HPLC法测定麻黄鱼腥草散中黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

为了建立HPLC法测定麻黄鱼腥草散中黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯含量的方法,采用色谱柱Waters XBrige~(TM)C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),黄芩苷以甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温:30℃;穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯以甲醇-水(50∶50)为流动相,流速:1.0 m L/min,柱温为30℃;黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长分别为276、225、254 nm。黄芩苷的线性范围为0.0798~0.7975μg(r=1.0000),平均回收率为94.3%(RSD=0.8%)。穿心莲内酯的线性范围为0.0109~0.2175μg(r=1.0000),平均回收率为92.9%(RSD=0.7%);脱水穿心莲内酯的线性范围为0.0105~0.2105μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为92.4%(RSD=0.3%)。本方法快速、简便、准确,能有效测定麻黄鱼腥草散中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。     

HPLC双波长法测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

目的：建立HPLC双波长法同时测定四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量。方法：采用XBridge C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-水(52:48)为流动相,流速1.0ml.min_-1^;柱温25℃;进样量10μL,检测波长分别为225nm(穿心莲内酯)和254nm(脱水穿心莲内酯)。结果：穿心莲内酯浓度在12.7375μg.mL_-1^～509.5μg.mL_-1^范围内,线性良好(r₂^=0.9996);脱水穿心莲内酯浓度在3.4μg.mL_-1^～136μg.mL_-1^范围内,线性关系良好(r₂^=0.9997)。穿心莲内酯加样回收率平均为98.8%,RSD 为1.0%;脱水穿心莲内酯回收率平均为99.9%,RSD 为0.8%。结论：该方法快捷、灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯2个有效成分的同步测定,为四味穿心莲散的质量控制和评价提供科学依据。     

兽用中成药四味穿心莲散质量标准提高研究

目的：开展四味穿心莲散的质量标准提高研究.方法：采用薄层色谱法对处方中大青叶进行定性鉴别.用高效液相色谱法对四味穿心莲散中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯进行含量测定,色谱条件：Diamonsil C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-水,梯度洗脱,穿心莲内酯检测波长为225 nm,脱水穿心莲内酯检测波长为254 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min.结果：该薄层鉴别方法分离度良好,专属性强.穿心莲内酯的含量测定范围为0.052 6-0.526 1μg（r=0.999 3）,脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定范围为0.051 7-0.517 3μg（r=0.999 7）.穿心莲内酯的加样回收率为99.2％,RSD为2.4％;脱水穿心莲内酯加样回收率为101.2％,RSD为1.6％.结论：该方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于四味穿心莲散的质量控制.     

HPLC测定穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

采用液相色谱法测定穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量.以甲醇-水（52∶48）为流动相;lnertsil@ODS-SP（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）为固定相;检测波长240 nm.穿心莲内酯在0.06-1.2 μg,脱水穿心莲内酯在0.04-0.80 μg范围内具有良好的线性关系;穿心莲内酯的平均加样回收率为98.6％,RSD为0.47％,脱水穿心莲内酯的平均加样回收率为99.3％,RSD为0.77％.该法简便、快速、准确可靠,可用于穿白痢康丸中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定穿心莲注射液的含量

建立了穿心莲注射液中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。采用watersXBridgeC18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,甲醇：水（65：35）为流动相,流速为1．0mL／min．穿心莲内酯波长为225nm,脱水穿心莲内酯波长为254nm,柱温30℃。穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯均在0．01～0．2mg／mL浓度范围内线性关系良好。系统精密度分别为0．35％和0．30％．平均回收率分别为96．57％和97．98％。结果表明,该方法简单可行、重复性好,可用于穿心莲注射液中有效成分的含量测定。     

鸡血浆中脱水穿心莲内酯的浓度测定

为了建立鸡血浆脱水穿心莲内酯的测定方法,给动物应用穿心莲后有效成分的吸收评价研究提供基础资料,试验以脱水穿心莲内酯为指标性成分,应用反相HPLC法测定岭南黄鸡内服穿心莲超微粉后血浆中脱水穿心莲内酯含量的变化.结果表明:内服给药后,在测定的时间段(0～10 h)内脱水穿心莲内酯在血浆中均有分布,给药后约40 min达到峰值,峰浓度约为1.542 μg/mL,给药后10 h的浓度为0.067 μg/mL;该方法的平均绝对回收率为90.44%～98.99%;最低定量限、最低检测限分别为0.04 μg/mL和0.02 μg/mL.     

RP-HPLC测定木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯的含量

建立了RP-HPLC法测定木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯含量的方法。用十八烷基键合硅胶柱分离木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯,以甲醇-水(60∶40)为流动相,检测波长225 nm。木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯的线性范围分别为4.14~41.4μg/m L和3.59~35.9μg/m L,平均回收率分别为99.23%、99.00%(n=6)。该方法简便、快速,可用于木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯的含量测定。     

HPLC同步检测四味穿心莲散中绿原酸和芦丁的含量

为建立HPLC方法同步测定四味穿心莲散中绿原酸和芦丁的方法，本实验以甲醇为提取溶剂，乙腈-0.1%磷酸水为流动相进行梯度洗脱，C18色谱柱分离，355 nm波长检测。结果显示：绿原酸、芦丁浓度在0.1 ~ 0.9 mg/L内呈良好的线性关系，加样回收率分别为98.41%、98.12%|重复性良好，相对标准偏差＜1%。可见本方法适用于四味穿心莲复方中绿原酸和芦丁含量测定。 [关键词] 高效液相色谱|四味穿心莲散|绿原酸|芦丁     

高效液相色谱法测定中药散剂中添加的土霉素

为了建立高效液相色谱法检测白龙散、三子散、四味穿心莲散中非法添加土霉素的检测方法,实验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),以磷酸盐缓冲液∶乙腈(84∶16)为流动相,检测波长353nm,流速1.5 mL/min,进样量10μL,柱温为室温。结果表明土霉素在0.5～1000μg/mL范围内线性关系良好;检测限分别为白龙散0.3μg/mL,三子散1μg/mL,四味穿心莲散0.2μg/mL;回收率在98.3%～100.2%之间,RSD为0.16%～0.73%。本方法准确、可靠,可用于中药散剂中非法添加土霉素的含量检测。     

岭南黄鸡内服穿心莲超细粉后血中穿心莲内酯浓度的测定

以穿心莲内酯为指标性成分，应用RP-HPLC法，测定了岭南黄鸡内服穿心莲超细粉后血浆中穿心莲内酯的含量。结果，在测定的时间段（服药后第0～6h），穿心莲内酯在血浆中均有分布，给药后约1h达到峰值，峰浓度约为1．75μg／mL；给药后第6h的峰浓度约为0．09μg／mL。平均绝对回收率为85．24％～91．18％，定量限、检测限分别为0．04和0．02μg／mL。研究结果为建立禽类血浆中穿心莲内酯的测定方法，对动物服用穿心莲后有效成分的吸收情况进行评价提供了基础资料。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。