猪传染性胸膜肺炎PCR诊断方法的建立

根据已发表的猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌APXIV毒素的基因序列，自行设计和合成了二对可扩增448bp和365bp目的片段的引物，成功的建立了检测APP的套式PCR方法。通过对猪肺疫巴氏杆菌、猪链球菌、大肠杆菌、猪嗜血杆菌、猪肺炎支原体和猪丹毒杆菌的DNA进行了PCR检测，结果均为阴性；对猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的1、2、5、6、7、9国际标准血清型均扩增出448bp和365bp的特异性条带；检测的敏感度一步PCR可达到5OO个细菌，最低检出DNA浓度可达到0．585ng／mL；套式PCR可达到50个细菌，最低检出DNA浓度可达到58．5pg／mL。另外，对5株从病猪体内分离的猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌进行了检测，5株均成阳性反应；对10只屠宰猪的肺脏分离物进行了检测，结果1份为阳性。结果表明此法特异性和敏感性均很高，可做为猪传染性胸膜肺炎的快速诊断和流行病学调查的手段。     

副猪嗜血杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

在已建立的副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)、多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pm)、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)的单重PCR检测方法的基础上,通过对扩增条件的优化,利用一次PCR反应可同时扩增出APP的256 bp、Pm的457 bp、HPS的822 bp的特异性片段,建立了HPS、Pm、APP的多重PCR实验室诊断方法。该复合PCR可检测60 pg的HPS、120 pg的Pm、50 pg的APP。利用该方法检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)阳性猪体内分离到的39株细菌,结果显示HPS、Pm、APP分别为12、16、2株,对39份病料的检测与常规细菌分离鉴定结果一致,可见该方法适用于HPS、APP、Pm的临床快速检测。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌PCR检测方法的建立

根据猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)外膜脂蛋白基因序列，设计合成了1对特异性引物。经PCR扩增，APP1～10标准血清型菌株均能扩增出大小为980bp的DNA片段，而大肠埃希氏茵、猪多杀性巴氏杆菌、猪链球菌、猪肺炎霉形体和葡萄球菌等的扩增结果均为阴性。该方法检测APP DNA的敏感性可达2pg。表明，此PCR方法特异性好，敏感性高，可用于猪传染性胸膜肺炎的快速诊断。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌PCR诊断方法的建立与应用

根据GenBank登录的猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,APP)血清1~14型的表面抗原蛋白D15和16S rRNA基因序列,设计2对特异性引物,分别扩增出637、431 bp两条核苷酸片段,建立了APP的多重PCR检测方法。特异性结果表明,血清1、3、5a、8、10型能扩增出两条与预期大小的片段,而扩增的大肠杆菌、巴氏杆菌、沙门氏菌、链球菌、葡萄球菌均成阴性。敏感性试验结果表明,最低检出浓度为50/μL。对临床分离的5株疑似APP菌株进行PCR,结果表明,其中4株为阳性,1株为阴性。提示,该方法的特异性和敏感性均良好。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的套式PCR检测

根据猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,APP)apxⅣA毒素基因的序列,设计了两对特异性引物P1/P4和P6/P8,建立了检测APP全部15个血清型的套式PCR方法.对APP的15个国际标准血清型和国内的APP菌株进行了PCR检测,都能得到223 bp的特异性扩增产物;检测的灵敏度可达1.3 CFU,最低检出DNA浓度为9 fg.     

副猪嗜血杆菌PCR鉴定方法的建立

以HPS的16SrRNA中的基因序列设计合成引物,进行PCR扩增,标准菌株NR4、SW124、SW114、SW140和分离株XX、FS在预计的821bp位置上扩增出特异性条带,NJING株、胸膜肺炎(APP)等没有特异性条带产生.这证明PCR检测副猪嗜血杆菌具有较高的特异性和敏感性.     

副猪嗜血杆菌PCR鉴定方法的建立

以HPS的16SrRNA中的基因序列设计合成引物，进行PCR扩增，标准菌株NR4、SW124、SW114、SW140和分离株XX、FS在预计的821bp位置上扩增出特异性条带，NJING株、胸膜肺炎（APP）等没有特异性条带产生。这证明PCR检测副猪嗜血杆菌具有较高的特异性和敏感性。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和副猪嗜血杆菌复合PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立可以同时检测猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和副猪嗜血杆菌的快速而可靠的PCR检测方法。方法和结果根据胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的Apx-VIA基因序列、多杀性巴氏杆菌和副猪嗜血杆菌的16SrRNA基因序列设计5条引物。猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和副猪嗜血杆菌模板的PCR扩增产物大小分别为342bp,485bp和1258bp。复合PCR对1～12型猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌标准株,6株多杀性巴氏杆菌标准株,1～15型副猪嗜血杆菌以及25株经生化鉴定确认为上述三种细菌的分离株的基因组DNA作为模板进行检测,均获得预期大小的扩增产物。以猪放线杆菌、吲哚放线杆菌等14种常见细菌作为阴性对照进行PCR检测,结果仅有支气管败血波氏杆菌产生了可以和上述三个特异性条带明显区分的PCR产物。复合PCR针对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和副猪嗜血杆菌的敏感性分别为14pg、34pg和37pg。结论本研究建立的复合PCR特异性好,敏感性高,可以用于猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和副猪嗜血杆菌的快速检测。     

猪葡萄球菌脱落毒素多重PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

根据GenBank已发表的猪葡萄球菌的6种脱落毒素基因序列,设计合成了6对相应的特异性引物,通过特异性、敏感性和重复性试验建立了可行的多重PCR检测方法。用该方法对临床分离到的9株猪葡萄球菌进行检测,均扩增出了与预期大小相符的23SrDNA（662bp）条带;同时,其中6株分别扩增出了EXHA（316bp,2株）、EXHC（525bp,2株）和Shet-A（814bp,2株）基因特异性条带;另外3株均未扩增出任何毒素基因特异性条带,鉴定为无毒力菌株,以上结果与生化鉴定及单一PCR检测测序结果一致。结果表明,本试验所建立的多重PCR方法不仅操作快速方便、节约试验成本,而且具有高度特异性、敏感性和良好的重复性,可用于仔猪渗出性皮炎的诊断和猪葡萄球菌的快速鉴定。     

RT-PCR检测猪瘟病毒方法的建立与应用

建立RT PCR检测猪瘟病毒的方法。根据已发表的猪瘟病毒E2基因 (囊膜糖蛋白gP55基因 )序列 ,设计合成了一对特异性引物 ,扩增片段的大小为 50 7bp ,用RT PCR技术对石门系标准株和 1 0株分离株进行检测。结果这对引物对标准株和 1 0株分离株均能扩增出与预期大小相符 50 7bpRT PCR产物 ,而对其他 6种猪病病原核酸的扩增结果为阴性。该RT PCR可检出 1 0 0pg的猪瘟病毒RNA模板 ,对人工感染猪不同组织样品进行检测 ,结果对白细胞抽提的核酸样品检出率最高为 1 0 0 % (2 4 / 2 4 ) ,其次为扁桃体、脾、肾 ,检出率为 83 3 % (2 0 / 2 4 ) ,再者为淋巴结 ,检出率为66 7% (1 6/ 2 4 )。对送检的 1 9份疑似猪瘟的病死猪病料组织进行RT PCR检测 ,结果有 1 6份样品为猪瘟病毒阳性。兔体交叉反应试验结果RT PCR阳性的 1 6份病料中 ,有 1 4份样品被判为含有猪瘟病毒 ,其他病料兔体交叉反应试验结果全为阴性     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.