Influence of percentage of concentrate in combination with rolled canola seeds on performance, rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid composition in dairy goats

The effect of rolled canola seeds (RCS, 0% or 20% of the dry matter (DM) of the concentrate) combined with percentage of concentrate (45% (L) vs. 65% (H) of the diet DM) on rumen fermentation characteristics, production parameters and fatty acid (FA) profile of milk fat was studied in 20 entire goats and 12 goats fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannula. Goats were fed TMR ad libitum for 15 weeks with the final 12 weeks as the test period. Individual milk samples were taken in weeks 5 and 11 to determine the FA profile of milk fat. Feeding the H diets increased NE_L intake, raw milk yield and yield of fat, protein and lactose. Feeding RCS increased fat corrected milk, milk fat content and fat yield. Combination of RCS and high percentage of concentrate increased fat corrected milk and fat yield. Milk protein content was not affected by dietary factors. Feeding the H diets increased the proportion of short-chain FA (C4:0–C8:0), each isomer of trans-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2 in milk at the expense of medium-chain FA with 11 to 17 C units. Feeding RCS decreased the proportion of medium-chain FA with 10 to 17 C units in milk and it increased that of C18:0, all isomers of trans-C18:1, c9-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2. Goats fed the H diets, and those fed the RCS had lower c9-C18:1/C18:0 and c9,t11-C18:2/t11-C18:1 ratios. Combination of RCS and high percentage of concentrate produced the highest proportion of all isomers of trans-C18:1 and c9,t11-C18:2 in milk, with the highest variability among the four diets for these FA. This was possibly related to between-goats differences in ruminal fermentation and to individual difference in desaturase activity in the mammary gland. It is concluded that feeding a high-concentrate diet combined with rolled canola seeds had a synergistic effect on the milk production and fat yield without alteration in milk protein content in dairy goats. This combination also resulted in changes in FA profile that may differently affect the nutritional value of goat milk for human health.     

猪的肌内脂肪生成及其调控

肌内脂肪含量是猪肉食用品质的主要决定因素,尤其对肉的嫩度、风味和多汁性有着重要的影响。肌内脂肪的生成主要受到营养和基因的调控。文中就猪的肌内脂肪的生成及其影响因素作一综述。     

猪肌肉组织LPL基因表达的发育性变化及其与肌内脂肪沉积关系的研究

以40-90 kg 6个体重组的莱芜猪和鲁莱黑猪共72头去势公猪为试验对象(每组6头),采用相对定量RT-PCR方法,以-βactin基因为内标,分析肌肉组织LPL基因表达的发育性变化及其与肌内脂肪沉积的关系。结果表明:莱芜猪与鲁莱黑猪肌肉组织中LPL基因表达的发育性变化趋势基本相似,随体重的增长,莱芜猪50-70kg阶段LPLmRNA表达丰度逐渐下降(P<0.05),80 kg阶段迅速回升出现一个峰值后再次下降;鲁莱黑猪LPLmRNA表达丰度随体重的增加呈缓慢下降趋势,70 kg以后变化不大并维持较低水平,其前期(40-60 kg)与后期(70-90 kg)的表达量差异显著(P<0.05)。总体上莱芜猪肌肉组织LPL基因表达量略高于鲁莱黑猪(P>0.05)。相关分析表明,莱芜猪和鲁莱黑猪肌内脂肪相对含量与肌肉组织LPLmRNA表达的发育性变化分别呈显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)的正相关。研究结果提示:猪肌肉组织LPL是肌内脂肪沉积的重要参与者,其编码基因的表达具有明显的体重发育特征,并对肌内脂肪的沉积具有一定程度影响。     

日粮能量和蛋白水平对肉鸡腹脂和血脂的影响

对７０８只（公、母各半）５～９周龄黄羽肉鸡进行３个代谢能水平（１３．４,１２．５,１１．６ＭＪ／ｋｇ）和３个粗蛋白水平（２２．４％,１９．４％,１６．４％）交叉的饲养试验,以探讨日粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平时黄羽肉鸡腹脂和血脂水平的影响。日粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平对腹脂有明显影响,腹脂随日粮代谢能水平的升高而升高（Ｐ＜０,０１）。随粗蛋白水平的升高而降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。日粮能量和蛋白水平对板油的影响与腹脂相似。日粮代谢能水平对肌胃脂无明显影响;日粮粗蛋白水平对肌胃脂重无明显影响,但对肌胃脂率有一定影响（Ｐ＝０．０７）。日粮粗蛋白和代谢能水平对血浆极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）、甘油三酯、胆固醇及总脂浓度均有显著影响（Ｐ＜８．０５）,８周龄血浆ＶＬＤＬ浓度随日粮代谢能的升高而降低（Ｐ＜０．０００１）;血浆总脂和胆固醇浓度均随日粮代谢能、粗蛋白水平的升高而降低（Ｐ≤０．００１）。肉鸡８周龄血浆ＶＬＤＬ水平明显存在日粮能量和蛋白的互作效应（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而血浆甘油三酯、胆固醇和总脂水平不存在明显的能量和蛋白的互作（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

山羊FGF1O基因的克隆及其表达分析

成纤维细胞生长因子10(fibroblast growth factor 10,FGF10)是一种极其重要的生长因子,能促进小鼠(Mus musculus)和人(Homo sapiens)前体脂肪细胞的分化.为了获得山羊(Capra hircus)FGF10基因序列,研究其组织表达特性,确定其在肌内前体脂肪细胞分化过程中的表达模式,并分析FGF10mRNA表达水平与肌内脂肪沉积的关系,本研究以简州大耳羊(C.hircus)为实验动物,采用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术克隆FGF10基因,采用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化获得山羊原代肌内前体脂肪细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术检测FGF10在成年山羊不同组织中的表达差异及其在肌内前体脂肪细胞分化过程中的表达水平,并将基因表达水平与肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)含量进行关联分析.结果显示,克隆得到山羊FGF10基因(GenBank登录号:KT899958)序列1 252 bp,其中开放阅读框642 bp,编码213个氨基酸,与绵羊(Ovis aries)和牛(Bos taurus)的该基因同源性达100％,具有跨膜结构域和信号肽结构.FGF10 在山羊肺脏中表达水平最高,显著高于其他组织(P＜0.05),在脾脏和脂肪中也存在较高水平的表达.FGF10 mRNA在成年羊背最长肌中表达量显著高于羔羊与育成羊(P＜0.05),相关性分析结果显示,FGF10 mRNA表达量与山羊背最长肌IMF含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).FGF10 mRNA在肌内前体脂肪细胞中表达水平最低,在诱导分化后2d达到最高.本研究结果为进一步阐明FGF10基因在山羊肌内脂肪沉积中的分子机制提供了理论依据.     

不同时期添加甜菜碱对肉鸡生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响

36 0只 1日龄健康艾维茵 (Avian)肉鸡随机分为 6组 (每组 6 0只 ) ,分别为对照组和第 、 、 、 、 组 ,试验期7周。第 ～ 组分别于不同时期添加同一剂量的甜菜碱 (10 0 0 mg/ kg,0 .1% ) ,添加时间依次为 1～ 7周 ,2～ 4周 ,3～ 5周 ,4～ 6周 ,5～ 7周。结果表明 :不同时期添加甜菜碱均能促进肉鸡体增重 ,降低腹脂率 ,与对照组相比 ,第 、 、 、 、 组 7周末体质量分别高出 8.0 1% (P<0 .0 1)、5 .0 1% (P<0 .0 5 )、4 .4 7% (P<0 .0 5 )、2 .2 4 % (P>0 .0 5 )、2 .0 9% (P>0 .0 5 ) ;腹脂率分别降低 19.5 6 % (P<0 .0 1)、6 .0 9% (P<0 .0 5 )、13.4 8% (P<0 .0 1)、15 .6 5 % (P<0 .0 1)、12 .17% (P<0 .0 5 ) ;第 组体质量在第 3、4周末超过第 组 ,从 6周龄开始 ,各组间体质量差异逐渐缩小 ;试验组皮脂厚度 ,胸、腿肌中甘油三酯含量较对照组有不同程度增加 (厚 ) ,但肝脏中甘油三酯含量各试验组均低于对照组 ;血清生化指标动态变化呈现一定的规律性 ,其中血清总蛋白含量较稳定 ,总氨基酸含量随周龄逐渐升高 ,甘油三酯 5～ 6周高于 1～ 3周 ,游离脂肪酸含量随周龄呈下降趋势 ,血清尿酸呈现缓 U型变化曲线。结论 :(1)不同时期添加 0 .1%甜菜碱可促进肉鸡体增重 ,降低腹脂率 ,引起体内脂肪重新分     

The effects of dietary oxidized fat and selenium source on performance,glutathione peroxidase,and glutathione reductase activity in broiler chickens

Normal or elevated selenium status of broilers, which is influenced by dietary selenium sources, improves the bird’s ability to overcome the adverse effects of reactive oxygen metabolites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding graded levels of peroxidized poultry fat on blood and hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and hepatic glutathione reductase activity in broiler chickens fed either inorganic sodium selenite (SEL) or organic selenium enriched in the organic selenium yeast product Sel-Plex (SP). Nine starter diets, varying in levels of oxidized fat (0, 3, and 6 mEq/kg) and dietary selenium sources, were fed to 360 male chicks from hatch to 21 d of age. Sel-Plex or SEL was added to the basal diet to provide either 0 or 0.2 ppm of supplemental selenium in the diets. Blood and hepatic samples were obtained for each treatment group at 21 d of age. Neither peroxidized fat nor selenium source significantly altered the activity of hepatic glutathione reductase (P ≤ 0.05). Blood GSH-Px was influenced significantly by both fat and selenium source (P ≤ 0.05), but the fat × selenium source interaction was not significant (P ≥ 0.3). A selenium source effect on the hepatic GSH-Px activity (P ≤ 0.05) was evidenced by higher GSH-Px activity, even in the basal diet with no added peroxidized fat. An increase in GSH-Px activity was seen in the erythrocyte and hepatic samples in both the SEL and SP treatments when peroxidized fat was given at 3 mEq/kg, but in the erythrocytes and in the hepatic tissues from SEL-supplemented birds, there was an apparent inhibition of GSH-Px activity. This inhibition was not seen in the hepatic tissue samples from SP-fed birds. Because elevated GSH-Px activity is indicative of oxidative stress, it was concluded that dietary SP supplementation resulted in better selenium and redox status in broilers than did SEL. These results indicate that the dietary selenium supplied in an organic form (selenium yeast as SP) improved the selenium and redox status in broilers, leading to greater resistance to oxidative stress than when the inorganic form of selenium (SEL) was fed.     

中国对虾不同生长阶段对蛋白质,脂肪,糖类和无机盐的需求

设计不同蛋白质，脂肪，无机盐，糖类配比的９个配方饵料，对中国对虾前，中，后３个生长阶段进行了饲喂试验。结果：各营养要素影响对虾增重的顺序第生阶段为脂肪〉蛋白质〉无机盐〉糖类，最适量为７％，４０％，１３％，２０％；第二阶段为蛋白质〉脂肪〉糖类〉无机盐，阳适量为４５％，５％，２３％，１３％；     

枯叶蛱蝶非滞育成虫和越冬成虫脂肪含量变化

为系统了解枯叶蛱蝶Kallima inachus Doubleday滞育特性，利用重量法，测定了非滞育成虫和越冬成虫不同时期脂肪含量。结果表明，非滞育成虫脂肪含量在0．0363～4．7493mg／g之间；越冬期间脂肪含量在4．479～32．6927mg／g之间。越冬成虫脂肪含量相对较高，初期存在积累，较高的脂肪含量有利于枯叶蛱蝶的顺利越冬。     

乳的合成过程及其在生产中的应用技术

乳脂、乳蛋白和乳糖是牛奶中的主要营养成分，也是影响牛奶品质的主要因素，通过营养调控途径可以有效改善牛奶中的乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳糖含量，本文阐述了牛奶中乳脂、乳蛋白和乳糖三大营养物质的合成过程、作用机理以及生产中的实践应用技术。