黄芪多糖MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚纳米微球制备及体外释放研究

[目的]制备黄芪多糖MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚纳米微球,优选出最佳工艺条件,共考察微球的形态、粒径、载药量、包封率以及体外释放特性。[方法]选用聚乳酸-聚乙二醇(PLA-PEG)嵌段共聚物作为包载材料,采用复乳法制备黄芪多糖MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚纳米微球,优选最佳工艺条件。透射电子显微镜观察微球的形态、激光粒度分析仪测定其粒径及分布。采用紫外分光光度法测定微球的载药量和包封率,并研究其体外释放性质。[结果]采用复乳法制备的载药球电镜扫描结果外形圆滑,颗粒大小均匀,平均粒径873nm,包封率78%,释放率高达79.17%,释放时间较长为10天,且释放平缓,突释率较低。[结论]采用MPEG-PLA二氯甲烷溶液作为油相、黄芪多糖水溶液作为内水相,PVA水溶液作为外水相制备黄芪多糖MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚纳米微球的工艺稳定可行。     

恩诺沙星淀粉微球的制备及缓释性能的研究

为了优选恩诺沙星淀粉微球的最佳制备工艺,试验将反相乳液聚合法与包埋载药法结合起来,以可溶性淀粉为载体、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,制备恩诺沙星淀粉微球;以载药量和包封率为指标,通过L9(34)正交试验对制备工艺进行优化,采用扫描电镜观察载药微球的粒径大小及形态。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为淀粉4 g、恩诺沙星0.04 g、交联剂1.0 g、乳化剂0.8 g、反应时间2 h;按照此优化工艺参数制得的载药微球的总载药量为2.53%、包封率为89.72%;恩诺沙星淀粉微球大小较均匀,形态圆整,分散性较好,粒径为60μm左右;在最初2.5小时时释药量约为43.12%,至第8小时时释药量达80.69%,之后逐步释放,到第10小时时累积释药量占总药量的82.51%。说明此制备工艺可行,所制得的恩诺沙星淀粉微球具有一定的缓释效果。     

恩诺沙星肺靶向明胶微球的制备及质量评价

研制恩诺沙星肺靶向明胶微球(ENR-GMS)并对其进行质量评价。采用乳化-化学交联法制备恩诺沙星肺靶向明胶微球,油镜下观察微球粒径大小及形态,并用显微照相机(Olym-pusDP12-2)拍照做记录。通过紫外分光光度法检测微球中恩诺沙星(ENR)的含量,进而计算得出其载药量和包封率,并通过溶出度测定法探讨其体外释放规律。制成的恩诺沙星肺靶向明胶微球为淡黄色粉末,油镜下大小较均匀,形态圆整、分散性较好,其内可见被包裹的黄色ENR粉末,平均直径约10.26μm。就粒径分布而言,5～12μm的微球占86.66%,载药量为4.51%,包封率为31%,在pH7.4的PBS缓冲液中的释药符合缓释特征,t1/2约为3.8h,比单纯的ENR延长3个多小时。体外释放实验显示前2.5h时释药量约37.02%,至第5.0h之间释药量达80.87%,之后逐步释放,至10h时药物释放累积量占总药量的87.96%。结果表明,制备出的恩诺沙星明胶微球符合肺靶向给药系统的要求,具有较好的缓释性和肺靶向性。     

载副猪嗜血杆菌PLGA Omp16蛋白微球的制备及其免疫效果的初步研究

为研究载副猪嗜血杆菌(H. parasuis)外膜蛋白Omp16 PLGA微球的生物学特性,本研究以H. parasuis外膜蛋白Omp16为芯材,聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)为壁材,通过复乳溶剂挥发法制备PLGA微球疫苗。通过扫描电镜测定微球的形态、激光粒径仪测定微球的粒径分布。结果显示,PLGA微球呈球性,表面圆整,粒径分布较窄,平均粒径为5.2μm;采用BCA法测定微球的包封率和载药率,结果显示,微球的包封率为70.5%,载药率为5.78%;以透析释药法测定微球的体外释放特性,结果显示,微球体外释放42 d累计释放抗原95.3%。用该微球0.2 mg/次,免疫小鼠二次(间隔14 d)后,采用ELISA法测定小鼠抗H. parasuis IgG水平,结果显示,微球佐剂组小鼠H. parasuis IgG抗体水平显著高于灭活疫苗组(p0.01);腹腔注射H. parasuis LY02株(血清5型)进行攻毒保护试验,结果显示,微球佐剂组小鼠攻毒保护率(81.8%)显著高于灭活疫苗组(63.6%)(p0.05)。以上试验结果表明,制备的PLGA微球具有良好的缓释性能,能增强小鼠体液免疫应答,提高H. parasuis攻毒保护率。本研究为H. parasuis亚单位微球疫苗的制备奠定基础。     

黄体酮聚乳酸微球制备及其体外释药特性研究

本试验旨在制备黄体酮聚乳酸微球,并考察其体外释药性能。以包封率、载药量为主要评价指标,考察制备黄体酮微球的主要影响因素,筛选出最佳工艺条件。扫描电子显微镜观察微球形态,紫外—可见分光光度法测定微球的包封率、载药量和体外释药特性。最佳工艺所制备的微球光滑、圆整、均匀、分散性好,包封率为(80.60±1.00)%,载药量为(10.63±0.05)%,在7 d内累积释药率达53.41%。制备微球包封率和载药量高,具有明显的缓释效果,能有效地延长药物作用时间。     

PCI-Ghrelin-28aa质粒微球对小鼠的促生长效应

以乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物为载体，采用复乳-液中蒸发法制备PCI-Ghrelin-28aa真核表达质粒微球，微球大小与文献报道相符，平均粒径分布在2~3 μm间，测得的包封率为99.27%，载药量6.8 μg/mg，回收率65.7%；将质粒微球肌肉注射小鼠，并记录25 d里小鼠的体重变化情况；体重统计结果表明，25 d时微球包裹质粒组累积增重比裸质粒组、生理盐水组分别高14.3%、27.9%(P<0.05)。结论认为，载PCI Ghrelin 28aa质粒微球具有缓释作用，并有增强质粒吸收及表达的趋势。     

生长激素释放肽-6缓释微球的制备及其对动物生长的影响

以生物降解材料乳酸乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA,LA-GA 8515)为载体,采用复乳-液中蒸发法制备含生长激素释放肽-6的乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球,并通过体外药物释放试验评价载药微球的释药特征.结果得到收率、粒径大小和分布及含药量均满意的微球,其中包封率为100%,平均体积径为3.45μm,收率为79%.在37℃、pH7.0的生理等渗缓冲液中,首日释药19.19%,其后以平均日释药3.23%的速度释药25 d.小鼠肌肉注射微球30 d后,累积增重比注射生长激素释放肽-6、生理盐水分别高22.56%(P<0.05)和53.17%(P<0.01).结果表明,生长激素释放肽-6乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球有望发展成为新型长效制剂.     

星点设计-效应面法优化硫氰酸红霉素肺靶向明胶微球的配方

用星点设计-效应面法优化硫氰酸红霉素明胶微球的处方,以期得到分散性好、粒径符合要求的明胶微球。本研究采用乳化-化学交联法制备,以明胶浓度、油水比例、乳化剂浓度为自变量,微球的平均粒径、载药量、包封率、跨距为因变量对自变量的各水平进行多元线性回归和二项式拟合。根据因变量效应面法选取较佳工艺,并在此基础上制备了硫氰酸红霉素微球,且进行了优化处方的验证。结果显示,二项式模型拟合效果较多元线性回归要好,最佳优化处方为明胶浓度0.156g/mL、油水比例12∶2、乳化剂浓度0.03g/mL,根据优化工艺制备的微球分散性好,平均粒径、载药量、跨距、包封率分别为12.51μm、21.28%、1.51和84.39%。体外释药特性研究表明,该微球符合一级方程规律,具有明显的缓释效果。通过星点设计-效应面法成功建立了处方优化模型,且预测性良好。     

伊维菌素聚酯酸酐微球的制备

将2种聚酯酸酐(P(SA∶RA 20∶80),P(SA∶RA 30∶70))分别与伊维菌素溶于三氯甲烷中作为有机相,以聚乙烯醇水溶液为水相,用乳化溶剂挥发法制备出2种伊维菌素聚酯酸酐微球。采用光学显微镜考察所制备微球的形态及粒径,紫外分光光度法测定载药量和包封率。结果显示,制备出的P(SA∶RA 30∶70)/IVM微球的平均粒径为(72.240±24.747)μm,载药量为19.67%,包封率为87.70%。P(SA∶RA 20∶80)/IVM微球的平均粒径为(64.18±26.14)μm,载药量为17.72%,包封率为87.27%。这表明采用乳化溶剂挥发法成功制备出2种伊维菌素聚酯酸酐微球。     

硫酸小檗碱微球体外释药性研究

为预测硫酸小檗碱微球的体内释放效应,以及制备更加符合机体生理特点的微球制剂,以硫酸小檗碱为模型药物,制备了壳聚糖-海藻酸钠载药微球。以生理盐水、人工肠液和人工胃液为释放介质,采用转篮法测定了载药微球在1 h～48 h的药物累计释放度。结果表明,在释放试验的1 h～12 h,人工肠液中的药物释放速度较快,在12 h药物累计释放率达到57.18%,而在生理盐水和人工胃液中的药物释放速度较慢,累计释放率分别为23.07%和11.04%,至48 h,在人工胃液、生理盐水和人工肠液中的药物累计释放率分别达到24.99%、51.29%和91.01%。在人工胃液中符合Higuchi方程,在人工肠液和生理盐水中的释放行为符合一级拟合方程,表明硫酸小檗碱壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球具有良好的缓释性能。     

伊维菌素聚酯酸酐微球的制备

将2种聚酯酸酐（P（SA：RA20：80）,P（SA：RA30：70））分别与伊维菌素溶于三氯甲烷中作为有机相,以聚乙烯醇水溶液为水相,用乳化溶剂挥发法制备出2种伊维菌素聚酯酸酐微球。采用光学显微镜考察所制备微球的形态及粒径,紫外分光光度法测定载药量和包封率。结果显示,制备出的P（SA：RA30：70）／IVM微球的平均粒径为（72．240±24．747）μm,载药量为19．67％,包封率为87．70％。P（SA：RA20：80）/IVM微球的平均粒径为（64．18±26．14）μm,载药量为17．72％,包封率为87．27％。这表明采用乳化溶剂挥发法成功制备出2种伊维菌紊聚酯酸酐微球。     

Use of biodegradable PLGA microspheres as a slow release delivery system for the Boophilus microplus synthetic vaccine SBm7462

The synthetic anti-Boophilus microplus vaccine SBm7462 derived from the tick intestinal protein, Bm86, induced a protective immune response when emulsified in saponin and used in cattle. Using a mice model, and with the objective of improving the vaccine by continual peptide release, it was encapsulated in PLGA 50:50 microspheres and inoculated in BALB/c mice to assess the immunological response by detection of anti-peptide IgGs. Comparative studies were made with the peptide emulsified in saponin and with another synthetic vaccine, and the microsphere/peptide was characterized for efficiency of encapsulation, in vitro release profile, morphology, size, peptide integrity after encapsulation and stability in different pHs. The findings showed that saponin enhances a better immune response from SBm7462 and that the PLGA 50:50 microspheres are suitable for use with this peptide.     

Uptake of orally administered polystyrene latex and poly(D,L-lactic/glycolic acid) microspheres into intestinal lymphoid tissues in chickens.

Fluorescein-labeled microspheres were orally administered to chickens and their distribution in intestinal lymphoid tissues was investigated. Polystyrene latex microspheres were observed in Peyer's patches, and also in the Meckel's diverticulum and the jejunum. Their density, however, seemed to be lower than that in Peyer's patches. Microspheres were rarely observed in the other intestinal tissues examined, including the bursa of Fabricius. Of note is that, although microspheres were present in the lumen, few, if any, were observed in the lamina propria of the caecal tonsil and caecum. Polystyrene latex microspheres of diameter 2.0 microm or 4.5 microm were also observed in Peyer's patches, but their density seemed to be lower as compared with the 0.75 microm microspheres. Poly(D,L-lactic/glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were prepared using PLGAs of various molecular weights (MW) and their uptake into Peyer's patches was compared. Microspheres prepared with PLGA of average MW of 20000 were not taken up into Peyer's patches, but those prepared with PLGA of average MW of 61000 or 99 800 were taken up into Peyer's patches.     

Preparation and evaluation of danofloxacin mesylate microspheres and its pharmacokinetics in pigs

Danofloxacin mesylate gelatin microspheres (DFM-GMS) were prepared by an emulsion chemical crosslinking technique. Distribution of particle size, morphologic characteristics, drug content, and drug stability were evaluated. In-vitro study showed that the release of danofloxacin mesylate (DFM) from microspheres was much slower than from the raw material (DFM) in the release medium. Pharmacokinetic characteristics were evaluated following intramuscular injection of DFM-GMS or DFM in pigs at dosage of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Elimination half-life (t_1/2β) of the drug was 24.32 h for DFM-GMS, and 6.61 h for DFM (P?<?0.01). Overall, DFM-GMS could be applied as a long-acting and lung targeting dosage form of DFM for clinical application.

     

盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O/W型复乳制剂处方的研制

采用单因素分析方法对乳化剂的用量、外水相与初乳体积比及一些药用辅料进行筛选,确定了盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O/W型复乳的基础处方,并对处方进行了质量评定。最终确定了初乳中乳化剂OP-10的最佳用量为处方量的10%,外水相中乳化剂泊洛沙姆188的用量为7%,蜂胶的最佳用量为处方量的5%,明胶为稳定剂,最佳外水相与初乳比例为5∶5。制备的盐酸咪唑苯脲W/O/W型复乳,稳定性较好,常温放置1个月未见分层,粒径小且分布均匀,包封率高。     

家兔肌肉组织表达外源性生长激素释放因子对增重的影响

用 Wicks法提取 pc DNA- GRF(1～ 32 )质粒并用 DNA Cacu L ator定量 ,同时制备原生质体。将 5 4只家兔随机分为 9组 ,分别注射质粒 pc DNA- GRF(1～ 32 ) 0 .4(用布比卡因处理 )、0 .4(含 10 %甘油 )、0 .4(含 2 5 %蔗糖 )、0 .2、0 .4、0 .6、0 .8mg及空质粒 0 .1mg和原生质体 1m L( ～ 组 )。分别于注射后 0、3、8、14、19、2 4、31d称重 ;于注射后 0、3、8、19、31d采血并分离血清 ,测定血清中 GH浓度 ,用 t检验进行统计学分析。结果表明 ,布比卡因处理组注射后 3d内GH浓度升高 6 5 %(P<0 .0 1) ,平均日增重 2 9g(P<0 .0 5 ) ;注射 0 .8mg组 31d平均日增重较对照组多 34 .6 2 %;注射原生质体组 31d平均日增重较对照组多 40 .5 7%(P<0 .0 5 )。 31d后将家兔屠宰 ,取注射部位肌肉提取 DNA和总RNA,用 PCR和 RT- PCR方法分别检测到了 GRF在肌肉中的存在和表达 ;用 EL ISA方法没能检测到血清中的 GRF抗体。     

Induction of humoral immune response and protective immunity in chickens against Salmonella enteritidis after a single dose of killed bacterium-loaded microspheres.

Formalin-inactivated Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 strain 119/95 (SE) was encapsulated in biodegradable poly (DL-lactide co-glycolic acid) PLGA; (65:35) microspheres by a modified water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double-emulsion solvent extraction/evaporation technique. These SE-loaded microspheres (SE-MS) were porous and spherical in shape with diameters of 0.4-10 microm and 20-80 microm in two preparations. SE-MS were subsequently used to vaccinate specific-pathogen-free chickens in a single dose in order to investigate the potency of a single-dose vaccination in inducing immune responses and protective immunity. In Experiment 1, 4-wk-old chickens that were vaccinated intramuscularly with 20-80-microm SE-MS generated long lasting (over 6 mo) and persistently high serum anti-SE immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody response. In Experiment 2, 2-wk-old chickens were vaccinated orally with 0.4-10-microm or intramuscularly with 20-80-microm SE-MS and challenged with 10(9) colony-forming units of homologous SE strain at 6 wk postvaccination. When challenged intramuscularly, one each of the orally vaccinated (n = 10) and the intramuscularly vaccinated birds (n = 10) showed clinical signs and death, whereas all of the nonvaccinated control birds (n = 12) were sick and 11 of them were killed. When challenge was via oral route, 26.1% of cloacal swabs and 24.0% of organs (liver, spleen, and cecum) collected from orally vaccinated birds (n = 35) were positive for SE, comparable to 27.9% of feces and 18.7% of organs from the intramuscularly vaccinated birds (n = 35). These figures were significantly lower than those for nonvaccinated birds (n = 30) from which 59.3% of feces and 44.0% of organs tested SE positive (P < 0.05). The humoral immune response was also determined after vaccination with a single dose. The intramuscular vaccination elicited higher serum IgG response than oral administration, but the latter elicited a significant intestinal mucosal IgA antibody response. This is the first evidence that chickens vaccinated with killed SE-loaded PLGA microspheres, intramuscularly and orally in a single dose, developed systematic and local immune responses, thereby conferring protective immunity.     

PRRSV ORF5基因和CSFV E2基因重组真核表达质粒的构建及小鼠免疫试验

根据猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)已知序列设计3对引物,采用RTPCR方法扩增PRRSV ORF5基因和CSFV E2基因,目的基因依次插入真核表达载体pcDNA4.0,经PCR、酶切及测序分析,重组质粒构建成功,并命名为pcDNA4.0-ORF5-E2.重组质粒回收提纯后,以100 μg/只剂量免疫小鼠,免疫3次.三免后10 d采血并制备血清,用间接ELISA检测小鼠血清中PRRSV及CSFV抗体效价.结果显示,所构建的重组质粒能够诱导小鼠产生PRRSV及CSFV抗体.