携带非典型cpb2基因牛源A型产气荚膜梭菌重组α毒素的免疫保护性研究

为验证重组α毒素对携带非典型cpb2基因的A型产气荚膜梭菌的免疫保护性,本研究应用PCR技术,从某牛场牛源A型产气荚膜梭菌G1分离株中扩增出1 194 bp的α毒素编码基因(cpa)和795 bp的β2毒素编码基因(cpb2)。经BLAST分析显示,G1分离株携带的cpb2基因与14个菌株的非典型cpb2基因的氨基酸序列同源性为95.1%～98.9%,与典型cpb2基因(L77695)的氨基酸序列同源性为61.7%。这表明,G1的cpb2基因为非典型cpb2基因。同时分别将cpa和cpb2基因扩增产物克隆于原核表达载体中,构建重组表达质粒pET-a和pET-b2,重组菌经IPTG诱导表达重组蛋白,将其纯化后单独及联合免疫小鼠进行免疫保护试验。结果显示,单独免疫重组α毒素蛋白组以及联合免疫重组β2毒素蛋白组的小鼠,均可以抵抗至少6倍最小致死量(MLD)的G1外毒素(包含α毒素和非典型β2毒素)的攻击,也可以完全抵抗至少6 MLD的G2外毒素(不包含β2毒素)的攻击。表明,重组α毒素蛋白对含有及不含有非典型β2毒素的A型产气荚膜梭菌均具有良好的免疫保护作用。     

仔猪粪便DNA中产气荚膜梭菌主要毒素基因检测及荧光定量PCR计数方法的建立

为探究产气荚膜梭菌(Cp)及其产生的β2毒素对7日龄内仔猪腹泻的影响,本试验利用PCR技术对江西不同地区96份仔猪粪样DNA进行分析。首先检测产气荚膜梭菌α、β、β2、ε、ι、CPE毒素基因来推断Cp存在和基因型,然后对不同地区的β2毒素基因全长进行测序比对、MEGA7构建进化树,最后采用荧光定量PCR对携带CpA(β2+)的健康、腹泻样品中的Cp菌数进行测定。结果显示:α毒素基因在健康、腹泻仔猪的检测率分别为85.4%(41/48),81.3%(39/48),β2毒素基因则分别为79.2%(38/48),77.1%(37/48);β、ε、CPE及ι毒素基因未能检测到,综合各分型毒素检测结果,阳性粪样存在的Cp均为A型。β2基因全长除九江地区得到的β2基因在第706～733bp缺失28个碱基,其他地区β2全长序列不多于3个碱基的差异,与GenBank登录号AJ537530.1对应序列同源性最高。携带CpA(β2+)的健康、腹泻粪样同浓度DNA中Cp菌数为104～105 CFU,经SPSS17分析,差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明,江西地区的猪源β2毒素基因保守性较高,但仔猪腹泻与β2毒素基因存在与否和Cp菌数没有明显的相关关系,是否与毒素表达有关有待进一步的研究,本试验结果为研究Cp致病机制提供了依据。     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位与产气荚膜梭菌β1、β2毒素融合基因的构建及表达

为了构建含大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位(LTB)与产气荚膜梭菌β1、β2毒素融合基因的表达菌株,试验将亚克隆LTB基因融合到β2-β1毒素基因的上游,构建了pET30a-LTB-β2-β1原核表达载体,经IPTG诱导表达,对其表达产物进行SDS-PAGE检测和Western-blot分析。结果表明:重组菌株可以表达LTB-β2-β1融合蛋白,且该融合蛋白可以被相应的抗体识别。     

C型产气荚膜梭菌致病机理研究进展

C型产气荚膜梭菌能够引起人类和一些动物的坏死性肠炎。该菌能产生α外毒素和β外毒素,大部分该菌菌株也能分泌出产气梭菌细胞溶素O(PFO)和TpeL。试验证明β外毒素是C型产气荚膜梭菌的主要致病毒素。在兔子肠襻和小鼠模型试验中发现,通过细胞中同源基因C型产气荚膜梭菌β毒素敲除基因突变株而导致该菌株失去毒力。当野生型β毒素基因补充这些突变体时毒素的活力将会复活。大多数C型产气荚膜梭菌产生的所有毒素(除TpeL外)都易与肠癌(Caco-2)细胞紧密结合并发生反应,比它在体外生长更加迅速。VirS/virR双组分调节系统(TCRS)被证明是在Coca-2细胞中导致β毒素和PFO产生快速上调。当virR基因被抑制时,pfoA和β毒素基因的表达也会受阻,这种系统是可逆的,virR表达时会恢复。通过β毒素作用于动物模型的试验研究,来寻找有效的预防措施。     

A型肉毒毒素基因的克隆及序列分析

目的:克隆肉毒梭菌(Clostridium botulinum)A型肉毒毒素(BoNTa)编码基因。方法:提取肉毒梭菌国际标准株(62A)基因组DNA,根据肉毒梭菌BoNTa基因(GenBank登录号M30196)序列设计引物,采用LA-PCR方法,扩增出目的基因片段,与pMD18-T载体连接,通过酶切鉴定、测序分析克隆到的A型肉毒毒素基因序列。结果:该基因片段与Genbank中的BoNTa基因序列(GenBank登录号M30196)一致性为100%,预测氨基酸序列一致性为100%。结论:成功克隆肉毒梭菌的A型肉毒毒素基因序列,为肉毒梭菌的快速检测,以及进一步用基因工程方法生产A型肉毒毒素奠定了基础。     

致病性嗜水气单胞菌气溶素基因的克隆与高效表达

根据 Gen Bank中致病性嗜水气单胞菌气溶素 (Aer)基因的序列设计引物 ,以国内嗜水气单胞菌分离株为模板 ,扩增出 Aer基因的全长序列。经 T载体克隆和序列测定 ,证实克隆了国内分离株的不含信号肽的 Aer全长基因。将该基因以正确的读码框架与表达载体 p ET2 8b连接 ,经 IPTG诱导、SDS- PAGE检测 ,外源基因获得高效表达。诱导 4 h的培养物中 ,融合蛋白的表达占菌体总蛋白含量的 4 8.5 7%。 Western-印迹结果显示 ,利用纯化包涵体制备的兔抗血清可以很好地识别嗜水气单胞菌产生的天然毒素 ,而且天然毒素制备的抗体也能识别纯化的重组毒素     

A型产气荚膜梭菌中国标准株α毒素基因的克隆与序列分析

应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术,从 A 型产气荚膜梭菌中国标准株C57-1中,扩增出大小约1.2 kb的A 型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素全基因(cpa1254基因),并将其克隆入pMD18-T载体中.转化至受体菌DH5α后,经Amp/IPTG/X-Gal 选择培养,提取质粒,PCR和EcoRⅠ/PstⅠ双酶切鉴定,筛选阳性重组克隆.核苷酸序列分析证实,cpa1254基因阅读开放框架由1 194 bp组成,编码398个氨基酸残基.经GenBank数据库的BLAST检索比对分析,cpa1254基因序列与国外文献报道者同源性达99%,表明本实验所克隆的cpa1254基因即为A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素基因.     

腐败梭菌α毒素基因的克隆与序列分析

应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术,从腐败梭菌强毒株C55-1中,扩增出大小为1327bp的腐败梭菌α毒素全基因(csa1327基因),并将其克隆入pMD18-T载体中.转化至受体菌DH5α后,经Amp/IPTG/X-Gal选择培养,提取质粒,PCR和EcoRⅠ/PstⅠ双酶切鉴定,筛选阳性重组克隆.核苷酸序列分析证实,csa1327基因开放阅读框架由1320bp组成,编码440个氨基酸残基.与GenBank中登录的国外Fukushima 5株、Kagoshima 1株、Mie株和44株的α毒素全基因相比,核苷酸同源率分别为100%、99.47%、99.25%和97.67%,推导氨基酸的同源率分别达100%、100%、99.7%和97.06%.表明本实验所克隆的csa1327基因即为腐败梭菌α毒素基因.     

产气荚膜梭菌α—β融合基因的构建

用PCR从含产气荚膜松菌β毒素基因的质粒pXETB2中扩增出β毒素基因，NcoⅠ和BamHⅠ双酶切该β毒素基因，回收0.93kb的β毒素基因片段，再用NcoⅠ和BamHⅠ双酶切含产气荚膜梭菌α毒素基因质粒pXETA1,与上述回收的β毒素基因片段连接，转化至受体菌BL21（DE3）中，经NcoⅠ，NotⅠ酶切反应鉴定和苷酸序列分析证实，获得的重组质粒pXCPAB1含有α－β融合基因，重组菌株BL21（CD3）（pXCPAB1)表达产物经ELISA检测和SDS－PAGE分析，表明重组菌株可以表达α－β融合蛋白。     

产气荚膜梭菌α—β融合基因的高效表达

用PCR从含产气荚膜俊菌α毒素基因的质粒pXETA1中扩增出α毒素基因，用NcoⅠ和BamHI双酶切该α毒素基因，回收0．95kb的α毒素基因片段，再用NcoⅠ和BamHI双酶切含产气荚膜梭菌β毒素基因质粒pXCPAB2，与 回收的α毒素基因片段连接，转化至受菌BL21（DE3）中。经NcoI,BamHI,NcoI酶反应鉴定和核苷酸序列分析证实，获得了理想重组质粒pXCPAB2，该重组质粒含有α-β融合基因。重组菌株BL21（DE）3（pXCPAB2)经IPTG诱导后，其表达产物经ELISA检测和SDSPAGE分析，结果表明重组菌株可以高效表达α-β融合基因，该融合蛋白占菌体总蛋白的22．14％。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.