辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌生物学特性及抑菌药剂筛选

研究辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌的生物学特性,对病原菌进行室内药剂筛选,旨在为田间病害规律研究和病害防治提供依据。采用紫外分光光度计测定病原菌在不同温度、pH、NaCl浓度下的生长速率。采用滤纸片抑菌圈法对病原菌进行室内药剂筛选试验。结果表明,辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH 7.0,病原菌的耐盐性为12%。18种供试药剂在药剂推荐使用剂量范围内,四霉素、乙蒜素、77%志信、氯溴异氰尿酸4种药剂对病原菌有抑菌效果,对这4种药剂进行毒力测定,结果表明四霉素的毒力较强,EC₅₀值为11.75 mg/L,毒力强于其他3种试剂,四霉素可作为田间防治药剂的首选。     

高场强超声波对芒果多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶钝化效果的研究

以芒果中多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)为研究对象,探讨加热与超声波作用对多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶钝化效果的影响。结果表明:单独的加热(≤50℃)或0℃低温超声波(403.19、601.25、799.31 W/cm2)处理酶液,随着时间的延长,酶活性逐渐下降,但酶残留活性均在75%以上;而超声波与热处理结合能使POD和PPO显著失活,在45℃,799.31 W/cm2条件下处理15 min后,PPO、POD残余酶活力分别降至38.66%、14.43%。试验结果表明:超声波和热处理结合对芒果PPO和POD的钝化有协同效应。     

The nature and consequences of co-infections in tilapia: A review

Co-infections commonly arise when two or multiple different pathogens infect the same host, either as simultaneous or as secondary concurrent infection. This potentiates their pathogenic effects and leads to serious negative consequences on the exposed host. Numerous studies on the occurrence of the bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral co-infections were conducted in various tilapia species. Co-infections have been associated with serious negative impacts on susceptible fish because they increase the fish susceptibility to diseases and the likelihood of outbreaks in the affected fish. Co-infections can alter the disease course and increase the severity of disease through synergistic and, more rarely, antagonistic interactions. In this review, reports on the synergistic co-infections and their impacts on the affected tilapia species are highlighted. Additionally, their pathogenic mechanisms are briefly discussed. Tilapia producers should be aware of the possible occurrence of co-infections and their effects on the affected tilapia species and in particular of the clinical signs and course of the disease. To date, there is still limited information regarding the pathogenicity mechanisms and pathogen interactions during these co-infections. This is generally due to low awareness regarding co-infections, and in many cases, a dominant pathogen is perceived to be of vital importance and hence becomes the target of treatment while the treatment of the co-infectious agents is neglected. This review article aimed at raising awareness regarding co-infections and helping researchers and fish health specialists pay greater attention to these natural cases, leading to increased research and more consistent diagnosis of co-infectious outbreaks in order to improve control strategies to protect tilapia when infected with multiple pathogens.     

11种杀菌剂对马铃薯软腐病的防治效果

由果胶杆菌属细菌Pectobacterium spp.引起的软腐病是世界范围内马铃薯生产上重要的细菌性病害之一。本研究分别采用碟片法和生长速率法探究了11种常用的杀菌剂对胡萝卜果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种菌株Pcc20181的离体抑菌效果; 采用马铃薯半薯接种法评价了供试杀菌剂对马铃薯软腐病的防控效果。碟片法和生长速率法测定结果均显示:11种供试杀菌剂中72%农用硫酸链霉素SP、0.3%四霉素AS和3%噻霉酮WP离体抑菌效果最好, 抑菌圈直径介于0.13~1.47 cm, EC50介于1.695~44.363 mg/L; 新鲜半薯接种法测定结果表明, 11种供试杀菌剂中有8种对软腐病均有控病效果, 防效为33.33~92.50%。其中, 3%噻霉酮WP对马铃薯软腐病的防效最高为92.50%, 随后依次为72%农用硫酸链霉素SP （89.76%）、20%叶枯唑WP （58.81%）、0.3%四霉素AS （51.60%）。综合评价, 3%噻霉酮WP、20%叶枯唑WP和0.3%四霉素AS对马铃薯软腐病具有较好的防控效果。     

单萜酚类化合物与苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺混配对立枯丝核菌的抑菌活性研究

为探究单萜酚类化合物与杀菌剂混配对立枯丝核菌的抑制效果,筛选能够防治水稻、玉米纹枯病的药剂,本研究分别将百里香酚、香芹酚与苯醚甲环唑、噻呋酰胺混配,通过菌丝生长速率法测定了其对R. solani的抑菌活性,并以孙云沛法评价了单萜酚与杀菌剂混配的增效作用。试验结果表明：香芹酚、百里香酚与噻呋酰胺以1:5、1:4、2:3、3:2、4:1和5:1比例混配均表现出协同增效作用,其中香芹酚和噻呋酰胺4:1混配的抑菌效果最好,EC₅₀值为0.928 mg/L,共毒系数(CTC)为1397.39;香芹酚与苯醚甲环唑以3:2、4:1和5:1比例混配以及百里香酚与苯醚甲环唑以2:3、4:1和5:1比例混配也表现出协同增效作用。百里香酚和香芹酚对苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺增效作用明显,香芹酚与噻呋酰胺的4:1混剂对R. solani抑菌活性高,具备应用于水稻、玉米纹枯病的防治的潜力。天然单萜酚类化合物与杀菌剂以一定比例混配能够显著提高其抑菌活性,在杀菌剂研发、筛选中具备很高的研究价值。     

12种杀虫剂对日本通草蛉不同虫态的毒力及安全性评价

为明确常见杀虫剂对日本通草蛉各虫态的影响,在室内分别采用浸渍法和喷雾法测定了12种(8类)杀虫剂对日本通草蛉卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的毒性,并评价了杀虫剂对日本通草蛉的毒性风险。结果表明,高效氯氰菊酯对日本通草蛉为极高风险,毒死蜱、吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺和阿维菌素为高风险,溴氰虫酰胺、啶虫脒和氯虫苯甲酰胺为中等风险,噻嗪酮、吡蚜酮、螺虫乙酯和甲氧虫酰肼为低风险;与其他虫态相比,12种杀虫剂对日本通草蛉蛹的毒性均为最低。在害虫生物防治及综合治理中应尽量选用对日本通草蛉毒性低的杀虫剂,以起到保护天敌的作用。     

多酚类化合物协同抗氧化性研究进展

多酚类化合物是一种大量存在于植物体内的物质，因其具有优良的抗氧化、抗癌、抗衰老等 性能而受到研究者们的广泛关注。多项研究表明具有抗氧化性能的物质之间大多具有协同作用，两 种或两种以上的物质化合，其抗氧化能力往往强于单一物质的抗氧化能力。近年来，许多研究者将目 光聚焦到多酚类物质与小分子物质化合所具有的协同抗氧化能力的研究上并做出多项试验。本文论 述了多酚类化合物的抗氧化机理及协同抗氧化机理，并以茶多酚与维生素C、维生素E 化合为例对协 同抗氧化进行论述。