海作业期间采集的样本,利用线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的724 bp部分序列,分析了采自秘鲁7个采样点和哥斯达黎加3个采样点的155个个体的序列多样性与种群遗传结构.结果显示,724 bp片段中发现了16个变异位点,155个个体出现43个单倍型.序列多样性分析结果揭示,155个个体的平均单倍型多样性指数为0.873,核苷酸多样性指数为0.003 69.群体间共享6个单倍型,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼群体享有最多特有单倍型(20个).分子方差分析揭示,82.70％的遗传变异性出现在种群内;群体间的FST分析揭示部分秘鲁群体与哥斯达黎加群体,部分秘鲁群体间存在着显著的遗传分化;而哥斯达黎加群体内部不存在显著的遗传分化.     

抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶系统的影响

本研究以单种抑食金球藻及其与亚心形四爿藻的混合藻为实验组,以亚心形四爿藻为对照,探究抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响。结果显示,抑食金球藻显著影响翡翠贻贝的SOD活性、MDA和GSH含量,各实验组均表现出诱导升高与抑制降低交替出现的规律。单种高、中浓度的抑食金球藻在短期(3 h)内即可对翡翠贻贝的SOD活性产生影响,混合藻组中的SOD活性上升较慢,说明亚心形四爿藻可以延滞氧化还原系统的反应时间。各实验组翡翠贻贝GSH含量在2 d内均显著低于对照组,且混合藻组与单种抑食金球藻组相差不大,提示亚心形四爿藻对抗氧化还原损伤并未起到明显的缓解作用。     

中国明对虾Dscam基因的克隆及其在免疫致敏(类免疫)诱导反应中的表达分析

为了研究对虾免疫致敏过程中Dscam基因的表达规律,实验采用同源克隆和RACE技术获得了中国明对虾Dscam基因c DNA全长序列,并对该序列进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,中国明对虾Dscam基因的c DNA全长为6 624 bp,其中包括171 bp的5′端非编码区,459 bp的3′端非编码区,开放阅读框的长度为5 994 bp,编码1 996个氨基酸。推测该基因编码的蛋白含有一个信号肽、10个Ig结构域、6个FNIII功能区、1个胞质尾区和1个跨膜结构域。同源性分析及系统进化分析表明,Dscam基因与节肢动物的Dscam基因首先聚为一类,且与凡纳滨对虾的同源性最高,为92.4%。连续投喂6 d热灭活白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)饵料来诱导免疫致敏反应,在0、6和12 d及二次感染后的12、24、48、72和168 h分别取样,用RT-PCR的方法检测中国明对虾Dscam的相对表达量。结果显示,诱导感染组Dscam基因在第12天开始上调,且与阴性对照组和未诱导感染组差异显著;二次感染后24 h,Dscam基因的相对表达量达到最大值,与阴性对照组和未诱导感染组差异显著;48 h后基因表达量开始下降,但表达量仍高于阴性对照组和未诱导感染组。实验表明,中国明对虾存在Dscam基因,并在免疫致敏过程中发挥重要作用。