猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的鉴定和耐药性研究

猪传染性胸膜肺炎是由猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuralpneumoniae,APP)引起的一种高度传染性呼吸道疾病,临床上准确鉴定该病原菌并合理选择抗生素施药十分重要。研究比较了应用传统方法、PCR方法和MALDI TOF方法鉴定45株临床APP,并比较了三种优势血清型的毒力表型,最后测定了其对临床34种常见抗生素的MIC。结果发现MALDI TOF微生物学鉴定方法具有快速、准确的优势;临床菌株血清型主要包括3型（20株）、1型（13株）、7型（7株）,其他血清型菌株5株,其中1型毒力最强;APP对罗红霉素、头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星、氨苄西林等高度敏感,对四环素、土霉素等耐药率较高。研究为临床快速鉴定APP和合理选择用药提供了参考依据,为APP临床耐药折点的制定奠定了基础。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌脂多糖的制备及对小鼠的免疫保护作用

采用酚-水法制备血清3型、4型、5型、7型和8型猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）脂多糖（LPS），以该多糖免疫小鼠，进行同源攻毒保护试验，结果LPS在20斗∥只的免疫剂量下可对小鼠产生较强的保护作用，用同血清型菌株对免疫后的小鼠攻毒，仅表现肺脏轻微出血，无死亡，而对照组未经免疫直接攻毒的小白鼠全部死亡，肺脏严重出血；小鼠免疫后第2d就可以检测到抗体，并且抗体水平上升较快，到第6d抗体达到最高水平，之后，抗体水平开始下降，但下降幅度不大，可持续2个月左右；交叉保护试验结果表明血清3型LPS对血清5型和7型APP，血清4型LPS对血清5型和7型APP没有保护作用，免疫后的小鼠攻毒仍表现多数死亡；血清3型LPS对血清4型和8型APP有交叉保护作用，血清4型LPS对血清3型和8型APP有交叉保护作用，血清5型、7型、8型LPS对5个血清型的APP都有交叉保护作用，免疫后的小鼠攻毒无死亡，仅表现肺脏有不同程度的出血。上述结果表明LPS是APP的主要免疫保护性抗原之一，该研究为APP亚单位疫苗的研制及应用提供了理论依据。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxI A毒力基因的克隆及序列分析

ApxI A为猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)的重要毒力基因,经PCR扩增从APP标准1型菌株得到长为3 069 bp的ApxI A基因,将该基因克隆到pMD-18 Tsimple Vector载体,重组质粒经PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定及序列测定,与GenBank收录的其它ApxI A基因序列比较分析,核酸序列同源性在98%~99%之间。APP的ApxI A基因的获得,可为进一步研究该基因及建立有效的诊断方法奠定基础。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxⅣ毒素基因的克隆与表达

以猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）血清2型标准菌株基因组DNA为模板,用PCR方法扩增ApxⅣ毒素基因特异片段1.5 kb左右,将PCR产物纯化后与pMD18-T连接并测序,结果该片段的碱基序列与GenBank中标准株序列的同源性为98%。随后将该片段亚克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a（＋）的多克隆位点,经鉴定后得到重组质粒pET-ApxⅣ,将此重组质粒转化到受体菌BL21-DL3中,并用诱导剂乳糖进行诱导表达,5 h后表达达到高峰。经12%SDS-PAGE电泳检测,表达得到的融合蛋白约为61 000。经Western blotting分析,表达蛋白能与APP阳性血清发生特异性反应,而与阴性血清不反应。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌外膜蛋白基因的克隆和表达

以猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）血清7型25-4株基因组DNA为模板，用PCR扩增外膜蛋白（OMP）基因特异片段，并克隆于pMD18-T中，经酶切及核苷酸序列分析鉴定后，亚克隆于原核表达栽体pGEX-6P-1，成功构建了重组表达载体pGEX-omp；以此转化大肠埃希氏菌BL21（DE3），经SDS-PAGE鉴定，表达的可溶性融合蛋白分子质量约为61 ku，命名为GST-OMP。以GST亲和层析柱纯化并利用Xa因子酶解，获得切掉标签的OMP。经ELISA检测，该OMP蛋白能够与兔抗APP的阳性血清反应，具有很好的免疫活性。GST-OMP蛋白的成功表达为APP OMP相关分子生物学功能的研制奠定了基础。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌荧光抗体检测方法的建立

将表达的胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）外膜脂蛋白（OmlA）纯化后免疫新西兰白兔，收集高免血清作为一抗，建立了间接荧光抗体检测方法（IFA）。同时用提纯IgG标记FITC，作为荧光抗体，建立了直接荧光抗体检测方法（FA）。这2种检测方法对血清1型～12型APP标准株检测结果均为阳性，而血清13型和15型APP标准株、副猪嗜血杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、支气管败血性波氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏茵、葡萄球菌和链球菌等其它相关细菌的检测结果均为阴性。IFA和FA对APP的最小检出浓度分别为5．32×10^4CFU／mL和4．17×10^5CFU／mL。TFA和FA对人工感染动物和139份临床送检病料进行检测，并与细菌学检测结果和apxlV-PCR进行比较。其中，上述4种方法检测实验感染动物样品结果均为阳性，有较好的符合率；临床可疑病料中，有36份（25．90％1为IFA阳性，29份（20．86％）为FA阳性，42份（30．22％）为PCR阳性，从7份（5．03％）病料中分离到本病原。这些初步研究结果表明，所建立的荧光抗体检测方法可以应用于APP感染的检测，在检出率方面优于细菌分离鉴定方法。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌2,3,6血清型三重PCR检测方法的建立与应用

根据Gen Bank中胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)荚膜多糖基因序列,设计3对引物,成功建立了检测APP 2型、3型和6型的三重PCR检测方法。该三重PCR的最低核酸检测量分别为0.25、0.5和0.25 ng/μL,对猪肺炎支原体、猪传染性萎缩性鼻炎病毒、副猪嗜血杆菌的扩增结果均为阴性。对112份自然感染病猪样品的检测结果与单一PCR检测结果完全符合。结果表明,该多重PCR方法具有很好的特异性和敏感性,可用于临床APP 2型、3型和6型的检测。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌RTX毒素抗原优势决定簇的筛选和融合表达

为了制备胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,APP)亚单位疫苗和建立配套的诊断方法，本研究在对APP的RTX毒素(ApxⅠ～Ⅲ)生物学信息分析的基础上，以APP血清5型和8型的DNA为模板对ApxⅠ～Ⅲ分段扩增后进行截短表达，获得12个截短表达蛋白。利用Western blot对12个表达蛋白进行抗原性分析，确定ApxⅠ～Ⅲ的优势抗原决定簇分别为蛋白AⅠ2、AⅡ3和AⅢ2。以蛋白AⅡ3、AⅢ2、AⅠ2的顺序排列并在蛋白间加入GPGPG氨基酸序列，无缝克隆3个蛋白片段基因，通过原核表达获得融合蛋白A231。该蛋白可与临床APP阳性猪血清特异性结合，具有良好的免疫反应性。该研究的成功开展可为研制具有交叉保护力的亚单位疫苗及建立配套ELISA检测方法奠定基础。     

猪的胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和副猪嗜血杆菌复合PCR检测方法的建立

在已经建立猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)、猪多杀性巴氏杆菌(PM)、副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)的单项PCR诊断方法的基础上,通过对扩增条件的优化,成功地建立了APP、PM、HPS的复合PCR实验室诊断方法,利用一次PCR反应,即可同时扩增出APP的342bp、PM的457bp和HPS的821bp的特异性片段。该复合PCR能同时检测到100个每种细菌或50pg的APP或HPS的DNA和500pg的PM的DNA。该三重复合PCR的敏感性同已报道的单PCR一致。该方法的建立对临床上进行这3种疾病的鉴别诊断和混合感染的检测都具有重要意义。     

猪胸膜肺炎调查及地方适用型灭活疫苗的研制

对广东珠江三角洲地区31个猪场450份血清用IHA方法进行猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)抗体检查,阳性猪场和阳性血清分别为96.8%和58.4%;分离鉴定了7株APP,血清分型为1、7、3和4型,且以1、7型毒力较强;用平板凝集法对263份APP抗体阳性血清进行抗体反向分型试验,结果1型、7型共占76.4%。确定了APP最佳液体培养条件,培养菌液CFU为2.4×109/mL;研制的APP 1型、7型二价灭活疫苗安全、稳定。兔和仔猪免疫抗体曲线显示,油乳剂疫苗明显优于铝胶疫苗,二次免疫优于一次免疫;APP双价油乳剂灭活疫苗一次免疫仔猪,能100%抵抗APP同源1、7型强毒菌株的攻击,保护期达110 d;田间试验明显提高猪群的生产成绩。     

Atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates that share antigenic determinants with both serotypes 1 and 7.

In the present study, the characterization of 3 atypical isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is presented. Two isolates (1B and 27E) showed positive reactions in coagglutination, immunodiffusion, and indirect hemagglutination tests for serotypes 1 and 7, whereas the third isolate (26B) reacted with antisera to serotypes 1, 4, and 7. These atypical isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae possessed a capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigenically related to serotype 1 as well as an O-chain lipopolysaccharide antigenically related to serotype 7 or to serotypes 4 and 7, as shown by the use of monoclonal antibodies. Results of toxin profile and virulence assays for mice and pigs showed them to be more related to A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 field isolates. All 3 isolates induced antibodies mainly against serotype 7/4 O-long-chain lipopolysaccharide (LC-LPS) and, to a lesser extent, to the CPS of serotype 1, in experimentally infected pigs. Diagnostic laboratories that use a LC-LPS-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of A. pleuropneumoniae infection in swine would probably diagnose herds infected with these atypical isolates as being infected by A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 7 or 4, whereas those that use a CPS-based ELISA would probably consider them as infected by A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1.     

Study of antigenic heterogeneity among Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 strains

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 strains were studied for their antigenic heterogeneity using rabbit polyclonal hyperimmune sera against all the known twelve reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae and a battery of different serological tests such as coagglutination (COA), immunodiffusion (ID), indirect hemagglutination (IHA), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), rapid dot-ELISA (RDE), serum soft-agar (SSA) and growth agglutination (GA). Reference serotype 7 strain (WF83) showed cross-reactivity with reference serotype 1B strain but not with other serotypes. Field serotype 7 strains showed cross-reactivities with serotypes 1A, 1B, 4, 9, 10, and 11 in COA, ID, and CIE tests, but not in IHA test. Two field strains of serotype 7 (90-3182 and 86-1411) which appeared to be different from the typical serotype 7 strains were selected for further antigenic characterization by SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and Tricine SDS-PAGE assays, and identified as serotypes 1 and 7, respectively. For serotyping atypical strains, it is suggested to use Western blot assay as a confirmatory test to identify serotype-specific capsular and somatic antigens.     

An abattoir survey of pneumonia and pleuritis in slaughter weight swine from 9 selected herds. III. Serological findings and their relationship to pathomorphological and microbiological findings

Blood samples from 777 pigs, originating from 9 different herds, were collected at slaughter and examined for antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae by the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and the complement fixation (CF) test, respectively. Results were compared to pathological and microbiological findings. Antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae in positive titers of 1/80 or higher were found in 62% of the samples. The relationship between positive IHA titers to M. hyopneumoniae and gross findings indicative of enzootic pneumonia of pigs (EPP), histological findings indicative of EPP, the isolation of M. hyopneumoniae and the demonstration of M. hyopneumoniae by indirect immunofluorescent testing ranged from 64% to 68%. No correlation was noted between positive IHA titers and the isolation of Mycoplasma flocculare. Positive antibody titers to A. pleuropneumoniae of 1/10 or higher were detected in 5% to 85% of the samples from individual herds. Positive titers to A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 were found in 71% to 79% of the sampled animals from herds with high frequencies of pneumonic lesions indicative of pleuropneumonia. In herds with low frequencies of pleuropneumonia, positive titers were recorded in from 0 to 4% of the tested pigs. However, no statistical association was found between pleuropneumonia and positive titers to A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 in individual animals. Twenty-one per cent of samples with positive CF titers to A. pleuropneumoniae showed antibodies to more than one serotype.     

Evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to the Apx toxins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

The reference strains of the 12 serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae express one or two of three different RTX exotoxins designated Apx I, Apx II and Apx III. The toxins are important virulence factors. In the present study, ELISAs with purified Apx I, Apx II and Apx III, respectively, as antigen were evaluated as candidates for serological diagnosis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. The pigs were inoculated with biotype 1, serotypes 1-12, and biotype 2, serotype 14, respectively. A strong humoral antibody response was seen to all the three antigens in most pigs irrespective of the serotype used for inoculation. However, titers to the exotoxins secreted by the serotype used for inoculation were generally highest. The results show that toxin proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae are antigenically related and that a correlation between serotype and secretion of exotoxin is not revealed serologically in the ELISA test.     

Rapid purification of a 110-kilodalton hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by monoclonal antibody-affinity chromatography.

An efficient, single-step method for purification of the 110-kilodalton (kDa) hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was developed. An immunoaffinity column was made by cross-linking murine monoclonal antibody 8C2 to the 110-kDa hemolysin of A pleuropneumoniae strain J45 serotype 5 to protein A-agarose beads. Purified hemolysin with high hemolytic activity was obtained after washing the column with phosphate-buffered saline solution, and eluting the hemolysin with 50 mM diethylamine, pH 11.0. The same column was also used to purify the hemolysin from A pleuropneumoniae strain 4074 serotype 1. The purification procedure could be completed within 5 hours, and almost 50% of the total hemolytic activity and hemolysin protein was recovered in pure form.     

Biochemical and serological properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 strains isolated from swine

The biochemical and serological properties of 21 strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 isolated from haemorrhagic necrotic pleuropneumonia of swine were examined. For serologic typing, the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and the double gel-diffusion tests were used. On the basis of their soluble surface antigens, our A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 isolates could be assigned to two proposed serotypes. Serotype 1 comprised 11 strains and serotype 2 comprised 10 strains. All strains contained two surface antigen components. In the strains belonging to serotype 1, one of the antigens was identical with the serotype-specific antigen of Pasteurella haemolytica T4. Both antigens of serotype 2 strains proved to be type-specific. Four strains received from Switzerland, including the holotype strain of A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 2, and three strains isolated from swine in the G.D.R. belonged to serotype 2. Both the double gel diffusion and the IHA tests detected a 2-way cross-reaction between biotype 1, serotype 2 and biotype 2, serotype 2 strains of A. pleuropneumoniae, which could be eliminated using cross-absorbed sera.     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌菌影的制备与免疫试验

通过鲎素抗菌肽和超高静水压联合作用,制备出一种胸膜肺炎放线杆菌菌影。利用胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清5型（CVCC263）制备菌影并检测其灭活率。CVCC263菌影疫苗接种免疫仔猪,二免14d后攻毒,每天测量体温,并观察精神状态,呼吸,食欲等。攻毒第8天对存活猪进行剖杀,测量肺部病变面积,进行病理检测。结果显示,免疫组抗体效价及血清中的IgG、IgM、IgA、IL-2、IL-4含量均较对照组显著增加。免疫组临床症状和肺部病变面积均小于对照组。CVCC263菌影疫苗免疫仔猪抗APP感染的保护效果是明显的,并且APP5型的菌影疫苗可对APP7型感染有交叉保护。     

不同血清型牛源巴氏杆菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

巴氏杆菌是引起牛出血性败血症的主要病原之一,其致病血清型主要有荚膜A、B和E型。本试验选择、合成了针对3种不同血清型菌株的引物,建立了检测不同血清型菌株的多重PCR鉴别诊断方法。试验用2.5ngDNA模板即可扩增出目的基因,通过对引进的参考菌株进行检测表明,用该方法进行牛源巴氏杆菌的诊断和菌株分型特异性好,敏感性高。     

Serotype specificity of immunological assays for the capsular polymer of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 9.

The cross-reactivity of the purified polysaccharides of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 9 were examined using a variety of highly sensitive assays, such as radioimmunoassay, latex agglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblotting. In addition, conventional immunodiffusion was included for comparison. Latex agglutination, utilizing affinity-purified IgG to capsule, was also used to serotype whole cells. Agglutination or precipitation tests (radioimmunoassay, latex agglutination, and immunodiffusion) indicated no cross-reactivity between the capsules of serotypes 1 and 9, and no cross-reactivity between whole cells by latex agglutination. Assays that required binding of the capsule to a solid support (ELISA and immunoblotting) did demonstrate cross-reactions between serotypes 1 and 9 capsules, although reactions with the heterologous serotype were weaker than with the homologous serotype. The cross-reactivity could not be attributed solely to nonspecific factors because similar cross-reactivity did not occur with serotype 5 or 7 capsules by any assay. Reactivity of antisera with homologous or heterologous capsule was reduced, but not completely eliminated, by adsorption with washed, live bacteria of the heterologous serotype. Thus, the assay, as well as the antigen or specificity of the antibody reagent used, may influence the results of A. pleuropneumoniae serotyping or serological tests.     

Serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 strains using a monoclonal-based polystyrene agglutination test.

A polystyrene agglutination test has been developed for serotyping Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5a and 5b strains. Protein A-coated polystyrene microparticles were sensitized with a murine monoclonal antibody recognizing an epitope on serotype 5 LPS-O chain as shown by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. A total of 205 A. pleuropneumoniae, strains including all 12 serotype reference strains and 13 strains representing 8 common bacterial species associated with swine or related to A. pleuropneumoniae, were tested by mixing 25 microL of polystyrene reagent with the same volume of a dense suspension of bacterial cells grown for 18 h. All A. pleuropneumoniae strains had been previously serotyped using standard procedures. The polystyrene agglutination test was rapid (less than 3 min) and easy to perform. Overall a very good correlation (97.3%) with the standard techniques was found. The sensitized polystyrene particles were stable for at least 6 mo.