镉-乙草胺胁迫对蚯蚓-土壤-玉米系统的影响

重金属与农药复合型污染成为重要的环境问题之一,然而当前关于两者共同作用对蚯蚓-土壤-植物系统的影响研究还很少。为了探讨镉-乙草胺复合污染对蚯蚓-土壤-玉米农田系统的生态毒理效应和生态过程的影响,本研究通过室内模拟试验,从镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下蚯蚓生理响应、土壤理化性质及玉米形态特征等变化,探讨两者复合污染对玉米生长的影响机制。结果表明:1)随着处理时间的延长,镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下蚯蚓体内SOD活性呈先降低再升高的趋势,而MDA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;复合胁迫处理第2d和50d时, 20～30 cm土层的蚯蚓数量占所有土层蚯蚓总量百分比比对照分别增加1.34倍和1.14倍,蚯蚓对镉-乙草胺复合污染作出规避效应而向深层土壤迁移。2)镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下土壤有机质和速效磷含量与处理时间、处理方式、污染物无关,随着处理时间的延长,土壤碱解氮含量呈先显著降低后升高的趋势。3)处理第50d,30 mg·kg~(-1)镉、200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺及30 mg·kg~(-1)镉+200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理组玉米根数均显著低于对照,抑制率分别为23.21%、42.86%和50.00%,玉米生物量与株高呈相同趋势,即30mg·kg~(-1)镉处理200mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理30 mg·kg~(-1)镉+200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理。相关分析表明,两种污染物除对蚯蚓SOD活性产生拮抗效应外,对蚯蚓MDA、土壤养分与玉米生长指标均不存在交互作用。本研究得出镉-乙草胺复合污染促进蚯蚓向下迁移影响其垂直分布,并且可以通过改变土壤营养元素含量最终抑制玉米的生长。     

蚯蚓对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘降解的强化效应研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了蚯蚓（Pheretima sp.）对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的去除效果的强化作用及对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在试验浓度范围（0~322 mg.kg-1）内,蚯蚓对供试植物苏丹草（Sorghum vulgare L.）生长促进作用显著。接种蚯蚓的土壤中,苏丹草在菲、芘各浓度下总生物量较未接种蚯蚓土壤分别提高14.41%~25.91%、14.39%~23.9%;蚯蚓活动可促进土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的降解,接种蚯蚓处理中菲、芘各浓度下降解率较未接种蚯蚓处理分别高4.20%~9.76%、3.69%~9.38%。土壤酶活性测定结果也显示蚯蚓活动可增加土壤酶的活性。     

植物废弃物饲养蚯蚓的试验研究

采用室内盆养方法研究了利用人工养殖蚯蚓的方法处理闽南地区废弃的香蕉假茎叶和菠萝加工皮渣。结果表明, 以香蕉假茎叶直接调配成的腐熟料不利于蚯蚓的生长, 而菠萝皮渣腐熟料对蚯蚓生长无不良影响; 香蕉假茎叶经过浸水处理2 d 后, 与菠萝皮渣或蘑菇废菌料按照一定的比例混合腐熟, 蚯蚓在其中的4 种混合饵料上生长良好, 日增重倍数为0.433～0.570, 均显著高于CK; 母蚓在香蕉假茎叶、菠萝皮渣、蘑菇废菌料以及牛粪的混合腐熟料上的产卵数平均为43.67 粒/条。     

蚯蚓纤溶酶的分离纯化及临床作用研究进展

蚯蚓纤溶酶是从蚯蚓中分离的一种丝氨酸蛋白水解酶,有抗凝溶血栓、抗癌抗肿瘤、抗炎、神经修复等作用,在临床上是预防和治疗血栓疾病的有效药物。本文对蚯蚓纤溶酶的分离纯化与药理作用加以概述,为临床蚯蚓溶栓药物的研究提供依据。     

蚯蚓对秸秆-污泥混合物的消解转化效果

为了探明蚯蚓对秸秆与污泥混合物的消解转化效果,在实验室条件下进行了模拟培养试验。试验共设不同配比混合物料6个处理,即水稻秸秆与城市生活污泥的质量比分别为0/100、10/90、20/80、30/70、40/60和50/50,各处理混合物料接种蚯蚓后在常温下培养。根据物料的消耗情况进行计量补充,并根据需要及时补充水分,始终维持培养料湿润。培养6星期后,去除未被消解的混合物料,分离并计测蚯蚓重量与蚓粪有机肥重量及养分含量,计算混合物料的消解量。结果表明,在本试验条件下,掺入10%-30%秸秆显著提高蚯蚓对混合物料的消解速率。掺入10%和20%秸秆的处理蚯蚓生物量的增长速率显著高于掺入50%秸秆的处理。掺入10%-50%秸秆均显著提高蚯蚓转化污泥-秸秆混合物料形成有机肥的速率。蚓粪有机肥的有机质含量随着掺入秸秆比例的增加而提高;全氮和全钾含量无显著影响;与单纯采用污泥相比,当掺入秸秆比例达40%和50%时,蚓粪全磷含量显著降低。     

蚯蚓（Eiseniafetida）细胞色素P450及抗氧化酶系对环境浓度苯并（a）芘的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eiseniafetida）为供试生物,草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以蚯蚓微粒体细胞色素P450含量、抗氧化酶系以及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性为指标,进行了土壤中苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]暴露与酶活性的量-效关系研究。结果表明,在接近沈抚灌区实地污染状况B（a）P（0．1～2．0mg·kg-1）暴露下,第1、3、7以及第14d取样时,P450和SOD有较好的响应：SOD在第1、3d显著升高,而在第7、14d时降低;P450总体表现为低浓度B（a）P诱导下降低,高浓度下升高的趋势。CAT、POD以及GST的敏感性相对较差。比照其他4个指标,蚯蚓P450的敏感性更为优异,具有较好的应用前景。指标敏感性总体表现为：P450〉SOD〉CAT／POD〉GST。     

蚯蚓对不同分解阶段有机质的响应

This study was conducted to examine the responses of earthworms to soil organic matter and litter at different decomposition stages and their contributions in litter decomposition processes in southern subtropical areas of China. Two plantations were selected as the study sites: Site Ⅰ was dominated by the exotic endogeic earthworm species Ocnerodrilus occidentalis; Site Ⅱ was dominated by epigeic species Amynthas corticis. After the fallen litter and earthworms were removed or expelled, four treatments were set up as: reserving the top soil (0-5 cm, equal to H layer) (H), removing the top soil and adding fresh litter (Le), removing the top soil and adding semi-decomposed litter (Li), and a control with no top soil nor any litter (CK). Five randomized blocks that were enclosed with nylon nets on the top were set up in each site, and then the four treatments were arranged randomly in each block. After 2-3 months, earthworms were collected using the formalin method. The results showed that Ocnerodrilus occidentalis preferred Treatment H though it was found in Treatments Le and Li as well; Amynthas corticis preferred Treatment Li though sometimes it also appeared in Treatment H; and Amynthas sp., another epigeic species, was mainly present under Treatment Le and only appeared in Treatment H occasionally. These findings confirmed that earthworm species belonging to different ecological groups had different responses to organic matter at different decomposition stages. The impacts of earthworm communities dominated by O.occidentalis mainly appeared at the later periods of litter decomposition.     

Mate choice of an endogeic earthworm revealed by microsatellite markers

Endogeic earthworms are difficult study subjects due to the cryptic medium in which they live; thus, only the behaviour of epigeic and anecic earthworms has been studied before. We used microsatellite markers as a tool to elucidate the mate choice processes of Hormogaster elisae, an endogeic earthworm. It was shown to normally mate with two partners, preferably of the same size that are found in close proximity thereby eliminating the need for long-distance dispersion, which could explain the previously observed high genetic differentiation between populations. The genetic analyses of the sperm within each of its four spermathecae showed a uniform distribution with no signs of differential storage of sperm from different partners.     

Roughness of biopores and cracks in Bt‐horizons assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy

In structured soils, water and reactive solutes can preferentially move through larger inter‐aggregate pores, cracks, and biopores. The surface roughness of such macropores is crucial for describing microbial habitats and the exchange of water and solutes between macropores and the soil matrix together with other properties. The objective of this study was to compare the roughness of intact structural surfaces from the Bt‐horizons of five Luvisols developed on loess and glacial till and to test the applicability of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Samples of 5 to 10 cm edge length with intact structural surfaces including cracks with and without clay‐organic coatings, earthworm burrow walls, and root channels were prepared manually. The surface roughness of these structures was determined with a confocal laser scanning microscope of the type Keyence VK‐X100K. The root‐mean‐squared roughness (R_q) the curvature (R_cu) and the ratio between surface area and base area (R_A) were calculated from selected surface regions of interest of 0.342 mm² with an elevation resolution of 0.02 µm. The roughness was smaller for coated as compared to uncoated cracks and earthworm burrows of the Bt‐horizons. This reduction of roughness by the illuviation of clayey material was similar for the structural surfaces of the coarser textured till‐Bt and the finer‐textured loess‐Bt. This similarity suggested a dominant effect of pedogenesis and a minor effect of the parent material on the roughness levels of structural surfaces in the Bt‐horizons. An expected “smoothing” effect of burrow wall surfaces by earthworm activity was not reflected in the roughness values compared to those of uncoated cracks at the chosen spatial scale. However, for root channel walls from one loess‐Bt, the roughness was reduced as compared to that of other structures. These results suggest that the surface roughness of the structural surface types should separately be considered when describing preferential flow and macropore‐matrix exchange or analysing root growth, microbial habitats, and colloidal transport in structured soils. The confocal laser scanning microscopy technique was found useful for characterizing the roughness of intact structural surfaces.     

蚯蚓粉替代鱼粉对大鳞副泥鳅生长、肌肉成分、血清生化指标及免疫性能的影响

以初始体重为(3.86±0.23)g的大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)为试验对象,研究蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)粉替代鱼粉对其生长、肌肉成分、血清生化指标及免疫性能的影响。以0代替鱼粉为对照组,用蚯蚓粉替代25%、50%、75%、100%的鱼粉配制成5组等氮等能饲料,在网箱中进行10周的养殖试验。结果显示,饲料中的蚯蚓粉替代鱼粉对大鳞副泥鳅的存活率无显著影响;随着替代水平的升高,饲料系数、增重率升高(P0.05),肥满度、肝体比降低(P0.05)。各组间脾体比、特定生长率均无显著性差异;75%和100%替代组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),100%替代组粗蛋白和水分含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。随着饲料中蚯蚓粉水平的上升,鱼体肌肉蛋白质的精氨酸、胱氨酸、天门冬氨酸含量升高(P0.05),脯氨酸、组氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05);各组间血清谷丙转氨酶活力、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均无显著性差异(P0.05)。随着代替水平的上升,血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量显著升高(P0.05),谷草转氨酶显著降低(P0.05);随着替代水平的继续上升,肝胰脏过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、溶菌酶活力下降,肝胰脏丙二醛含量、碱性磷酸酶活力、攻毒后的发病率和死亡率上升。各组间的肝胰脏总超氧化物歧化酶活力和总抗氧化能力均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,本实验条件下,蚯蚓粉可部分替代(22%)饲料鱼粉而不影响大鳞副泥鳅的生长和存活,且能提高鱼体肌肉成分,有效预防肝胰脏损伤和过氧化,但显著降低了鱼类免疫性能(P0.05)。