稻飞虱靶标杀虫剂亚致死剂量多代处理对两种赤眼蜂的影响

实验室条件下测定了四种稻飞虱杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺对稻螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂和蛹的毒性,以及亚致死剂量对两种赤眼蜂多代的影响。结果表明,四种杀虫剂对稻螟赤眼蜂成蜂中等风险;噻虫嗪对螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂中等风险,其他均安全。四种杀虫剂对两种赤眼蜂蛹均安全。亚致死剂量的噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺处理可以刺激两种赤眼蜂的寄生力,该刺激作用并不会随着处理次数的增加而衰减。而吡虫啉和噻嗪酮显著降低螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生力,其中随着吡虫啉处理次数的增加,螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生力逐步降低。四种杀虫剂对子代羽化率无显著影响。四种杀虫剂对稻螟赤眼蜂的子代雌性比无显著影响;除吡虫啉外,在噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺多代处理后,螟黄赤眼蜂的子代雌性比均有一定程度的下降。综上所述,如果在放蜂期间必须喷洒杀虫剂防治稻飞虱,建议要避开赤眼蜂成虫期,在放蜂4～6 d后优先选择噻嗪酮或烯啶虫胺。     

吡虫啉等杀虫剂对温室白粉虱及其两种天敌的选择毒力

采用浸渍法测定了吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻嗪酮对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum及其两种天敌中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica和微小花蝽Orius minutus的毒力,比较了药剂在温室白粉虱和两种天敌间的选择毒力。结果表明,供试3种杀虫剂对温室白粉虱的3个虫态毒力都很高,LD50值为0.28~4.17 mg/L;噻嗪酮对两种天敌的毒力都很低。吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻嗪酮对中华草蛉卵的LD50值分别为16.59、178.2和10 286 mg/L,对2 龄幼虫的LD50值分别为54.08、22.79和215.5 mg/L,对成虫的LD50值分别为20.06、26.05和1 836 mg/L;吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻嗪酮对微小花蝽成虫的LD50值分别为62.14、8.92和170.9 mg/L。表明3种杀虫剂在温室白粉虱及其两种天敌之间存在显著的选择毒力,并以对噻嗪酮的选择性更高,该选择性在温室白粉虱综合防治中有重要利用价值。     

几种杀虫剂对绵蚜天敌日光蜂成虫的影响

室内测定结果表明,杀虫剂啶虫咪对苹果绵蚜的天敌日光蜂蛹的羽化率、成虫的死亡率影响很小,对成虫的击倒率也低,属于2级微害产品;毒死蜱对蛹羽化率、成虫死亡率影响大,达到或接近4级有害产品标准;除虫菊和乙酰甲胺磷对日光蜂的毒性介于上述2种农药之间;印楝对蛹的羽化中度有害,但对成虫属微害。防治绵蚜要注意选用对日光蜂等天敌毒性较小的药剂。     

吡虫啉亚致死剂量对日本通草蛉实验种群生命表的影响

为评价吡虫啉对日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis(Okamoto)实验种群的亚致死效应,采用浸渍法处理日本通草蛉卵,测定了吡虫啉亚致死剂量LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(30)对日本通草蛉生长发育、繁殖力和生命表参数的影响。结果表明,经吡虫啉亚致死剂量LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(30)处理后,日本通草蛉幼虫发育历期和蛹期分别延长0.86~2.04 d和1.00~2.37 d,平均单头蛹重降低1.16~1.56 mg,羽化率降低6.13%~13.08%;雌虫产卵前期延长0.19~0.51 d,每雌平均产卵量减少17.75~51.64粒,寿命减少1.75~2.84 d;内禀增长力(r_m)、净繁殖率(R_0)和周限增长率(λ)均显著降低,平均世代历期(T)和种群加倍时间(D_t)均显著延长。研究表明,吡虫啉亚致死剂量对日本通草蛉种群的增长具有抑制作用。     

Cry1Ah蛋白对多异瓢虫和日本通草蛉的安全性评价

非靶标生物在转基因抗虫作物的环境安全性评价中具有非常重要的地位。本研究系统评估了新型Bt杀虫蛋白Cry1Ah对多异瓢虫幼虫、成虫和日本通草蛉成虫各项生物学指标的影响。结果表明,取食体表布满Cry1Ah蛋白的桃蚜后,多异瓢虫幼虫存活率、幼虫历期、蛹历期、体质量、雌雄成虫寿命、雌虫产卵量与对照相比均差异不显著。日本通草蛉成虫取食含有Cry1Ah蛋白的蜂蜜水后,雌雄成虫寿命、雌虫产卵量与对照间均差异不显著。因此,Cry1Ah蛋白对多异瓢虫和日本通草蛉的各项生命指标无显著的不利影响,这为转Cry1Ah基因抗虫棉花商业化释放前的安全性评价提供重要的技术支撑。     

常用杀虫剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂成虫和蛹的安全性

选择11种常用杀虫剂,采用药膜法与浸渍法,分别测定了其在田间防治小菜蛾推荐使用浓度下对半闭弯尾姬蜂成虫和蛹的致死率。测定结果表明,97%杀螟丹可湿性粉剂、5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、10%虫螨腈乳油、5%氟虫腈乳油、2.5%多杀菌素悬浮剂的毒性较高,处理24h后的死亡率分别为100%、100%、100%、100%和79.6%;而5%茚虫威乳油、5%氟啶脲乳油、10%虫酰肼乳油的毒性较轻,24h后的死亡率分别为37.0%、36.1%和33.3%;、20%丁醚脲乳油、3%Bt可湿性粉剂和2%阿维菌素乳油对成虫无毒,24h后死亡率分别为27.8%、13.3%和3.3%,与对照无显著差异。不同供试杀虫剂制剂对寄生蜂蛹的羽化率均与对照无显著差异,表明所测药剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹的毒性较低。     

常用农药对丽蚜小蜂和中华草岭的毒力测定

用14种农药对温室白粉虱的主要天敌丽蚜小蜂和中华草蛉进行了室内毒力测定。结果表明:灭螨猛对丽蚜小蜂成虫和幼虫在寄主体内的发育、羽化,以及中华草蛉各虫态均无影响。供试的有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对丽蚜小蜂有较高的毒性。中华草蛉对有机磷类杀虫剂敏感。大棚中常用的杀菌剂、杀螨剂和选择性杀蚜剂对丽蚜小蜂和中华草蛉均安全。中华草蛉具有天然的抗拟除虫菊酯的能力。     

环氧虫啶对灰飞虱种群增长和拟水狼蛛捕食功能的影响

以哌虫啶和吡蚜酮为参照药剂, 评价了环氧虫啶对灰飞虱若虫的毒性, 及其在亚致死剂量下对灰飞虱种群增长的影响; 同时测定了环氧虫啶在对灰飞虱若虫LC90剂量下喷雾处理后, 拟水狼蛛对灰飞虱的捕食功能反应变化。结果表明：环氧虫啶对灰飞虱若虫的毒力依次大于哌虫啶和吡蚜酮。3种杀虫剂在亚致死剂量下对灰飞虱种群增长都有不同程度的抑制作用, 其中环氧虫啶的抑制作用最大, 表现在处理后的种群趋势指数和相对适合度等参数均极显著低于对照。捕食功能试验表明, 3种药剂处理后拟水狼蛛对灰飞虱的捕食仍符合Holling Ⅱ模型, 但出现了猎物的处置时间延长、捕食速率和寻找效应下降, 其中环氧虫啶对拟水狼蛛捕食功能的负面影响小于吡蚜酮和哌虫啶。     

常用杀虫剂对异色瓢虫的毒力及其保护酶的影响

为明确杀虫剂对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)幼虫、成虫的毒力及其体内保护酶的影响,采用喷雾法测定了7种杀虫剂对异色瓢虫3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,同时测定了3种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫和成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase)和过氧化氢酶(catalase)活性的影响。结果显示:7种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫的毒力大小为阿维菌素、啶虫脒吡虫啉、虫酰肼哒螨灵噻嗪酮吡蚜酮,对成虫的毒力大小为阿维菌素、啶虫脒虫酰肼、吡虫啉哒螨灵噻嗪酮吡蚜酮,吡蚜酮对异色瓢虫最安全。亚致死浓度LC10药剂可促进保护酶活性的提高,但随着浓度提高和处理时间增长,3种酶的活性总体呈逐渐下降趋势,表明低浓度的杀虫剂对异色瓢虫体内酶活性存在一定的不利影响。     

一种半固体人工饲料连代饲养日本通草蛉幼虫

以棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover饲养日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nippoensis(Okamoto)作为对照,用一种半固体人工饲料连续饲养10代日本通草蛉,对日本通草蛉各生长阶段的生长和发育指标进行观测。结果显示,用人工饲料饲养的日本通草蛉的幼虫历期为13～15d,蛹期为8d,较对照组的7d和6d分别延长6～8d和2d;用棉蚜饲养的对照组日本通草蛉幼虫累计存活率为94%,成虫获得率为87%,而人工饲料饲养连续10代的幼虫累计存活率为81%～89%,成虫获得率69%～79%。取食人工饲料的日本通草蛉成虫,在产卵前期、产卵量、产卵期及寿命方面与对照组存在显著的差异,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵前期为5.07～5.22d,而对照组草蛉的产卵前期为4.12d,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵量为190～390粒,对照组的单雌产卵量为667.2粒,人工饲料组草蛉的寿命为36～38d,对照组成虫寿命52d。以上结果表明,这种半固体人工饲料可以满足日本通草蛉幼虫生长发育基本需要,可用于日本通草蛉的室内继代饲养,但需要进一步优化配方。     

菜粉蝶绒茧蜂田间种群消长动态及农药对其毒性

自１９９５－１９９７年在杭州市郊对菜粉蝶绒茧蜂的田间种群消长动态进行了调查,并在内测定了７类１１种常用杀虫剂对该蜂的毒性。结果表明,该蜂在５－７月份的寄生率较高,８－９月份较低,晚秋后又有回升,年度之间有一定差异。     

三种杀虫剂对稻螟赤眼蜂种群增长的影响

作者评价了3种杀虫剂对稻螟赤眼蜂的卵、幼虫、蛹和后蛹(羽化前)的毒性,并应用实验种群生命表技术研究了对其当代种群增殖的影响。结果表明,在日本农药的常规使用剂量(1000×)下,吡虫啉和优乐得对稻螟赤眼蜂的4个虫态的毒性均较低,且对其当代种群的增长均无不良影响;而杀螟松对其毒性较高,且对当代种群的增长有显著的抑制作用。用杀螟松处理后蛹和幼虫,成虫羽化后仅能存活2～3h;处理蛹,其当代成虫能存活1天,但80％的雌蜂不能产卵,其r_m为负值;仅在卵期处理时,当代种群稍有增长,但R_0、r_m显著低于对照。作者认为,赤眼蜂卵期对农药的耐受力相对较强,吡虫啉和优乐得是协调化学防治和生物防治的理想药剂。     

六种杀虫剂对家蚕的毒性与安全评价研究

在室内用毒叶接虫法、夹毒叶片法、触杀法及熏蒸法测定了 6种杀虫剂对家蚕Bombyx mori L .的毒性。结果表明 ,丁硫克百威、灭多威具有胃毒和中等的触杀毒性 ;氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氟虫腈、阿维菌素具有胃毒和触杀毒性 ;熏蒸作用对家蚕影响不大。 6种杀虫剂毒叶接虫法毒性比 (Toxic ratio)均小于 0.5 ,对家蚕的毒性极大 ,要严禁以任何方式在桑园及桑园附近的农田施用。     

5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜室内毒力及田间防效

为了明确5种药剂对枸杞棉蚜的适宜施药剂量,开展了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1%甲维盐EC对枸杞棉蚜的毒力最高,50%噻虫嗪WG毒力最低,24 h LC50分别为2.44 mg/L和1 875.69 mg/L。5种药剂毒力大小依次为甲维盐＞啶虫脒＞吡蚜酮＞呋虫胺＞噻虫嗪。田间试验结果表明,随着施药时间的延长,5种药剂不同剂量处理的虫口数量均显著下降,施药后7 d,各处理对枸杞棉蚜防效分别达94.13%~99.84%,且各剂量处理均对枸杞树安全。5种药剂推荐使用剂量分别为:5%啶虫脒EC 25.0 mg/L以上,30%呋虫胺SC 50.0~100.0 mg/L,50%噻虫嗪WG 100.0~125.0 mg/L,25%吡蚜酮WP 83.3~125.0 mg/L,1%甲维盐EC 5.6~8.3 mg/L。     

360种农药制剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性研究

采用半静态法测定了360种常用农药制剂(包括135种有效成分)对斑马鱼的急性毒性,其中杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂等不同类别农药所占的比例分别为67.5%、16.1%、13.6%、2.8%。结果表明:49%的制剂对斑马鱼表现高毒或剧毒,涉及25种农药有效成分,主要为杀虫剂,杀菌剂和除草剂的毒性相对较低,微生物农药对斑马鱼的急性毒性较低,而部分植物源农药的急性毒性较高;相同有效成分的不同制剂之间由于有效成分含量、剂型及加工工艺的不同,会出现毒性存在差异的情况。     

Comparison of dose responses and resistance ratios in four populations of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to 20 insecticides

BACKGROUND: Chemical control is a major strategy for suppressing the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Owing to their high toxicity and increasing resistance development in the target insect, many insecticides will be phased out entirely in 2007 in China. Alternatives with relatively low toxicity are urgently needed to replace traditional chemicals for rice stem borer control. In this study, the authors examined four field populations of C. suppressalis for their toxicological responses to more than 20 insecticides, including a few low-toxicity organophosphates and many novel pesticides. Interpopulation resistance levels to 12 conventional insecticides were also compared. RESULTS: Based on LD(50) values, the rice stem borer was most sensitive to avermectins and fipronil (LD(50) < 1 ng larva(-1)). The stem borers exhibited the least sensitivity to endosulfan (LD(50) > 100 ng larva(-1)) and monosultap (LD(50) > 1000 ng larva(-1)). Insect growth regulators and chitin synthase inhibitors showed great efficacy against C. suppressalis, especially against populations that had developed resistance to conventional insecticides. Four field populations showed variable tolerance levels to many insecticides. LYG05 was the most susceptible population, only with a low level of resistance to monosultap (RR = 6.6). NC05 and GL05 populations exhibited intermediate tolerance levels with RR values up to 20.4 and 52.8 respectively. RA05 was the most resistant population to many insecticides, with resistance ratios up to 76.2. CONCLUSION: The results from this study provide valuable information for selection and adoption of new alternative insecticides and for resistance management of the rice stem borer.     

阿维菌素与三种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的联合毒力

阿维菌素是防治西花蓟马的常用药剂,为筛选出对西花蓟马具有增效作用的阿维菌素与其他药剂的混配组合,采用浸叶法测定了阿维菌素、毒死蜱、吡虫啉和吡蚜酮等药剂对西花蓟马2龄若虫的毒力,并通过共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。结果表明,阿维菌素与毒死蜱复配表现出明显的增效作用;阿维菌素与毒死蜱比值为2∶8与8∶2时,增效作用最显著;阿维菌素与吡蚜酮、吡虫啉均表现出拮抗作用。     

Side effects of insecticides used in wheat crop on eggs and pupae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysoperla externa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriopis connexa</Emphasis>

In Brazil, chemical control is one of the main tools to manage insect pests in wheat. However, this kind of management can impair the biological control provided by the predators Chrysoperla externa and Eriopis connexa. The present study evaluated the side effects on C. externa and E. connexa of 15 insecticides registered for wheat. Insecticides were sprayed on eggs and pupae via Potter tower at the maximum recommended dose. We evaluated the viability of eggs and pupae as well as the sub-lethal effects on fecundity and fertility of the adults emerged from treated pupae. The insecticides were classified according to the scale of toxicity proposed by IOBC. Regarding the eggs, the insecticide etofenprox was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to C. externa. Imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron WG, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin A and B, gamma-cyhalothrin, and etofenprox were also classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to E. connexa, while methomyl was classified as moderately harmful (class 3) for the eggs of the predator. The insecticide imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin was considered slightly harmful (class 2) to pupae of C. externa, while imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin A and B, and lufenuron were classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to the pupae of E. connexa. The insecticides beta-cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron SC, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, thiamethoxam, triflumuron, and zeta-cypermethrin were harmless to eggs and pupae of both predators and should therefore be prioritized in the control of insect pests in wheat, thus preserving the natural biological control provided by C. externa and E. connexa.