狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

叶柄电导法鉴定橡胶无性系抗寒力的初步研究

橡胶叶柄切段比叶圆片更适于作电导法材料。0℃/45h低温强度能鉴定出品系抗寒力差异。电解质渗出率、伤害率及相对抗性指标适用于橡胶无性系抗寒性测定。     

海雀稗种质资源耐镉性评价及生理机制初步分析

海雀稗是重要的暖季型草坪草,为筛选耐镉海雀稗优质资源,本试验在海雀稗耐镉评价体系优化的基础上,对23份海雀稗种质资源进行耐镉性评价,并初步探讨了其耐镉生理机制。结果表明,低浓度镉（0.50~1.50 mmol/L）处理时,海雀稗叶片枯黄率有显著差异,镉浓度为0.50 mmol/L与1.50 mmol/L时坪用质量无显著差异,镉浓度为1.00 mmol/L与1.50 mmol/L时坪用质量无显著差异,坪用质量与枯黄率在镉浓度为1.50~2.00 mmol/L均有显著差异,高浓度镉（2.0~3.0 mmol/L）处理时枯黄率差异显著,镉浓度为2.00 mmol/L与2.50 mmol/L、2.50 mmol/L与3.00 mmol/L时坪用质量间无显著差异。以叶片枯黄率50%为标准,通过建立回归方程求得临界浓度为1.5 mmol/L。选用坪用质量较好的23份海雀稗种质资源进行耐镉性评价,结果表明1.50 mmol/L镉胁迫条件下,不同材料之间耐镉能力差异明显,USA17-2、USA17-30、USA17-37、USA17-41和USA17-45相对坪用质量高,枯黄率低于45.00%,对镉耐性强;USA17-22、USA17-24、USA17-42、HN17-35和US17-47相对坪用质量低,最高枯黄率达到83.33%,对镉耐性最弱。通过对耐镉能力极端资源的脯氨酸及叶绿素含量测定发现,镉胁迫后耐镉海雀稗中脯氨酸和叶绿素含量显著高于镉敏感型海雀稗,推测维持高的脯氨酸和叶绿素含量是海雀稗耐镉的重要生理机制。本研究结果为选育优良耐镉海雀稗品种提供参考。     

甘蓝型油菜抗寒性鉴定方法的建立和种质资源筛选

为筛选可利用的抗寒种质资源,建立了甘蓝型油菜抗寒性鉴定方法：将3叶期到4叶期的幼苗经4℃预处理（低温锻炼）24h,然后分别做4种冷冻处理（-2℃1h、-2℃1h+-4℃1h、-2℃1h+-4℃1h +-6℃1h）,随后统计存活率,计算抗寒指数,评估抗寒性。通过该方法对来自国内外的226份油菜资源进行抗寒性评价,结果表明：4种冷冻处理下,供试材料的存活率差别明显,抗寒指数范围是0~52。从中筛选出6份强抗寒性的种质,抗寒指数大于33;根据不同生态区划分,冬性、半冬性和春性材料的平均抗寒指数分别为8.10、7.70和9.10,春性材料抗寒性最优,也说明鉴定方法具有准确性。     

甘蔗种质耐寒性试验研究

113个甘蔗种质剥芽后浸泡于冷水中24小时，并在-3℃低温下处理12小时后定植于田间，根据低温处理后萌芽率的高低确定耐寒性强弱。结果表明，113个材料中，耐寒性强的28个，中等的54个，弱的31个。     

北方杂草稻种子抗冻性的初步研究

以辽宁杂草稻WR04-23和WR04-33为试验材料,以栽培稻秋光为对照,研究了低温对种子萌发、萌发时a-淀粉酶活性和相对电解质渗出率的影响。在25℃条件下浸种12 h后冷冻处理,参试的两个杂草稻的发芽率和成苗率均在50.0%以上,而对照品种秋光的发芽率为0%。在相同处理条件下,杂草稻种子的a-淀粉酶活性远远高于秋光,而相对电解质渗出率则低于秋光。结果表明,杂草稻种子比对照品种对冻害有更强的耐受能力,这可能是其在北方稻区顺利越冬并繁衍的重要因素之一。     

橡胶树不同品种抗寒性综合鉴定

采用室内人工模拟低温胁迫下鉴定品种寒害平均级、可溶性糖含量、自由水/束缚水比值、电解质渗出率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及田间鉴定品种寒害平均级等6个指标对31个橡胶树品种的抗寒性进行综合评价.结果表明,93-114、云研77-2、闽林71-22、热研7-18-55、热研2-14-39和五星I3等品种的抗寒性比较强,热研78-3-5、RRIC100、Tjly1和BPM24等品种的抗寒性比较弱.     

鄂西山区12份苎麻属野生种抗逆性研究初报

以鄂西山区收集的12份苎麻属野生种质资源为材料,应用电导法研究了野生材料在高温和低温条件下细胞膜透性的变化.并对这些材料进行了抗炭疽病鉴定.结果表明:在高温处理时所测定的苎麻属野生种的相对电解质渗出率变化范围较大,其中HR-03-03(栽培种野生类型)的耐高温能力最强;低温处理时,不同材料的相对电解质渗出率也存在较大差异,其中HR-01-02、HR-01-04(序叶苎麻)等两份材料耐低温能力较强;不同材料对苎麻炭疽病的抗性差异显著,序叶苎麻和艾麻发病时间晚,病情指数相对较低,其中HR-01-03和HR-01-04的病情指数最低,而两个栽培种野生类型为苎麻炭疽病的高感材料.     

鄂西山区12份苎麻属野生种抗逆性研究初报

以鄂西山区收集的12份苎麻属野生种质资源为材料,应用电导法研究了野生材料在高温和低温条件下细胞膜透性的变化,并对这些材料进行了抗炭疽病鉴定。结果表明:在高温处理时所测定的苎麻属野生种的相对电解质渗出率变化范围较大,其中HR-03-03(栽培种野生类型)的耐高温能力最强;低温处理时,不同材料的相对电解质渗出率也存在较大差异,其中HR-01-02、HR-01-04(序叶苎麻)等两份材料耐低温能力较强;不同材料对苎麻炭疽病的抗性差异显著,序叶苎麻和艾麻发病时间晚,病情指数相对较低,其中HR-01-03和HR-01-04的病情指数最低,而两个栽培种野生类型为苎麻炭疽病的高感材料。     

施磷水平对不同基因型花生种子发芽期耐寒能力的影响

以3种基因型(耐寒型、中间型和敏感型)共10份花生种子为材料,于6个浓度梯度的过磷酸钙溶液(0浓度为对照)浸泡进行发芽试验,以露白率,发芽率及相对发芽率为指标,研究了在常温(25℃)浸种与低温(2℃)浸种下不同基因型花生种质发芽能力。结果表明:在种子吸胀萌发期,25℃/72h平均露白率由高到低为P2P3P4P1P5P0;2℃/72h平均露白率由高到低P4P2P5P3P1P0,无论常温浸种还是低温浸种,72h露白率都高于对照水平。3种基因型的10份花生种质25℃/120h发芽率明显高于2℃/120h发芽率,经低温处理后,耐寒型种质(S8,B1,Y4)和中间型种质(E4,Q2)发芽率高于中间型种质(H56)和敏感型种质(H33,J11,J19,J4),且敏感型种质随磷浓度的增高种子的发芽率随之增高。通过露白率与发芽率的相关性分析发现,针对不同基因型可以增施不同浓度的磷肥来提高花生种子发芽期的耐寒能力,耐寒型种质以P3最明显,中间型种质以P2最明显,敏感型种质以P5最明显。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。