州河鲤、建鲤和框鳞镜鲤3个群体同工酶的分析

使用水平式淀粉凝胶电泳法,对采自天津地区的州河鲤、建鲤和框鳞镜鲤3个群体进行了AAT、α-GPD、GPI、IDH、MDH和PGM共6种同工酶以及肌浆蛋白(PROT)的电泳分析。结果表明:在检测出的12个基因座位中,州河鲤群体中存在变异的是α-GPD*、GPI*、MDH-2*、PGM*、PROT*,建鲤群体中存在变异的是α-GPD*、GPI*和PGM*,框鳞镜鲤群体中存在变异是α-GPD*、GPI*、PGM*和PROT*;州河鲤、建鲤、框鳞镜鲤的多态基因座位比例(P0.99)分别为41.67%、25.00%和33.33%,平均杂合度预期值(He)分别为0.0449、0.0749、0.0518;PGM*可以作为区分3个群体的标记基因座位,州河鲤群体中*c/c基因型占85.71%,建鲤群体中*b/c基因型占65.71%,框鳞镜鲤群体中*b/b基因型占56.67%。     

虎杖提取物对CCl4诱导建鲤损伤肝细胞生化指标的影响

为探明虎杖对鱼类损伤肝细胞是否具有修复作用，分离建鲤肝细胞，设6个试验组：I组(空白对照组)；II组(CCl4模型组)；III组(800 μg/mL虎杖提取物对照组)；IV组(造模前200、400、800 μg/mL虎杖提取物处理组)；V组(造模后200、400、800 μg/mL虎杖提取物处理组)；VI组(造模前、后200、400、800 μg/mL虎杖提取物处理组)。各组细胞经处理后继续培养12 h，收集肝细胞培养液，检测上清培养液中丙氨酸转氨酶(GPT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(GOT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等酶活性，丙二醛(MDA)含量及肝细胞的存活率。结果表明：III组肝细胞培养液中GOT、GPT、LDH、SOD、MDA值及细胞存活率与I组相比无明显变化(P＞0.05)，说明800 μg/mL虎杖提取物没有细胞毒性，可用于后续试验；与II组相比，IV组中800 μg/mL虎杖提取物处理组的效果优于其他2个浓度组，可以极显著降低培养液中GOT值(P<0.01)，显著降低培养液中GPT、LDH值(P<0.05)，显著提高肝细胞的存活率(P<0.05)，而MDA含量和SOD值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；与II组相比，V组中400 μg/mL虎杖提取物效果优于其他2个浓度组，可以极显著降低培养液中GOT值(P<0.01)，显著降低培养液中LDH值(P<0.05)，显著提高肝细胞的存活率(P<0.05)，但GPT值、MDA含量、SOD的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；与II组相比，VI组中800 μg/mL虎杖提取物效果优于其他2个浓度组，能极显著降低培养液中GOT、GPT、LDH在肝细胞中的释放(P<0.01)，显著降低培养液中MDA含量(P<0.05)，显著提高肝细胞的存活率(P<0.05)。综合以上结果，以VI组中800 μg/mL的虎杖提取物效果最好，能有效抑制CCl4所造成的肝细胞损伤，其机制可能与其抗氧化作用有关。     

益生菌对锦鲤幼鱼生长性能及血液、肝脏和肠道组织中相关免疫基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中添加益生菌对锦鲤幼鱼生长性能和相关免疫基因表达的影响,以初始体重为248.13±4.71 g的锦鲤幼鱼为研究对象,在小型循环水养殖池进行60 d的养殖试验。对照组投喂无益生菌添加的普通商品饲料,试验组投喂在普通饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)和粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、枯草芽孢杆菌/丁酸梭菌/粪肠球菌(1∶1∶5)配制成的4组试验饲料,试验饲料的益生菌最终浓度为109 CFU/mL。结果表明,单一菌种或复合菌种的益生菌对锦鲤幼鱼的生长均有显著的促进作用(P<0.05),且对各组血液中酚氧化酶原(phenoloxidase activating system,proPO)、溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)和肝脏中抗菌肽(hepcidin)的相对表达量均显著上调(P<0.05),对各组肠道中GST相对表达量有所升高。与对照组相比,复合益生菌效果最好,增重率最高为38.13%,特定生长率提高25.58%,血液中proPO和LZM相对表达量分别升高3倍和2倍之多(P<0.05),肠道中谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)相对表达量升高了32.45%(P<0.05),肝脏中Hepc相对表达量升高了76.82%(P<0.05)。试验结果提示,在饲料中添加单一/复合益生菌,均可有效提高锦鲤幼鱼的生长性能,以复合益生菌使用效果更好,且proPO、LZM、GST和Hepc免疫基因相对表达量在不同程度上均高于对照组,可见枯草芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭菌和粪肠球菌可以作为益生菌应用于锦鲤养殖。     

Spatial variability of common carp populations in relation to lake morphology and physicochemical parameters in the upper Midwest United States

Weber MJ, Brown ML, Willis DW. Spatial variability of common carp populations in relation to lake morphology and physicochemical parameters in the upper Midwest United States.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 555–565. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread invasive species that is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. Despite the circumpolar distribution of the species, limited information is available describing factors related to spatial variation in population characteristics. Eighty‐four lakes and impoundments in the upper Midwest United States were sampled to investigate the relationships of common carp relative abundance with size structure, condition and growth rates. We also investigated abiotic factors (lake morphology, physical solids and water quality) that may broadly influence common carp populations. Common carp size structure and condition were inversely related to relative abundance. Common carp relative abundance increased and size structure shifted to smaller individuals with increased lake depth, whereas lake surface area, watershed:surface area ratio and physical solids were also important in explaining common carp abundance and size structure. Common carp condition was best explained by water quality parameters and increased with metrics of lake productivity. We conclude that knowledge of factors associated with variation in common carp populations among lakes provides insights into the autecology and broad provisions for management of this generalist invasive species.     

Effect of pyrethroids on carbohydrate metabolic pathways in common carp,Cyprinus carpio

The activity levels of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were assessed in various tissues of Cyprinus carpio var communis which had been exposed to lethal concentrations of group‐II pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate) for a period of 72 h. The results indicated a steady decrease in SDH activity with a concomitant increase in G6PD activity. The decreased SDH activity indicated inhibition of SDH at mitochondrial level and the increased G6PD activity an enhancement of an alternative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, viz the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or pentose phosphate pathway as a biochemical adaptation to overcome the toxic stress. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

和胃保肝对建鲤肠绒毛高度和肝细胞的影响

挑选个体大小、体重相近(15g左右)的建鲤50尾,随机分为5组(G1、G2、G3、G4和G5),即基础料组(对照组)、0.1%和胃保肝添加组、0.2%和胃保肝添加组、0.4%和胃保肝添加组和0.8%和胃保肝添加组,每组2个重复,每个重复10尾建鲤。饲喂3周后取建鲤肠道和肝脏制成组织切片,测定肠绒毛高度。结果表明:0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%和胃保肝不同添加量试验组建鲤的肠绒毛高度都极显著高于对照组(P0.01),各试验组建鲤肝脏细胞的胞浆密度比对照组的大。在建鲤饲料中添加0.4%和胃保肝,促进建鲤肠绒毛增长和提高肝脏细胞胞浆密度效果最好。     

阿克曼菌对鲤糖代谢的调控作用研究

[目的]本试验旨在探究巴氏灭活的阿克曼菌（Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila，P-Akk）调控鲤（Cyprinus carpio L.）糖代谢的分子机制。[方法]本研究通过不同糖水平（20%、30%、40%、50%葡萄糖）试验，探究鲤（10.5±1 g）4周和8周时胰高血糖素样肽-1（glucagon-like peptide-1，GLP-1）分泌及阿克曼菌（Akkermansia muciniphila，Akk）定植的时空变化；在不同糖水平试验基础上，设置40%葡萄糖和三个不同浓度P-Akk（108 cfu/g P-Akk、109 cfu/g P-Akk、1010 cfu/g P-Akk）组，探究添加P-Akk 4周后对鲤（16.38±0.39 g）糖代谢及GLP-1的调控；通过P-Akk孵育鲤原代肝、肠细胞试验，共同探究不同糖水平下鲤肠道Akk、GLP-1对糖代谢的调控机制。[结果]结果显示：（1）随着饲料中葡萄糖含量的升高，鲤血清中GLP-1b含量显著降低（P < 0.05），4周时高糖组鲤肠道GLP-1a、GLP-1b以及肠道内容物中Akk丰度均显著降低（P < 0.05），但8周时无显著性差异（P > 0.05）。（2）P-Akk处理后，鲤血清中葡萄糖、GLP-1含量显著减少（P < 0.05）；中肠绒毛高度、肌层厚度显著增加，GLP-1含量减少，短链脂肪酸含量增加，muc2 mRNA表达水平升高（P < 0.05）；此外，P-Akk上调肝脏中ampk、pi3k、akt及糖酵解基因gk、pfk mRNA表达量，下调糖异生基因pepck mRNA表达量（P < 0.05）。（3）原代肝、肠细胞孵育结果显示，P-Akk处理肠细胞后GLP-1含量显著减少（P < 0.05），而gpr40的mRNA表达量升高；此外肝细胞中糖酵解基因gk、pfk mRNA表达量显著升高。[结论]综上，外源添加P-Akk可以缓解高糖饲料引起的血糖升高，维持葡萄糖稳态。[意义]该研究结果可为Akk作为益生菌在水产饲料中的应用提供理论基础。     

Investigation of the leptin levels in the blood serum of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) and Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843)

Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissues in the various teleost fish and vertebrates. Leptin has been suggested to have an important role in a range physiological function, including regulation of food intake, reproduction, immune function, energy expenditure, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. In this study, leptin levels in the blood serum of Cyprinus carpio and Capoeta trutta were determined. Then the results were compared between two species and between sexes of each species. In addition, leptin levels were also compared with the body weight and length of both C. carpio and C. trutta. Leptin level was analysed using available enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit (Rat leptin ELISA kit, catalog no: SK00050‐08). Leptin levels showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) that in relation to between two species and between sexes of each species. It has been shown that not significantly correlated when examined correlations between the leptin level in blood serum and body weight (r = 0.192, p = 0.380) or length (r = 0.102, p = 0.644) of C. carpio. Similarly, the correlations between leptin level in blood serum and body weight (r = 0.021, p = 0.959) or length (r = 0.123, p = 0.595) of C. trutta were also not significant.     

Toxicological effects and recovery of the corneal epithelium in Cyprinus carpio communis Linn. exposed to monocrotophos: an scanning electron microscope study

This study was conducted based on the evidence of fish habitats in North India being affected by organophosphate pesticides draining from agricultural fields into bodies of water, especially during the rainy season. Various tissues of fish such as scales, gills ovaries, kidney, and liver have been studied from the toxicological point of view, but the toxicological effects of aquatic pollutants on fish cornea have not been investigated to date. We conducted comparative toxicological studies on the cornea of Cyprinus carpio communis using two sublethal (0.038 and 0.126 ppm) concentrations of monocrotophos pesticide for 30 days. Corneas from all the groups were evaluated by a scanning electron microscope. The fish exposed to the monocrotophos pesticide developed corneal necrosis due to the formation of crystalloid‐like structures, thinning and shrinkage of microridges on the corneal epithelium. After 30 days, fish from the monocrotophos‐treated tank were transferred to normal environmental conditions. After 60 days under natural condition, epithelial cells did not fully recover. In conclusion, exposure to monocrotophos induces irreversible changes in the cornea of C. carpio communis. As fish and mammalian visual systems share many similarities, the reported finding may offer useful insights for further toxicological and ophthalmological studies in humans.     

鲤病毒病原的感染性测定

为查明养殖鲤（Cyprinus carpio）突然大批发病死亡的原因，对鲤病样品进行了细胞攻毒、空斑测定、电镜观察，以及鱼体感染等实验。先以患病鲤的组织匀浆液，经过滤后，分别接种到草鱼鳍条细胞（GCF）、鲤上皮瘤细胞（EPC）等14种培养细胞中。利用倒置显微镜观察显示，在1-2d内，该病鱼组织匀浆液可使其中9种细胞出现典型的细胞病变。收集出现病变的细胞液（即病毒悬液），进一步进行病毒滴度检测、空斑测定和鱼体感染实验。结果显示，在GCF细胞上的病毒滴度为10^7.3TCID50／mL；在FHM，TSB和GCO等细胞中可产生直径1～4mm的圆形空斑，空斑的大小与宿主细胞的种类和接种的病毒浓度有关。通过对感染细胞制备的超薄切片和病毒负染样品进行电镜观察，显示这是一类呈典型子弹头样的弹状病毒颗粒。感染了病毒悬液的鲫和鲤先后在第2天和第3天开始出现病症，间隔1～2d后发病的鱼开始死亡，至第14天，两种感染鱼的死亡率均达到83．3％。收集人工感染后濒死的鲫和鲤，分别制备组织匀浆液，回接感染鱼类培养细胞，24h内能使其出现与原发病鲤组织匀浆液所引起的类似的细胞病变。因此证实患病鲤是由病毒病原感染所致。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：617—623]