Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus (L.)) population densities and winter wheat yields

Grain yields of a soft white winter wheat cultivar, cv. Ionia, susceptible to cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus (L.)), were determined when the crop was subjected to four controlled infestation levels of the beetle in caged plots over a 3-year period in Michigan. Although identical infestation procedures and insect numbers were used each year, the intensity of larval infestation and feeding damage varied with the year. Significant (P < 0·01) grain losses occurred in plots that had at least 9·0 larvae per stem. The greatest yield loss was 45% and occurred with 15 larvae per stem and 85% feeding damage. Beetle damage had a greater effect on kernel weight than on the other yield components. Although economic thresholds should be conservative to allow for environmental variations, it appears that soft white winter wheat can often withstand beetle infestation levels greater than the current economic threshold of three or more eggs and largae per stem before the boot stage or one or more large larvae per flag leaf during heading.     

Interactions between crop biomass and development of foliar diseases in winter wheat and the potential to graduate the fungicide dose according to crop biomass

Foliar pathogens such as Zymoseptoria tritici and Puccinia striiformis causing septoria leaf blotch and yellow rust respectively can cause serious yield reduction in winter wheat production, and control of the diseases often requires several fungicide applications during the growing season. Control is typically carried out using a constant fungicide dose in the entire field although there may be large differences in crop development and biomass across the field. The objective of the study reported in this paper was to test whether the fungicide dose response curve controlling septoria leaf blotch and other foliar diseases in winter wheat was dependent on crop development and biomass level. If such a biomass dependent dose response was found it was further the purpose to evaluate the potential to optimize fungicide inputs in winter wheat crops applying a site-specific crop density dependent fungicide dose. The study was carried out investigating fungicide dose response controlling foliar diseases in winter wheat at three biomass densities obtained growing the crop at three nitrogen levels and using variable seed rates. Further the field experiments included three fungicide dose rates at each biomass level, an untreated control, and 75%, 50% and 33% of the recommended fungicide dose rate and the experiments were replicated for three years. Crop biomass had a significant influence on occurrence of septoria and yellow rust with greater disease severity at increasing crop biomass. In two of three years, the interaction of crop biomass and fungicide dose rate had a significant influence on disease severity indicating a biomass-dependent dose response. The interaction occurred in the two years with high yield potential in combination with severe disease attack. If the variation in crop density and biomass level obtained in the study is representative of the variation found cultivating winter wheat in heterogeneous fields, then there seems to be scope for optimizing fungicide input against foliar diseases site-specific adapting the dose according to crop density/biomass.     

冬小麦冠层降水截留性能研究

为定量分析冬小麦冠层降水截留量,采用"简易吸水法"分别研究了冬小麦单茎和群体的冠层截留性能,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,在冬小麦抽穗前,叶数对单茎截留量影响显著(P<0.05),而对截留率影响不明显。在叶数相同条件下,单茎截留量在不同生育期间差异显著(P<0.01)。冬小麦单茎截留量随叶面积的增大而增大,而叶面积对截留率影响不显著。冬小麦单茎截留量与株高、鲜重呈线性正相关,相应截留率则与株高、鲜重呈线性负相关;群体截留量与叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部生物量呈线性正相关,相应截留率则与LAI、地上部生物量呈线性负相关。从拔节至成熟,冬小麦冠层截留量先增加后减少,最大冠层截留量出现在抽穗期(1.28mm),且不同生育期截留量差异极显著(P<0.01);相应截留率在不同生育期的变化无规律,各生育期间差异不显著。     

Drainage and irrigation performance of hybrid ditches in converted paddy fields under winter wheat cultivation in Hokkaido

Paddy fields converted into winter wheat fields in Hokkaido, Japan, receive extremely high snowfall, creating a risk of flood damage to crops in spring due to waterlogging of snowmelt runoff and poor drainage. Meanwhile, in June there is relatively little rainfall, and a lack of moisture inhibits winter wheat growth. Therefore, we developed a method involving a series of 30-cm-deep ditches in agricultural fields to be used for drainage during the flood-prone period and for furrow irrigation during the dry period using water drawn from the canals that feed the paddy fields. The ditches are called ‘hybrid ditches’ as they are able to perform both drainage and irrigation functions. In this study, we investigated the optimal construction timing and spacing for hybrid ditches. We also evaluated their ability to improve the drainage and irrigation of winter wheat. We found that the optimal timing for digging hybrid ditches is immediately after sowing, and the inter-ditch spacing for irrigation should be 15 m or less. The hybrid ditches promoted increased soil temperature and healthy development of wheat plants by improving drainage during the flood-prone period. In addition, water was successfully supplied via the hybrid ditches to irrigate the fields in June. Under experimental conditions in which rainfall was excluded, grain yield was 10% higher and percent protein content was more than 1% point greater in the irrigated plot compared with the non-irrigated plot. Grain yield was also observed to increase by 3–29% in demonstration tests conducted at local farms. From these results, we conclude that hybrid ditches are capable of improving the growth and yield of winter wheat by improving drainage and providing irrigation in converted paddy fields in Hokkaido.     

Using stress tolerance indicator (STI) to select high grain yield iron-deficiency tolerant wheat genotypes in calcareous soils

Despite large variation among crop genotypes in response to Fe fertilization, there is no reliable indicator for identifying Fe-deficiency tolerant wheat genotypes with high grain yield. The aim of this investigation was to compare the grain yield response of 20 spring and 30 winter bread wheat genotypes to Fe fertilization under field conditions and to select high grain yield Fe-deficiency tolerant genotypes using a stress tolerance indicator (STI). Two individual trials, each one consisting two field plot experiments, were conducted during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons. Spring wheat genotypes (Trial l) and winter wheat genotypes (Trial 2) were planted at two different locations. Two Fe rates (0 and 20 kg Fe ha⁻¹ as Fe-EDTA) were applied. Spring and winter wheat genotypes differed significantly (P < 0.01) in the grain yield both with and without added Fe treatments. Application of Fe fertilizer increased grain yield of spring wheat genotypes by an average of 211 and 551 kg ha⁻¹ in Karaj and Isfahan locations, respectively. By Fe application, the mean grain yield of winter wheat genotypes increased 532 and 798 kg ha⁻¹ in Karaj and Isfahan sites, respectively. Iron efficiency (Fe-EF) significantly differed among wheat genotypes and ranged from 65% to 113% for spring wheat and from 69% to 125% for winter wheat genotypes. No significant correlation was found between Fe-EF and grain yield of spring wheat genotypes under Fe deficient conditions. For winter wheat genotypes grown in Mashhad, Fe-efficiency was not significantly correlated with the grain yield produced without added Fe treatment. The STI was significantly (P < 0.01) varied among spring and winter wheat genotypes. The interaction between location and genotype had no significant effect on the STI. According to these results, the STI should be considered as an effective criterion for screening programs, if a high potential grain yield together with more stable response to Fe fertilization in different environments is desired.     

河北省小麦冠腐病田间发生消长动态监测

为了明确小麦-玉米连作种植模式下小麦冠腐病的发生危害规律及防治时期,采用田间定点、定期调查的方法,对该病害的田间消长动态进行了监测。结果表明,在2015-2016和2016-2017两个小麦生长季中,3个监测点小麦冠腐病的病株率和病情指数随小麦生育期推移呈上升趋势,春季小麦返青以后冠腐病的发生逐渐加重,拔节-灌浆期小麦冠腐病的发生快速增长。年度间小麦冠腐病的发生程度逐年加重,与2014-2015生长季灌浆期、2015-2016年相比,2016-2017年沧县监测点病株率变化不大,病害的病情指数增长1.0;宁晋监测点病株率增长1.8%~12.2%,病情指数增长0.9~4.3;景县监测点病株率增长21.3%~33.6%,病情指数增长13.5~14.6。在各监测点,随着年度间病害发生程度的加重,引起冠腐病的病原菌镰刀菌的分离频率也随之增加。     

倒春寒发生时期和次数对冬小麦产量性状的影响

为了解倒春寒发生时期和次数对冬小麦产量性状的影响,以45个冬小麦品种(系)为材料,室内模拟倒春寒的发生,调查和分析不同倒春寒处理后冬小麦株高、有效穗数、生物产量、籽粒产量等性状的变化.结果表明,随着低温处理时间的推迟和次数的增加,抽穗期均值相应递延1d.早期(3月初即拔节期)和晚期(4月初即孕穗期)发生的倒春寒都会造成产量不同程度下降,以早期倒春寒影响更为严重,产量降幅达19.9％,而晚期倒春寒使产量降低8.9％.发生两次倒春寒时减产效应累加,产量分别较对照、早期倒春寒和晚期倒春寒降低28.3％、10.6％和21.4％.早期倒春寒的减产作用主要是因为穗数降低,而晚期倒春寒主要是因为穗粒数降低.周麦23号由于其春季晚发快长特性,受倒春寒的影响较小.因此,在新品种选育时,应注意减少选择冬季表现为半冬性、而春季表现为早发快长的弱冬性品系,以减轻倒春寒的危害.     

不同土壤肥力下施氮量对小麦产量和品质的影响

为探究氮肥在不同土壤肥力条件下对小麦的增产提质效应,以强筋小麦品种丰德存麦5号和中筋小麦品种百农207为供试材料,分别在三个地点设置0、180 、240和300 kg·hm^-2 四个施氮水平,研究了不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,地点、品种和施氮量均对小麦产量有显著影响,其中地点的影响最大,其次是施氮量,品种最小。在高肥力麦田,施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2时产量最高,中高肥力麦田和低肥力麦田均以施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。不施氮肥条件下,品质指标以高肥力麦田较高,低肥力麦田最低,表明基础肥力高有利于改善小麦品质。施用氮肥均显著提高了小麦籽粒中的蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量,延长了形成时间和稳定时间,各试验点表现一致。利用主成分分析将小麦品质性状转化为蛋白质因子和面粉粉质因子,结果表明,在低肥力麦田,施氮量对蛋白质因子的增强效应较大,在中高肥力麦田,施氮量能均衡提高蛋白质因子和粉质因子;在高肥力麦田,施氮量对小麦粉质因子的增强效应较大。不论土壤肥力高低,均以施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时小麦品质性状最优。     

Lindane seed treatment for control of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) on wheat in the Pacific Northwest

Seventeen field trials were conducted at 14 sites in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington to assess efficacy of lindane (gamma HCH) as a seed treatment for control of wireworms on wheat. The performance of lindane-treated seeds was compared with that of seeds treated with fungicide only, in plots treated with fonofos before planting and in untreated control plots. Plant stands were affected negatively by wireworms in control plots in different locations. Generally, lindane and fonofos protected spring wheat but not winter wheat against wireworms, based on plant stand counts and yields. Plant counts in lindane plots were significantly greater than those in control plots in six out of seven spring wheat trials, but in only one out of 10 winter wheat trials. Yields were significantly greater in two spring wheat trials and one winter wheat trial. Performance of fonofos was similar to that of lindane.     

Control of volunteer cereals with post-emergence herbicides in maize (Zea mays L.)

Volunteer winter cereals are found sporadically in maize (Zea mays L.) fields across southern Ontario. Seven field trials were conducted over a two-year period (2006 and 2007) at four locations to determine the efficacy of five acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides for the control of volunteer cereals applied at two post-emergence application timings (2–4 and 4–7 maize leaf tips). The volunteer cereals were a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (‘Hyland AC Morley’), soft red winter wheat (‘Pioneer 25R47’), soft white winter wheat (‘Pioneer 25W41’), and a autumn rye (Secale cereale L.) (‘FR’) cultivar. Volunteer cereal competition in maize resulted in a yield reduction of up to 44%. Foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron, nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron provided greater than 70% control of the volunteer cereals at 56 days after treatment (DAT), while primisulfuron and rimsulfuron provided greater than 60% control. Volunteer cereal control with early and late application was greater than 82 and 61%, respectively. Hard red winter wheat was the most sensitive to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides with control of 84–93%. Soft red and soft white winter wheat cultivars were intermediate in sensitivity with control of 76–87%, while autumn rye was the least sensitive with control of at 56–71% control at 56 DAT. Maize yields were improved when volunteer cereals were controlled with the use of herbicides compared to the weedy control, but were lower than the weed-free control. Early herbicide application resulted in improved control of volunteer cereals and higher maize yield.     

2013-2015年中国冬小麦种子发芽率及高活力关联物理性状的检测

为了解中国冬小麦种子市场的种子质量情况,连续三年(2013-2015)收集全国冬小麦主产区市场上的冬小麦种子样品共计756份,进行了种子发芽率普查和活力检测,并对与品种种子高活力相关联的物理性状进行了分析.结果表明,全国冬小麦种子标准发芽率在三年内有所提升,分别为83.6％、92.8％和93.0％;在不同地区收集到的同一冬小麦品种种子标准发芽率基本一致,但其耐盐性、抗旱性和耐老化能力均在地区间略有差异.在与种子活力有关的物理性状中,千粒重和种子厚度与种子活力相关性高且稳定.当种子萌发期条件较好时,千粒重49.54～50.30 g、厚度3.20～3.29 mm的冬小麦种子萌发较好;当种子萌发期逆境胁迫较强时,则应选择千粒重33.83～34.50 g、厚度2.76～2.84 mm的冬小麦品种.     

Effects of harvest and sowing time on the performance of the rotation of winter wheat–summer maize in the North China Plain

Rotation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) is the prevailing double-cropping system in the North China Plain. Typically, winter wheat is planted at the beginning of October and harvested during early June. Maize is planted immediately after wheat and harvested around 25th of September. The growing season of maize is limited to about 100–110 days. How to rectify the sowing date of winter wheat and the harvest time of summer maize are two factors to achieve higher grain yield of the two crops. Three-year field experiments were carried out to compare the grain yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and economic return under six combinations of the harvest time of summer maize and sowing date of winter wheat from 2002 to 2005. Yield of winter wheat was similar for treatments of sowing before 10th of October. Afterwards, yield of winter wheat was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by 0.5% each day delayed in sowing. The kernel weight of maize was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by about 0.6% each day delayed from harvest before 5th of October. After 10th of October, kernel weight of maize was not significantly increased with the delay in harvest because of the lower temperature. The kernel weight of maize with thermal time was in a quadratic relationship. Total seasonal ET of winter wheat was reduced by 2.5 mm/day delayed in sowing and ET of maize was averagely increased by 2.0 mm/day delayed in harvest. The net income, benefit–cost and net profit per millimetre of water used of harvest maize at the beginning of October and sowing winter wheat around 10th of October were greater compared with other treatments. Then the common practice of harvest maize and sowing winter wheat in the region could be delayed by 5 days correspondingly.     

Effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars and seeding rate on yield loss from Galium aparine (cleavers)

Galium aparine L. is a troublesome broadleaved weed in winter wheat fields and other winter-sown crops in Eurasia and North America. Field experiments were conducted in Havza and Kavak, Samsun-Turkey, to evaluate the effect of different densities of G. aparine on the productivity of four wheat cultivars and to determine the effects of different seeding rates of wheat cultivars on the competitive ability of G. aparine. In experiments over 3 years, the wheat cultivar Panda was taller at maturity than other cultivars at both sites. Although Bezostaja was naturally shorter than other cultivars, its height decreased less due to competition from G. aparine than other cultivars. Wheat grain yields increased with seeding rate, either in the presence or in the absence of G. aparine at both locations. Based on wheat yields the relative competitiveness of the wheat cultivars was Bezostaja>Momtchill=Panda>Kate A-l. G. aparine biomass and seed numbers were reduced by an increase in the wheat seeding rate and by cultivar effects.     

皖北砂姜黑土地冬小麦生育期尺度干旱指标研究

为给砂姜黑土区小麦干旱灾害监测、预警、评估等工作提供参考,利用代表站点的气象资料、冬小麦生育期观测资料和麦田不同时期土壤水分测定资料,采用平均值、点聚图、有序样本最优聚类等方法,建立了皖北砂姜黑土地冬小麦生育期尺度的土壤水分、降水量负距平百分率、麦田水分盈亏率干旱指标,并分为轻旱、中旱、重旱和特旱4个等级。经检验,降水量负距平百分率指标和水分亏缺率指标的平均正确率均在80%以上,2种指标对重旱和长期干旱具有较强的解释能力。同时,给出了不同生育期发生不同等级干旱时的减产率参考值。     

Scaring brent geese Branta bernicla from fields of winter wheat with tape

Cost-effective scaring of brent geese from fields of winter wheat was achieved by suspending long lines of red tape across the field, under experimental conditions where there were untaped fields of wheat available. However, when all the fields were tapped the geese eventually grazed in the taped fields but at a lower grazing intensity than in years when this scaring method was not employed.     

县域冬小麦生物量动态变化遥感估测研究

为给生产管理中及时掌握县域冬小麦长势的动态变化提供有效手段,以江苏省沭阳县为研究区,基于冬小麦生物量形成的生理生态过程,重构冬小麦生物量遥感估测模型。选用两景不同时相的HJ星影像数据,利用植被指数反演的LAI数据,对冬小麦生物量模型进行参数修订,并对县域冬小麦拔节期生物量的空间分布进行估测。在此基础上,进一步估测冬小麦抽穗期生物量分布特征及其动态变化特点。结果表明：（1）冬小麦拔节期生物量估测值和观测值范围分别为2 054.3~4 828.3 和1 962.5~4 568.4 kg·hm^-2 ,平均值分别为3 148和3 045.5 kg·hm^-2 ,RMSE为214.8 kg·hm^-2 ,决定系数为0.919 1,表明冬小麦生物量模型模拟精度较好;（2）冬小麦抽穗期生物量较拔节期发生明显变化,其中长势变化快的田块面积为20 108.7hm,占总种植面积的23.4%。春季气候因素的转好以及肥水措施的实施对冬小麦营养与生殖共生阶段的生长起到明显促进作用。说明本研究提出的基于遥感反演信息与生长模型协同的冬小麦生物量估测方法能有效估测县域冬小麦不同生长时期生物量的空间分布及其动态变化。     

硬质小麦籽粒阿拉伯木聚糖含量的遗传变异研究

为了更好地理解环境和基因型对小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量的影响,为小麦品质改良提供科学依据,采用比色法测定了美国西部51个硬质小麦品种的阿拉伯木聚糖组分含量,这些小麦品种包括冬小麦和春小麦,分别被种植在3个不同的地点.结果表明,参试冬小麦品种水溶性和总阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异范围分别为0.39%～0.81%和3.09%～4.04%,春小麦品种这两种木聚糖含量范围分别为0.48%～0.92%和3.94%～4.70%.小麦籽粒阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异同时受品种、环境及其互作效应的显著影响,环境效应太于品种效应.小麦品种间阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异主要表现在水溶性组分上.就不同组分而言,基因型对水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖组分的影响相对较大,环境则分别对冬小麦水不溶性、春小麦水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖组分有较大的影响.品种间和环境间阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异,冬小麦大于春小麦;水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的遗传型方差春小麦大于冬小麦.冬、春小麦的水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的广义遗传力均大于95%,通过遗传育种的方法改良小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量是可行的.冬小麦与春小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量的平均值之间无明显差异.     

湖北省冬小麦田杂草种类与群落特征

为明确湖北省冬小麦田杂草的发生危害现状和群落组成特征,运用倒置"W"9点取样法对该省冬小麦主产区麦田杂草群落进行了调查。结果表明,湖北省冬麦田杂草有16科39种,其中禾本科杂草占18%,阔叶杂草占82%。相对多度达15以上的杂草依次为猪殃殃、牛繁缕、日本看麦娘、野老鹳草、野燕麦和大巢菜等6种,其中猪殃殃、牛繁缕和日本看麦娘的相对多度分别为74.19、51.66和30.36,为优势种类。     

渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为研究渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对小麦产量及其构成因素的定量化影响,以扬麦13号为供试品种,在拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期,开展不同渍害胁迫持续时间（0、5、10和15 d）的盆栽试验,观测不同渍害胁迫处理下小麦产量及其构成因素的变化。结果表明,不同生育时期发生渍害胁迫均可导致小麦减产,且随渍害胁迫时间的延长,小麦产量下降均达到显著水平（P<0.05）。渍害胁迫造成的减产呈现为孕穗期>拔节期>灌浆期,渍害胁迫每增加1天,孕穗期、拔节期和灌浆期小麦单株产量分别下降0.79、0.59和0.48 g,表明孕穗期是小麦渍害胁迫的敏感期。此外,不同生育时期渍害胁迫对小麦产量构成的影响存在明显差异。拔节期渍害胁迫同时降低小麦株穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,但主要通过降低小麦穗粒数造成产量下降;灌浆期渍害胁迫对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响较小,主要通过降低千粒重造成小麦产量下降;孕穗期处于小麦从营养生长转为生殖生长阶段,此时发生渍害胁迫,对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响大于灌浆期,对千粒重的影响大于拔节期,因此,孕穗期渍害胁迫造成小麦减产最严重。为预防渍害胁迫造成小麦严重减产,应在孕穗期前后密切关注天气状况,在田间及时开沟排水。     

冬小麦雪腐病苗期抗病性鉴定方法及抗病种质资源筛选

为了筛选冬小麦雪腐病人工接种抗病性鉴定方法及抗病种质资源,采用正交试验设计,比较了喷雾法、涂抹法和灌根法对冬小麦雪腐病苗期抗病性的鉴定效果以及不同材料的抗病性.结果表明,三种方法比较,采用喷雾法,于冬小麦1叶期,以浓度为105个孢子·mL-1进行接种,为冬小麦雪腐病苗期抗病性鉴定最适宜的方法.利用该鉴定方法以及9株雪腐病菌对8份冬小麦材料进行了抗病性鉴定,发现供试材料间以及同一材料对不同菌株间的抗病性均存在差异.8份冬小麦材料中,冬麦1号抗病性最强,对菌株Gn-rh2免疫,对其他8个菌株均表现为抗病;抗病性最弱的为东农冬麦377;其他品系的抗病性介于两者之间.9个菌株的致病力也存在差异,菌株Gn-rh4毒力最强,Gn-rh2毒力最弱.