不同氮肥水平下蚯蚓粪施用对水稻生长特性及产量的影响

以两优培九为材料,采用大田微区试验,研究不同氮肥水平(N1,9 g/m~2;N2,12 g/m~2;N3,15 g/m~2)下不同蚯蚓粪施用量(EC0,0;EC_1,16.88 kg/m~2;EC_2,33.76 kg/m~2)对水稻生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明,移栽40 d后EC_2和EC_1处理的茎蘖数均显著高于EC0(P0.05);幼穗分化期和乳熟期EC0处理的SPAD值均显著低于EC_1和EC_2处理(P0.05);齐穗期EC0处理的叶面积指数分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低32.7%和80.7%,地上部总干物质量分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低30.6%和59.8%;成熟期有效穗数、地上部干物质量和水稻产量均表现为EC_2EC_1EC0,EC_2和EC_1处理的有效穗数分别比EC0处理多41.5%和21.3%、地上部干物质量分别比EC0处理高47.7%和25.8%、产量分别比EC0处理高35.4%和34.3%。由此可见,施用蚯蚓粪便可促进水稻分蘖,提高水稻叶面积、SPAD值和地上部干物质量,进而提高水稻籽粒产量。     

山东半岛与辽东半岛蚯蚓生物多样性研究

于2009年在我国的山东半岛和辽东半岛地区采用挖掘法对这些地区不同类型生境采集到的蚯蚓的生物多样性进行了系统调查。野外采集到的蚯蚓置于潮湿土壤带回驻地,在采集当日用70%酒精处死,保存于95%酒精以备研究。部分形态分类特征明显的蚯蚓个体作为模式标本保存于10%福尔马林溶液。本研究据此提供了该地区最新的蚯蚓资源名录。在山东半岛发现陆栖蚯蚓3科6属13种,以巨蚓科(占种类总数的39%)、正蚓科(占种类总数的39%)为主;在辽东半岛调查共发现3科7属16种,以正蚓科(占种类总数的44%)、巨蚓科(占种类总数的31%)为主。作为蠕虫养殖业中的赤子爱胜蚓,在野外环境中也有分布。     

Exploring Patterns of Exotic Earthworm Distribution in a Temperate Hardwood Forest in South-Central New York, USA

Exotic earthworms invading forests in Canada and northeastern United States that were naturally devoid of large detritivores cause major changes in ecosystem function. To assess their long-term impacts, studies are needed to elucidate the factors that control the patterns of earthworm invasion at the landscape level. We analyzed the distribution patterns of exotic earthworms in a northern hardwood forest in south-central New York (USA), as explained by landscape variables thought to be important in determining earthworm distribution. Forest type, slope angle, elevation, and the distance to agricultural clearings and wet refugia were significant predictors of earthworm presence, whereas local wetness index and the distance to streams and roads were not. Forest type and distance to agricultural clearings were the two most significant predictors. Our data suggest that areas close to agricultural clearings, dominated by mixed hardwoods, and located towards valley bottoms or on gentle slopes are very likely to support communities of exotic earthworms. Steeper slopes, areas dominated by American beech or eastern hemlock, and locations in the core of extensive forest landscapes have lower probabilities of invasion by exotic earthworms. When applied to a nearby area, our statistical model correctly predicted earthworm presence for 67% of 377 sampling points. Most of the mistakes were incorrect predictions of earthworm absence, suggesting that our statistical model slightly underestimated earthworm presence, possibly because of the pervasive influence of active agricultural fields adjacent to the test site.     

多菌灵对蚯蚓体内3种解毒酶活性的影响

为明确多菌灵质量浓度与蚯蚓体内乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）和羧酸酯酶（CarE）3种解毒酶活性之间的剂量效应关系,为多菌灵的安全使用及对相关动物的毒害研究提供参考,利用赤峰周边地区蔬菜大棚的蚯蚓,进行多菌灵0．75 g／L、1．00 g／L、1．25 g／L、1．50 g／L、1．75 g／L 和2．00 g／L 6个质量浓度对蚯蚓体内3种解毒酶活性的影响试验。结果表明：与对照组（蒸馏水）相比,多菌灵对蚯蚓体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶整体起抑制作用,在多菌灵浓度为1．75 g／L 时酶活性最低,为105．625μmol／L;对谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶整体起诱导促进作用,在多菌灵浓度为1．00 g／L 时酶活性最高,为17．343μmol／L;对羧酸酯酶活性,在多菌灵浓度小于1．25 g／L 时表现为诱导促进作用,大于1．25 g／L 时表现为抑制作用。     

蚯蚓处理热带农业固体废弃物 木薯渣的适宜条件初探

采用室内模拟培养的方法,利用蚯蚓处理热带农业固体废弃物木薯渣,研究处理过程中蚯蚓生长繁殖 状况及处理前后混合废弃物的理化性质,探讨蚯蚓处理热带农业废弃物的适宜条件。结果表明,热带农业废弃物木 薯渣和砖红壤的不同配比基质中赤子爱胜蚓的生长繁殖良好,各试验组蚯蚓的生长繁殖与基质性质及环境条件之 间存在明显关系,其在30%砖红壤+70%木薯渣的处理中繁殖情况最好,产茧数量最多。蚯蚓在温度25益、含水率 70%、pH 7.9、接种密度10 条/60g 干重基质时具有最好的生长繁殖效率,同时赤子爱胜蚓对此类热带农业废弃物也 具有较好的处理效果,不同配比基质经蚯蚓处理后速效氮和速效磷含量明显增加。     

Mate choice of an endogeic earthworm revealed by microsatellite markers

Endogeic earthworms are difficult study subjects due to the cryptic medium in which they live; thus, only the behaviour of epigeic and anecic earthworms has been studied before. We used microsatellite markers as a tool to elucidate the mate choice processes of Hormogaster elisae, an endogeic earthworm. It was shown to normally mate with two partners, preferably of the same size that are found in close proximity thereby eliminating the need for long-distance dispersion, which could explain the previously observed high genetic differentiation between populations. The genetic analyses of the sperm within each of its four spermathecae showed a uniform distribution with no signs of differential storage of sperm from different partners.     

Increase in the Nitrogen Content of Soil by the Introduction of Earthworms into Soil

The contribution of an earthworm species ( Amynthas vittatus ) to the increase of the nitrogen content of soil was examined. Three specimens of adult earthworms were introduced into 300 g of soil (Gray Lowland soil, silty clay) supplemented with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose in a container and incubated for 32 d at 22°C in the dark. The contents of total-N, NH₄-N and NO₃-N, and the population of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil significantly increased after incubation with the earthworms, while the natural abundance of ¹⁵N (δ¹⁵N) in soil decreased. The amount of nitrogen in the earthworms did not decrease during the incubation in the microcosm. Both acetylene reduction activity of the microcosm and incorporation of ¹⁵N to soil from atmospheric ¹⁵N₂ were significantly enhanced by the introduction of the earthworms into soil, though the observed increment of nitrogen in soil was much higher than the estimated one based on the nitrogen-fixing activity. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the earthworms increased the nitrogen content of soil, presumably due to the enhancement of the nitrogen-fixing activity of the soil from the microcosm by the earthworms.     

镉-菲复合污染对蚯蚓急性毒性效应的研究

采用人工土壤法,研究重金属镉、多环芳烃菲对安德爱胜蚓(Eisenia andrei)的单一与复合急性毒性效应。单一毒性试验结果表明,菲的毒性大于镉毒性;14 d时镉、菲的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为788.71 mg.kg-1、42.51 mg.kg-1。复合毒性试验结果表明,镉在各浓度下与菲复合,对蚯蚓的毒性都产生拮抗作用,且随镉浓度升高其降低菲毒性的程度降低,说明复合污染物的组成及各污染物的不同浓度组合是决定混合物毒性的重要因素。     

蚯蚓蛋白酶解工艺及其产物分析

采用Asl.398枯草蛋白酶制备蚯蚓肽,通过单因素与正交试验设计(L9(34)),以氨基氮数,多肽浓度为衡量指标,对最佳酶条件进行筛选研究,并分析了酶解液氨基酸含量和相对分子量的分布。结果表明:最佳酶解条件为pH 6.5、酶浓度为1%、温度50℃反应、时间8 h,在此条件下,酶解蚯蚓蛋白的水解液氨基氮数可以达到16.55 mmol/100 mL,水解液多肽浓度达9.22 mg/mL,酶解液分子量大部分是在5 000以下的多肽、小肽及氨基酸的混合物,其中分子量在220以下的占了72.09%,氨基酸组成平衡,含量丰富,可用来制取新型氨基酸微量元素及小肽添加剂。     

三种兽药对蚯蚓的急性毒性试验

用滤纸接触法、人工土壤法和自然土壤法3种方法研究了洛克沙胂、氯霉素和磺胺二甲嘧啶3种兽药对安德爱胜蚓(EiseniaAndrei)的急性毒性。结果表明,用滤纸接触法测得的3种兽药对蚯蚓的LC50分别为:洛克沙胂5.50g·kg-1、氯霉素5.40g·kg-1、磺胺二甲嘧啶13.32g·kg-1;用人工土壤法测得的3种兽药对蚯蚓的LC50分别为:洛克沙胂3.23g·kg-1土壤、氯霉素1.67g·kg-1土壤、磺胺二甲嘧啶4.68g·kg-1土壤;用自然土壤法测得的三种兽药对蚯蚓的LC50分别为:洛克沙胂3.45g·kg-1土壤、氯霉素2.44g·kg-1土壤、磺胺二甲嘧啶5.33g·kg-1土壤。3种兽药对蚯蚓的急性毒性都较低。