穿心莲超微粉2种成分在鸡体内的药动学研究

作者研究了穿心莲超微粉中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯2种有效成分在鸡体内的药物代谢动力学特征.根据体质量以5 g·kg-1单剂量给鸡灌服给药,然后采用HPLC法问时测定其体内药物浓度,用3P97药动学程序分析其药动学特征.结果表明穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯在鸡的血浆浓度一时间数据符合一级吸收二室模型,主要的药动学参数分别如下:t1/2α(47.4±3.5)和(41.9±3.9)min,t1/2β(104.8±12.8)和(143.0±12.8)min,t1/2Ka(23.2±2.6)和(9.77±1.22)min,AUC(329.3±28.8)和(329.1±25.5)(μg·mL-1)·min,tmax(51.5±3.5)和(37.2±2.8)min,Cmax(1.60±0.32)和(1.44±0.09)μg·mL-1,MRT(175.2±15.9)和(219±18)min.这2种有效成分的体内过程表征了该超微粉在鸡体内的药动学规律,且吸收和消除差异有显著或极显著的差异;本研究为穿心莲粉体制剂的临床应用和中药多成分药动学研究提供参考.     

鸡血浆中脱水穿心莲内酯的浓度测定

为了建立鸡血浆脱水穿心莲内酯的测定方法,给动物应用穿心莲后有效成分的吸收评价研究提供基础资料,试验以脱水穿心莲内酯为指标性成分,应用反相HPLC法测定岭南黄鸡内服穿心莲超微粉后血浆中脱水穿心莲内酯含量的变化.结果表明:内服给药后,在测定的时间段(0～10 h)内脱水穿心莲内酯在血浆中均有分布,给药后约40 min达到峰值,峰浓度约为1.542 μg/mL,给药后10 h的浓度为0.067 μg/mL;该方法的平均绝对回收率为90.44%～98.99%;最低定量限、最低检测限分别为0.04 μg/mL和0.02 μg/mL.     

黄连解毒散超微细粉中黄芩苷在家兔体内的药代动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定灌胃给予黄连解毒散超微细粉和细粉的家兔血浆中黄芩苷的浓度,血药浓度-时间数据经药代动力学分析软件(Pharmaceutical Kinetics Software,PKS)处理,比较黄连解毒散超微细粉和普通细粉中黄芩苷在家兔体内的药代动力学参数。结果如下:黄连解毒散超微细粉组、普通细粉组黄芩苷的药代动力学最佳模型均为二室开放模型。黄连解毒散超微细粉主要药动学参数:Ka=0.497 h-1,t1/2α=2.556 h,t1/2β=8.46 h,AUC0→∞=3.401μg.h/mL,Vd=6.752 L/kg,Tpeak=3.005 h,Cmax=0.311μg/mL;黄连解毒散普通细粉主要药动学参数:Ka=0.419 h-1,t1/2α=2.74 h,t1/2β=5.83 h,AUC0→∞=2.611μg.h/mL,Vd=12.890 L/kg,Tpeak=3.645 h,Cmax=0.215μg/mL。与细粉比较,黄连解毒散超微细粉中黄芩苷的相对生物利用度提高了30.26%。上述结果表明,黄连解毒散经超微粉碎后吸收相增大,可显著提高其有效成分黄芩苷的生物利用度。     

RP-HPLC双波长法测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

建立了反向高效液相色谱法检测四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃;穿心莲内酯检测波长226 nm,脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长252 nm;穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定范围分别为2.32~37.14μg/m L(r=1.0000),2.00~31.94μg/m L(r=1.0000);加样平均回收率分别为99.12%、98.84%;RSD分别为0.60%、0.62%;该方法方便、准确、可靠,适用于测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。     

HPLC法测定麻黄鱼腥草散中黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

为了建立HPLC法测定麻黄鱼腥草散中黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯含量的方法,采用色谱柱Waters XBrige~(TM)C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),黄芩苷以甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温:30℃;穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯以甲醇-水(50∶50)为流动相,流速:1.0 m L/min,柱温为30℃;黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长分别为276、225、254 nm。黄芩苷的线性范围为0.0798~0.7975μg(r=1.0000),平均回收率为94.3%(RSD=0.8%)。穿心莲内酯的线性范围为0.0109~0.2175μg(r=1.0000),平均回收率为92.9%(RSD=0.7%);脱水穿心莲内酯的线性范围为0.0105~0.2105μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为92.4%(RSD=0.3%)。本方法快速、简便、准确,能有效测定麻黄鱼腥草散中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。     

HPLC双波长法测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

目的：建立HPLC双波长法同时测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。方法：采用XBridge C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-水(52:48)为流动相,流速1.0ml.min_-1^;柱温25℃;进样量10μL,检测波长分别为225nm(穿心莲内酯)和254nm(脱水穿心莲内酯)。结果：穿心莲内酯浓度在12.7375μg.mL_-1^～509.5μg.mL_-1^范围内,线性良好(r₂^=0.9996);脱水穿心莲内酯浓度在3.4μg.mL_-1^～136μg.mL_-1^范围内,线性关系良好(r₂^=0.9997)。穿心莲内酯加样回收率平均为98.8%,RSD 为1.0%;脱水穿心莲内酯回收率平均为99.9%,RSD 为0.8%。结论：该方法快捷、灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯2个有效成分的同步测定,为四味穿心莲散的质量控制和评价提供科学依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定穿心莲注射液的含量

建立了穿心莲注射液中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。采用watersXBridgeC18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,甲醇：水（65：35）为流动相,流速为1．0mL／min．穿心莲内酯波长为225nm,脱水穿心莲内酯波长为254nm,柱温30℃。穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯均在0．01～0．2mg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好。系统精密度分别为0．35％和0．30％．平均回收率分别为96．57％和97．98％。结果表明,该方法简单可行、重复性好,可用于穿心莲注射液中有效成分的含量测定。     

超微粉碎对氟苯尼考在肉鸡体内药动学的影响

为研究超微粉碎对氟苯尼考在肉鸡体内的血药浓度及药动学特征的影响,将20只健康肉鸡随机分为两组,Ⅰ组单剂量灌服氟苯尼考原药(30 mg/kg),Ⅱ组单剂量灌服氟苯尼考超微粉(30 mg/kg).采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆药物浓度,最低检测限为0.004 μg/mL,所得数据用3P97药动学软件进行分析后发现,血药浓度和时间关系均符合一室开放模型,选择的权重为1/C2.主要药动学参数变化原药组和超微粉组的t1/2ka分别为(28.89±4.51)和(23.49±4.48) min,t1/2ke分别为(101.66±9.97) min和(104.57±16.25) min,Tmax分别为(72.86±7.15)和(62.23±4.78) min,Cmax分别为(7.94±0.78)和(8.65±0.67) μg/mL,AUC分别为(33.01±7.73)和(36.87±3.63) μg/(mL·h).结果表明超微粉碎对氟苯尼考在肉鸡体内的药物代谢过程具有较大影响,药物在体内吸收速度加快,达峰时间提前,峰浓度显著提高,生物利用度增加.     

HPLC测定穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

采用液相色谱法测定穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量.以甲醇-水（52∶48）为流动相;lnertsil@ODS-SP（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）为固定相;检测波长240 nm.穿心莲内酯在0.06-1.2 μg,脱水穿心莲内酯在0.04-0.80 μg范围内具有良好的线性关系;穿心莲内酯的平均加样回收率为98.6％,RSD为0.47％,脱水穿心莲内酯的平均加样回收率为99.3％,RSD为0.77％.该法简便、快速、准确可靠,可用于穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定.     

阿德呋啉血药浓度的测定及其在鸡体内药代动力学研究

<正>采用高效液相紫外检测法,测定了健康鸡灌服80 mg·kg-1阿德呋啉后血浆中药物浓度,药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药代动力学程序软件处理。血药浓度-时间数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型,其主要药代动力学参数分别为:血浆消除半衰期(T1/2β)(2.414±0.252)h,达峰时间(Tpeak)(1.429±0.053)h,达峰浓度(C max)(499.941±21.295)ng·m L-1,药时曲线下面积(AUC)(2624.528±124.690)ng·h·m L-1。阿德呋啉在试验鸡体内的相对生物利用度为61.94%。结果表明:阿德呋啉在健康鸡体内的药代     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.