Suitability of mapped sequence tagged microsatellite site markers for establishing distinctness, uniformity and stability in aromatic rice

At present, testing for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of crop varieties relies on a set of morphological characters. These characters suffer fromthe limitations of number, interaction with the environment in which the variety grows and subjectivity in decision-making. The potential of DNA-based markers such as sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS), for establishing DUS merits investigation. In the present study, a set of 55 mapped STMS markers, selected from 12 linkage groups of rice genome, was used to examine distinctness of 23 aromatic rice genotypes including the commercially important Basmati varieties. Forty-one of these markers (74.5%) showed polymorphism between the varieties. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2–4 with an average of 2.3. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the markers varied from 0.083 to 0.665 with an average of 0.338. All the varieties could be differentiated from each other at a low probability (0.07×10^-13) of identical match by chance. The marker-based clustering of the varieties corresponded with the known phenotypic classification, thereby providing confidence in the distinctness established by the mapped STMS markers. The utility of these markers to study uniformity and stability was analysed using a commercially important crossbred Basmati rice variety Pusa Basmati 1(IET-10364) that contributes about 40–50% of Basmati rice export from India. Genotyping of twenty individual plants, grown from the nucleus, breeder, foundation, certified and farmer's saved seed samples using all the 55 markers revealed no variation among the plants. These observations suggested that the set of mapped markers employed in this study could be further used for establishing distinctness of aromatic rice varieties and for studying DUS of the important commercial variety Pusa Basmati 1. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北方粳稻分子育种研究进展

本文介绍了北方粳稻分子育种课题的研究情况和所取得的研究成果。目前主要进行两方面的研究，一方面为特异基因型的鉴定：主要有筛选鉴定出抗旱性材料86份，苗期抗寒性材料40份，后期抗寒性材料629份，抗稻瘟病材料28份，对筛选出的抗旱性材料进行了第二轮聚合杂交，共配组合171个。另一方面是关于遗传与生理基础研究，对穗部性状、粒形、产量和品质以及它们之间的关系进行了深入的研究。另外本文对北方粳稻分子育种材料构建过程中存在的问题进行了综合讨论，并讨论北方粳稻分子育种今后的发展方向。     

脂肪酸值仪法测定稻米脂肪酸值研究

本研究建立了稻米中脂肪酸值的脂肪酸值仪测定方法。该方法适用于在室温下以无水乙醇提取稻谷、糙米、大米中游离脂肪酸,用标准氢氧化钾滴定液滴定,进行脂肪酸值的测定。结果表明,脂肪酸值在0~240(KOH)/(mg/100g)范围内与消耗标准滴定液的体积呈良好的线性相关,r=0.9997;方法的回收率为89%~113%;三个不同脂肪酸值的稻谷样品15次平行测试的极差最大者为1.73(KOH)/(mg/100g)干基,小于重复性临界值2(KOH)/(mg/100g)干基,标准偏差在0.36~0.55范围内,99%置信区间(随机误差的不确定度)均≤±0.42;40个样品的检测结果与GB/T15684-1995法检测结果比较,均小于重复性临界值2(KOH)/(mg/100g)干基。     

A methodology for evaluating a location as a selection site for an international plant breeding program

Summary A method for comparing locations as selection sites based upon their abilities to predict yield and disease reaction over a target region is proposed. The probability of coincidence in selection for a site is defined as the probability for a line selected at the site to be selected at other sites within the region. The probability of divergence in rejection is defined as that associated with regional selection of a line given that is discarded by the site where selection is being conducted. The ideal selection site would maximize the probability of coincidence in selection and minimize the probability of divergence in rejection. The method is illustrated using a set of data from the rice yield nurseries of the International Rice Testing Program for Latin America planted under the rainfed conditions of Central América and México during the period 1978–1984. Five locations were compared for their predictive ability in selecting for the rainfed rice growing region, based on yield and disease reaction. Selection for yield was defined as performance superior to the best check in each location. Selection for disease reaction was based on an index derived from the Standard Evaluation System for Rice for diseases of regional importance. Locations varies 10–15 percent in their selection coincidence with the region for both yield and disease selection criteria applied independently.     

生态型高效稻鸭共作技术应用与评价

简析了生态型高效稻鸭共作种养技术效果及综合经济效益,并提出推广应用主要措施。     

水稻混流干燥工艺的试验研究

混流式粮食干燥机是当前中国应用最广泛的粮食干燥机机型，但由于水稻干燥的特殊性，横流循环干燥机基本上是水稻干燥的唯一机型，这造成国内粮食干燥机的利用率普遍不高。为了充分提高现有混流式干燥机的利用率，利用移动式混流粮食干燥机进行了稻谷的干燥试验，研究了不同的风温、不同的干燥缓苏比对稻谷爆腰率及降水速率的影响规律。研究结果表明：稻谷混流干燥过程中应有必要的缓苏。当干燥缓苏比一定时，烘干温度与爆腰率增值存在线性关系；当烘干温度一定时，干燥缓苏比与爆腰率增值存在线性关系；采用混流干燥机干燥稻谷时热风温度可以高于横流干燥机5～10℃，降水速率最高可达1.3%/h。     

剪根稻苗移栽后叶鞘~3H-同化物的运转分配特点

用3H同位素示踪方法研究了剪根稻苗移栽后叶鞘同化物的运转分配特点。结果表明,剪根处理稻苗各器官干重均低于对照,而3H-同化物的比活度却高于对照,标记后10d多数器官高出对照1倍左右,分蘖高2倍,新根高4倍。剪根处理发根节和新根的放射性总活度和3H-同化物的分配比例均高于对照,意味着其新根的发生更加依赖于主茎叶鞘物质输出。     

高粱与旱稻属间杂交部分遗传物质导入的F_3及BC_1表型鉴定

以高粱(S.BICOLOR)为母本、旱稻(O.SATIVA)为父本进行属间杂交,F1出现双亲没有的短芒和黄色柱头新性状,并能在F2、F3及BC1稳定遗传。F3在株高、穗长、穗型、分蘖性等性状上仍疯狂分离,并出现父本白色籽粒单株。BC1在株高、分蘖二性状上接近父本,回交效应非常明显,T测定无差异,并出现多子房新性状。高梁与旱稻杂交及回交,能创造变异,产生新性状,对创造矮秆、优质、多子房新种质十分有效。然而,二者杂交后代主体性状仍似母本,只表现父本少数性状,属于部分遗传物质导入。     

水稻多组分双向反射模型的建立

在作物多组分双向反射模型的基础上，基于辐射传输原理和水稻群丛结构特征，特别是考虑水稻不同生长时期的特点，建立了水稻的多组分双向反射模型。模拟与实测结果的比较表明：模型基本上能反映水稻多组分反射光谱的角度分布特征，特别是较准确地模拟水稻不同生长期，不同太阳天顶角下，“热点”的右移和乳熟期前向反射中的反射高峰点。分蘖期和抽穗期，水稻冠层“热点”效应在水稻各组分的平均倾角约37°左右时达到最大，然后随平均倾角的增大，“热点”效应明显减弱。从数学的角度，模型计算值与实测值通过了t-检验，证明模拟值是可接受的。     

水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收和~(134)Cs在水稻-土壤中的分配

试验表明,水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收,孕穗期吸收速率最快;土壤理化性质不同,吸附~(134)Cs的能力有差异;不同生育期灌溉~(134)Cs溶液,水稻对其吸收量不同,离成熟期近,吸收得多;灌溉次数多和灌溉水中~(134)Cs活度高,水稻吸收的~(134)Cs也多。糙米经精白加工后,可使~(134)Cs的污染减少22.6—45.6％;~(134)CS在水稻各部位比活度大小的顺序为糠>根>稻草>谷壳>精白米;活度以稻草中最高,占水稻植株总活度的51.4％,糙米、根和谷壳分别占28.4％。11.8％和8.4％:~(134)Cs在土壤中移动很少,有95.1％集中在0—2.5cm的表土层内;~(134)Cs在水稻-土壤中的分配为6.1％:93.9％;K~+抑制水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收,K~+浓度与水稻中~(134)Cs比活度之间呈指数回归形式。