伪狂犬病病毒闽A株糖蛋白gD基因去信号肽片段在大肠埃希氏菌中的表达

应用PCR方法从包含伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）Fa株糖蛋白gD基因的重组质粒pB13中扩增出糖蛋白gD基因去信号肽片段，将其克隆到大肠埃希氏菌表达载体pThiohisA中。测序结果表明，糖蛋白gD基因去信号肽片段长1155bp，与PRVFa株糖蛋白gD基因完全一致。经1mmol／L IPTG诱导后，重组质粒pThiohisA-gD在大肠埃希氏 菌XL1-blue、Top10、DE3和DH5a中均得到表达，其中在宿主菌XL 1-blue中表达量最高。Western-blotting结果显示，大肠埃希氏菌XL1-blue表达的糖蛋白gD具有免疫原性。     

伪狂犬病基因缺失疫苗SA215株gD基因的序列分析及其功能

SA215是伪狂犬病病毒3基因缺失疫苗株(PRV TK-/gE-/gI-/LacZ),试验以其主要功能基因gD基因为对象,通过对病毒吸附细胞的差异和免疫仔猪后血清中抗体效价变化的测定,认为gD基因编码蛋白可介导病毒进入细胞和诱导机体产生中和抗体。经从gD基因的基因型到表现型全面分析SA215株的免疫原性,发现gD基因变异没有影响到其功能的实现,推定SA215株应具有良好的免疫原性。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒gD基因的研究进展

本文重点介绍伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)中最主要的免疫糖蛋白的编码基因gD基因，对其在PRV基因结构中的位置，病毒传播中所起的作用和人们利用其生物学特性在疫苗研究中取得的进展进行了比较详细的综述。     

伪狂犬病病毒Ea株糖蛋白gD基因的表达及基因免疫

构建了2个利用人类巨细胞病毒（HCMV）的启动子启动表达伪狂犬病病毒Ea株糖蛋白gD基因的真核表达质粒pCIDI和pcDDI，体外转染BHK－21细胞，用间接免疫荧光法检测，证实糖蛋白gD在细胞中得到表达。用表达质粒pCIDI和pcDDI作为核酸疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠，ELISA检测小鼠血清中抗伪狂犬病病毒的抗体，结果其滴度为1：128－1：1512。初步证实，用gD基因作为核酸疫苗免疫动物，可以激活机体的免疫应答反应。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒gB、gC和gD蛋白的表达及诊断抗原筛选

为研发猪伪狂犬病的免疫学诊断试剂，利用杆状病毒表达系统表达了猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gB、gC和gD蛋白，并对蛋白进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定；将纯化后的3种蛋白分别制备成不同蛋白类型的疫苗免疫健康仔猪，比较蛋白的免疫原性；将3种蛋白分别作为包被抗原建立间接ELISA方法，检测从不同地区收集的临床血清，与PRV中和试验检测结果进行了比较。结果显示，成功拯救出重组杆状病毒rPRV-gB-His株、rPRV-gC-His株和rPRV-gD-His株，经IFA鉴定，均可与猪伪狂犬病病毒阳性血清发生特异性反应；表达出的蛋白经SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定，可见大小分别约为120 ku、65 ku和50 ku的蛋白条带；3种蛋白免疫原性比较结果显示gD蛋白疫苗免疫组猪血清中和效价最高(1∶22.4～1∶32.0);3种蛋白建立的间接ELISA方法检测30份临床血清，结果gD蛋白作为包被抗原建立的ELISA方法与PRV中和试验的符合率最高(100.0%)。表明gD蛋白是更好的诊断抗原，可用于PRV抗体检测试剂盒的开发。     

伪狂犬病病毒广西B、W株gE基因的扩增、克隆及序列分析

在已鉴定了的伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies Virus，PRV）11种糖蛋白中，gE是其中十分重要的一种非必需糖蛋白，是伪狂犬病病毒重要的毒力基因，它在介导感染细胞的融合，病毒在细胞间的扩散，病毒粒子的释放等方面均起着十分重要的作用，尤其是在影响伪狂犬病病毒神经嗜性和毒力方面的作用。利用PRV gE基因缺失疫苗，结合血清学方法可以区分疫苗接种猪和野毒感染猪。     

猪伪狂犬病毒Bartha-K61疫苗株和变异株主要免疫原性基因分析

自2011年底以来,我国多个省份暴发了猪伪狂犬病,一些研究院所证实当前猪伪狂犬病毒流行株发生了一定程度的变异,疫苗不能提供完全的保护。为了在分子生物学水平上比较不同厂家猪伪狂犬病毒Bartha-K61疫苗株,以及与当前流行的猪伪狂犬病病毒变异株,在主要免疫原性蛋白之间的差异,选取了4个厂家的活疫苗Bartha-K61株,通过二代测序方法进行测序,对Bartha-K61株gB、gC和gD这3种主要免疫原性基因以及推导出的氨基酸序列与变异株之间进行同源性分析。结果显示,Bartha-K61疫苗株与变异株gB蛋白序列中有23处特征性的差异,同源性为96.3%~96.9%;gC蛋白序列中有25处特征性的差异,同源性为92.7%~93.1%;gD蛋白序列中有10处特征性的差异,同源性为96.8%~97.3%;以gB、gC和gD氨基酸序列建立的进化分析结果显示,Bartha-K61疫苗株与变异株分属两个不同进化分支。     

伪狂犬病病毒实时荧光PCR的建立和应用

伪狂犬病是世界范围内严重影响养猪业发展的重要动物疫病,快速检测是有效防控该病的重要措施之一。为了建立该病的快速分子生物学检测方法,根据GenBank中登录的伪狂犬病病毒gD基因序列,选择高度保守区域设计引物和TaqMan荧光探针,通过对实时荧光PCR反应条件进行优化,建立了用于检测伪狂犬病病毒的实时荧光PCR方法。特异性试验结果表明,该检测方法只能检测到目的病毒,表明其具有良好的特异性。灵敏性试验发现,其最低检测限可达1.42pg/μL的总DNA,与PCR方法的灵敏度对比试验表明,其敏感度比PCR至少高10倍。对同一样品进行重复性检测,在组内及组间检测的荧光扩增曲线基本重叠,证实其重复性好。对180份临床样品进行伪狂犬病病毒核酸检测,结果发现有52份阳性样品。结果表明,所建立的实时荧光PCR方法可对伪狂犬病病毒进行准确、快速的检测,具有特异性好、灵敏度高、重复性好的优点,是开展伪狂犬病的临床检测和疫情监测工作的有力工具。     

重组伪狂犬病病毒疫苗的研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的发展及对伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)研究的不断深入, 伪狂犬病病毒载体的研究已成为病毒载体研究领域的热点之一.通过基因工程技术使伪狂犬病病毒的毒力基因失活构建表达外源基因的重组质粒,再通过同源重组获得毒力减弱但仍具有良好免疫原性的重组病毒,重组病毒疫苗在动物体内的表达不仅十分安全,而且还可以一针多防,提高生产效率.文章对以伪狂犬病病毒为载体研制重组疫苗的研究进展进行了综述.     

伪狂犬病病毒分子生物学研究新进展

近年来，随着分子生物学研究的深入，对伪狂犬病病毒的研究取得很显著的进展。本文对伪狂犬病病毒的特性、基因结构特点。病毒糖蛋白种类和作用以及伪狂犬病病的毒力因子、基因工程疫苗研究现状进行了详细综述，对同道者研究伪狂犬病病毒有重要的指导作用。     

牛疱疹病毒1型主要囊膜糖蛋白研究进展

牛疱疹病毒(BHV-1)属于α疱疹病毒亚科的DNA病毒,可引起牛高热、上呼吸道感染和母牛流产。该病毒能在牛的感觉神经节内建立潜伏感染,因此,对于该病毒感染的预防和治疗较为困难。BHV-1除了引起初始感染外,还可通过免疫抑制引起动物继发感染,导致动物死亡。研究发现,病毒入侵牛机体时,病毒囊膜糖蛋白在病毒与细胞间相互作用的过程中发挥了重要作用。论文对牛疱疹病毒1型主要囊膜糖蛋白(包括gB、gD、gN)的结构特征和生物学特征加以归纳总结,为该病毒的感染特性研究和预防提供参考。     

A DNA vaccine coding for glycoprotein B of pseudorabies virus induces cell-mediated immunity in pigs and reduces virus excretion early after infection

Glycoproteins B (gB), gC and gD of pseudorabies virus (PRV) have been implicated as important antigens in protective immunity against PRV infection. As cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in this protective immunity, we determined the significance of these glycoproteins in the actual induction of cell-mediated immunity. We vaccinated pigs with plasmid DNA constructs coding for gB, gC or gD and challenged them with the virulent NIA-3 strain of pseudorabies virus. Vaccination with plasmid DNA coding for gB induced the strongest cell-mediated immune responses including cytotoxic T cell responses, whereas plasmid DNA coding for gD induced the strongest virus neutralising antibody responses. Interestingly, vaccination with gB-DNA reduced virus excretion early after challenge infection while vaccination with gC-DNA or gD-DNA did not.This is the first study to demonstrate that DNA vaccination induces cytotoxic T cell responses in pigs and that cell-mediated immunity induced by vaccination with gB-DNA is important for the reduction of virus excretion early after challenge infection.     

Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D expressed in E. coli provides partial protection against equine herpesvirus infection in mice and elicits virus-neutralizing antibodies in the horse

The envelope glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (EHV-1 gD) is essential for virus infectivity and entry of virus into cells and is a potent inducer of virus-neutralizing antibody. In this study, truncated EHV-1 gD (gDt) was expressed with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag in E. coli using a pET vector. Western blot analysis using an anti-gD monoclonal antibody demonstrated the presence of gDt bands at 37.5, 36, 29.5 and 28 kDa. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of partially purified gDt was compared with gD expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus (Bac gD) using a BALB/c mouse model of EHV-1 respiratory infection. The proteins were also compared in a prime-boost protocol following an initial inoculation with gD DNA. gDt elicited similar levels of gD-specific antibody and neutralizing antibody compared with Bac gD and also provided a similar level of protection against EHV-1 challenge in mice. Inoculation of horses with gDt elicited EHV-1 gD-specific antibodies including virus-neutralizing antibody, suggesting that despite the lack of glycosylation, E. coli may be a useful vehicle for large scale production of EHV-1 gD for vaccine studies.     

Pathogenic potential of equine alphaherpesviruses: The importance of the mononuclear cell compartment in disease outcome

Equid herpesviruses types 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) are closely related pathogens of horses. While both viruses can infect the upper respiratory tract, EHV-1 regularly causes systemic infection, which is only rarely observed in the case of EHV-4. Little is known about the molecular basis for this striking difference in pathogenic potential. Recently, we have started a systematic analysis of differences in the amino acid sequences of proteins involved in virus replication, more specifically entry and egress, as well as proteins involved in immune evasion. Here, we summarize our findings relevant to glycoproteins D and G (gD and gG), which share a high degree of similarity between the viruses, yet exhibit important differences. We found that both these glycoproteins appear to be involved in the conquest of the mononuclear cell compartment. While gD is involved in infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells through an RSD motif present in EHV-1 but not EHV-4, gG is implicated in thwarting innate responses by sequestration of chemokines. Again, the activity is only present in EHV-1, more specifically in a short stretch of variable amino acids in the extracellular domain of gG. The differences in the two glycoproteins of EHV-1 and EHV-4 are discussed, as is their role in pathogenesis. In addition, hypotheses are proposed related to the other equid respiratory alphaherpesviruses, EHV-8 and EHV-9, based on the amino acid sequences of gD and gG.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒gD核酸疫苗构建及IL-15基因佐剂对其免疫增强试验

运用PCR技术扩增出伪狂犬病病毒糖蛋白gD基因,将该基因定向克隆于真核表达载体pcDNA3.1+、pCI-neo中,命名重组质粒为pcD-gD、pCI-gD.以小鼠为动物模型,对构建的基因疫苗进行免疫原性的初步评价.为了证明细胞因子是否能增强基因疫苗的免疫效力,本试验用IL-15的表达质粒联合pcD-gD、pCI-gD免疫.结果表明,重组质粒组主要提高细胞免疫水平,特别是联合组中的CD8~+相对其他组别较高.重组质粒在体液免疫方面没有表现出优势,抗体滴度达不到阳性对照组的水平,但是整个抗体水平相对稳定,提示DNA疫苗诱导的抗体维持时间较长.     

Bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein D: a review of its structural characteristics and applications in vaccinology

The viral envelope glycoprotein D from bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and -5), two important pathogens of cattle, is a major component of the virion and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses. Glycoprotein D is essential for virus penetration into permissive cells and thus is a major target for virus neutralizing antibodies during infection. In view of its role in the induction of protective immunity, gD has been tested in new vaccine development strategies against both viruses. Subunit, DNA and vectored vaccine candidates have been developed using this glycoprotein as the primary antigen, demonstrating that gD has the capacity to induce robust virus neutralizing antibodies and strong cell-mediated immune responses, as well as protection from clinical symptoms, in target species. This review highlights the structural and functional characteristics of BoHV-1, BoHV-5 and where appropriate, Human herpesvirus gD, as well as its role in viral entry and interactions with host cell receptors. Furthermore, the interactions of gD with the host immune system are discussed. Finally, the application of this glycoprotein in new vaccine design is reviewed, taking its structural and functional characteristics into consideration.     

Simian agent 8--a herpes simplex-like monkey virus

This review summarizes the most recent information on Simian Agent 8, a herpes simplex-like monkey virus. The agent has a broad host range and--besides the classical morphogenesis (budding at the internal nuclear membrane)--the virus gets enveloped at all cytoplasmic membranes including the plasma membrane; strikingly it carries a rather prominent tegument. Regarding its sequence arrangement SA8 can be grouped to the E-type genomes. It has a G + C-content of 69% and a total DNA-homology with HSV-1 of 31%. The glycoproteins gC and gE are largely type-specific; whereas gB and gD as well as ICP35, ICP8 and the major capsid protein represent well conserved proteins of the simplexviruses. The type-common epitopes of gB and gD induce cross-reacting antibodies, which are even involved in cross-neutralization.     

Genetic immunisation of cattle against bovine herpesvirus 1: glycoprotein gD confers higher protection than glycoprotein gC or tegument protein VP8

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) has frequently been used as a model for testing parameters affecting DNA immunisation in large animals like cattle. However, the selection of target antigens has been poorly studied, and most of the experiments have been conducted in mice. In the present study, we demonstrated in cattle that a DNA vaccine encoding BoHV-1 glycoprotein gD induces higher neutralising antibody titres than vaccines encoding BoHV-1 gC. Additionally, we show that a DNA vaccine encoding a secreted form of gD induces a higher immune response than a vaccine encoding full-length gD. However, the enhanced immunogenicity associated with the secretion of gD could not be extended to the glycoprotein gC. The current study also describes for the first time the development and the evaluation of a DNA vaccine encoding the major tegument protein VP8. This construct, which is the first BoHV-1 plasmid vaccine candidate that is not directed against a surface glycoprotein, induced a high BoHV-1 specific cellular immunity but no humoral immune response. The calves vaccinated with the constructs encoding full-length and truncated gD showed a non-significant tenfold reduction of virus excretion after challenge. Those calves also excreted virus for significantly (p < 0.05) shorter periods (1.5 days) than the non-vaccinated controls. The other constructs encoding gC and VP8 antigens induced no virological protection as compared to controls. Altogether the DNA vaccines induced weaker immunity and protection than conventional marker vaccines tested previously, confirming the difficulty to develop efficient DNA vaccines in large species.     

Immunization of BALB/c mice with DNA encoding equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein D affords partial protection in a model of EHV-1-induced abortion

DNA-mediated immunization was assessed in a murine model of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) abortion. Whilst there are differences between the model and natural infection in the horse, literature suggests that EHV-1 infection of pregnant mice can be used to assess the potential ability of vaccine candidates to protect against abortion. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated twice, 4 weeks apart, with an expression vector encoding EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD DNA). They were mated 15 days after the second inoculation, challenged at day 15 of pregnancy and killed 3 days later. The gD DNA-inoculated mice had fewer foetuses which were damaged or had died in utero (6% in gD DNA, 21% vector DNA and 28% in nil inoculated groups challenged with EHV-1), a reduction in the stunting effect of EHV-1 infection on foetuses (gD DNA: 0.40g+/-0.06, vector DNA: 0.34g+/-0.10), reduced placental and herpesvirus-specific lung histopathology and a lower titre of virus (TCID(50)+/-SEM/lung) in maternal lung than control groups (gD DNA 4.7+/-0.3, vector 5.3+/-0.2, nil 5.6+/-0.2). Maternal antibody to EHV-1 gD was demonstrated in pups born to a dam inoculated 123 days earlier with gD DNA. Although protection from abortion was incomplete, immunization of mice with gD DNA demonstrated encouragingly the potential of this vaccine strategy.     

山羊源伪狂犬病病毒的分离与鉴定

为确诊一例发病山羊是否感染伪狂犬病病毒,采集发病羊体的肺脏和脑组织进行伪狂犬病病毒gE基因PCR检测,并将病料接种至PK-15细胞分离病毒,以及进行小鼠感染试验和gD基因分析。结果表明,PCR检测结果 PRV阳性,病料接种PK-15细胞24h后,细胞开始出现细胞病变;将病毒感染小鼠,36h后小鼠出现局部奇痒、死亡;gD基因序列分析发现,分离毒株与GenBank中的PRV gD基因序列同源性均在98%以上,氨基酸同源性在99%以上;在分离毒株gD基因的808bp~837bp位置上存在缺失与变异、高变重复区。本研究成功分离获得一株羊源伪狂犬病毒,为云南省羊伪狂犬病防控和基础研究提供资料。