感染性分子克隆衍生的马传染性贫血病毒的免疫学特性

将马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞毒疫苗(DLA—EIAV)、DLA—EIAV感染性分子克隆衍生毒(vOK8226)以及强弱毒嵌合毒(vOKVltr)分别接种健康马，并于接种后第220d，用EIAV强毒辽宁株(L-EIAV)攻击，观察临床变化，并测定接种后各结构蛋白的抗体变化。结果发现，攻毒后，2匹非免疫对照马和克隆衍生毒接种组中的1匹马体温均出现典型的稽留热并死亡，死亡马呈现典型的马传染性贫血的病理组织学变化，其他免疫马未见任何临床变化；在攻毒后第450d剖杀所有存活马，也未见任何病理组织学变化。抗体检测结果表明，免疫接种后攻毒前各组p11和p9抗体均检测不到，嵌合毒接种组p15、p26和gp45抗体水平高于其他组。攻毒后非免疫对照马体内抗p9、p11、p15、p26和gp45抗体均显著升高，并持续至死亡；嵌合病毒接种马体内各结构蛋白抗体水平与攻毒前没有显著变化，克隆衍生毒接种马体内各结构蛋白抗体水平比攻毒前有所升高。通过临床观察、病理组织学检测以及攻毒后各结构蛋白抗体记忆反应情况分析，置换了强毒LTR的DLA—EIAV感染性分子克隆衍生毒(强弱毒嵌合病毒)免疫马能够抵抗马传染性贫血病毒强毒的攻击，获得完全保护，而DLA—EIAV感染性分子克隆衍生毒免疫马未能完全抵抗强毒的攻击。     

通过暂时免疫抑制研究跨膜蛋白C末端缺失对EIAV疫苗株EIAV_(FDDV12)体内复制的影响

马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)减毒疫苗是世界首例慢病毒疫苗,但其作用机理尚不明了。我们的前期研究发现EIAV疫苗株EIAVFDDV12编码跨膜蛋白gp45的基因在马体内发生高频率G2230A点突变形成终止子,使该蛋白C末端出现154个氨基酸的截短。为了探讨该截短蛋白对EIAV疫苗株生物学特性的作用,本研究以EIAV弱毒疫苗株感染性克隆基础上,构建了gp45截短型感染性克隆,脂质体转染细胞,增殖传代,获得病毒株EIAVFDDVTM-36,接种到马体内。在接种后167 d内未观察到临床症状,连续注射10 d地塞米松以暂时抑制免疫系统,并用迟发性超敏反应和淋巴细胞增殖实验评价免疫抑制效果。结果显示,截短型跨膜蛋白疫苗株EIAVFDDVTM-36接种组免疫抑制前后病毒载量和中和抗体效价差异不显著,而完整型跨膜蛋白疫苗株感染性克隆EIAVFDDVTM-45接种组4匹马中3匹免疫抑制后病毒载量显著上升,同时组内中和抗体效价明显提高。以上结果表明,马体特异性免疫压力对EIAVFDDVTM-36复制无影响,而对亲本株EIAVFDDVTM-45复制有抑制,显示跨膜蛋白截短型EIAV作为疫苗更为安全。但免疫抑制造成的gp45跨膜蛋白未截短型疫苗株感染性克隆体内病毒载量升高,可以促使机体产生更高的中和抗体效价,提示该疫苗的安全性和有效性在一定程度内呈负相关(相互制约)。因此,安全性和有效性的平衡是慢病毒减毒疫苗研发需注意的重要因素。     

马传贫病毒弱毒疫苗免疫马匹后中和抗体变化规律研究

为研究马传贫病毒(EIAV)弱毒疫苗免疫马匹后中和抗体的动态变化规律,本研究通过将表达EIAV囊膜蛋白重组质粒(pcDNA-env),与表达EIAV主要结构基因gag-pol的包装质粒(pUK-gag-pol)、表达荧光素酶的转移载体(pONY8.1)共转染293T细胞,制备了EIAV假病毒粒子(EIAV-Env)。在此基础上,利用该假病毒对2匹EIAV疫苗免疫马在免疫后6个月内不同时间点的中和抗体进行检测。即将EIAV疫苗免疫马血清通过连续4倍稀释,与EIAV-Env共孵育1 h后接种ELR1-293T细胞,36 h后通过检测细胞内荧光酶活性计算不同血清样品的中和抗体滴度。结果显示,EIAV疫苗免疫马血清可以特异性地中和EIAV-Env。EIAV疫苗免疫马后,随着时间的增加其体内中和抗体滴度逐渐升高,在6个月时能够达到最高值,这提示中和抗体可能与EIAV疫苗体液免疫成熟相关。本研究为进一步深入EIAV及其疫苗诱导体液免疫保护机制的研究提供了相关的实验依据。     

马传染性贫血病毒囊膜基因gp90V3区糖化回复突变感染性克隆的构建

为阐明我国马传染性贫血病毒（Equine infectious anemia virus,EIAV）弱毒疫苗致弱及免疫保护的分子机制,作者分析了疫苗株及其亲本强毒株共34个囊膜基因序列。结果发现疫苗株在膜基因gp90V3区的潜在N-连接糖基化位点出现稳定的碱基替换,使该位点消失。为研究囊膜糖基化的作用,以疫苗株全长感染性克隆pLG—FD3—8为亲本,利用反向遗传技术对该突变位点进行糖基化序列回复操作,构建全基因感染性克隆pLGFDg5。将pLGFDg5转染驴胎皮肤细胞（FDD）,通过逆转录酶活性和RT-PCR方法评价其感染性。结果表明,将pLGFDg5在FDD细胞中盲传3代后,可在细胞培养上清中检测到逆转录酶活性,用RT—PCR检测到EIAV保守基因片段,在电镜下可见典型的EIAV粒子。在FDD细胞上的病毒复制动力学分析显示,与其亲本克隆pLGFD3—8的衍生病毒pLGFD3-V相比,回复突变克隆衍生的pLGFDg5-V复制速度较慢,获得较低的病毒载量。体外抗体中和试验表明,与其亲本pLGFD3-V相比,引入潜在的糖基化位点g5降低了衍生病毒对中和抗体的敏感性。这一结果为N-连接糖基化在我国马传贫弱毒疫苗致弱机理的作用研究提供了重要依据。     

马传染性贫血病毒囊膜基因gp90 V4区糖基化回复突变感染性克隆的构建

为了阐明我国马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)弱毒疫苗致弱及免疫保护的分子机制,本研究分析了疫苗株及其亲本强毒株共34个囊膜基因序列.结果发现疫苗株在膜基因gp90 V4区潜在的N-连接糖基化位点出现了稳定的碱基替换,使该位点消失.为研究囊膜糖基化的作用,以疫苗株全长感染性克隆pLGFD3-8为亲本,利用反向遗传技术对该突变位点进行了糖基化序列回复突变操作,构建了全基因感染性克隆pLGFDg9.将其转染驴胎皮肤细胞(FDD).通过用逆转录酶活性、间接免疫荧光和RT-PCR方法检测而确定其感染性.结果表明,在FDD细胞中盲传3代后,在细胞培养物中可检测到逆转录酶活性,RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光检测均呈阳性,电镜下见到典型的EIAV颗粒.     

EIAV基因转移载体包装盒表达质粒的构建

在马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)基因转移载体成功构建并优化的基础上,构建了EIAV基因转移载体包装盒表达重组质粒.分别根据EIAV驴胎皮肤细胞弱毒疫苗株感染性分子克隆(pLGFD3-8)和驴白细胞弱毒疫苗株感染性分子克隆pOK8266T序列,设计并合成引物,扩增EIAV gag/pol全基因和rev基因的第2个外显子,分别插入真核表达载体pCDNA3.1(+),获得表达载体pCDFGP和pCDREV,与亲本株的核苷酸同源性分别是99.6%和99.8%, 编码蛋白Gag、Pol及Rcv蛋白的推测氨基酸同源性分别为99.2%、98.3%和100%.利用脂质体法,分别将pCDFGP和pCDREV单独及共转染HEK293细胞,利用EIAV阳性血清分另7进行间接免疫荧光抗体试验OVA)和蛋白免疫印迹试验(western blot),检测外源蛋白的表达情况.结果表明,双质粒共转染的细胞中转染后48 h可检测到特异性荧光,转染后60 h的细胞裂解产物中可以检测到55 ku的Gag蛋白及26 ku的p26蛋白,而单独转染pCDFGP和pCDREV的细胞,IFA和western blot试验结果均为阴性.结果表明同时存在gag/pot和rev 基因第4外显子的情况下,EIAV包装盒才能表达.     

牛轮状病毒基因重配二价减毒疫苗接种怀孕母牛的免疫原性评价

为评价牛轮状病毒(BRV)基因重组二价减毒疫苗(LLR-85和R191株)对怀孕母牛的免疫反应,本研究将RV LLR-85(G10)和R191(G6)株等比例混合后进行乳化,肌肉途径接种怀孕7个～8个月的母牛.采用间接ELISA和病毒中和(VN)试验对接种牛血清抗BRV的IgG、IgA以及VN抗体进行检测.结果显示,接种2周后抗体水平达到峰值,可以使原有的抗体滴度升高4倍～32倍,高滴度抗体可持续约2个月,接种母牛均未发生流产等副反应.犊牛通过饲喂初乳,可以在出生后1d内获得最高水平的血清和肠道粘膜抗体.结果表明,BRV基因重组二价减毒疫苗对孕牛不但具有良好的安全性、而且其高滴度抗体可以通过初乳使新生犊牛获得有效的被动免疫.这些研究结果为该疫苗的临床应用提供了实验依据.     

细粒棘球蚴Eg95重组蛋白疫苗临床免疫效果研究

为评价细粒棘球蚴Eg95重组蛋白的临床免疫效果,本研究利用ELISA试剂盒对3个地区12个养殖场的1 637头3月龄~4月龄绵羊与山羊进行了18个月的免疫后抗体滴度水平监测。结果显示,Eg95重组蛋白疫苗在14 d时可以诱导免疫动物产生特异性抗体,抗体滴度水平在28 d达到峰值,免疫保护大于3个月。而且在首次免疫后第28 d进行第二次免疫,则抗体滴度水平呈显著增加(p0.05),并可持续12个月以上。在第二次免疫后12个月再次进行免疫,动物的Eg95特异性抗体水平显著性提高,并且差异极显著(p0.01),抗体滴度长期保持在3.5以上。因此,细粒棘球蚴Eg95重组蛋白免疫效果良好,可以有效预防棘球蚴(包虫)病。     

马传染性贫血病毒p26蛋白单克隆抗体的制备

为制备马传染性贫血病毒(EIAV)的单克隆抗体(MAb),本研究以原核表达并纯化的EIAV p26蛋白作为免疫原免疫8周龄的BALB/c小鼠,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,建立抗EIAV衣壳蛋白p26抗体的杂交瘤细胞.应用重组p26蛋白为抗原建立ELISA筛选方法,获得两株能够稳定分泌特异性MAb的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为E11和F8.经试验证明,这些抗p26MAb均能够与感染驴胎皮肤细胞的EIAV和经SDS-PAGE分离的EIAV总蛋白中的p26蛋白结合.这两株p26蛋白MAb的获得将为EIAV的检测及鉴别诊断奠定基础.     

中国株马传染性贫血病病毒S2基因的原核表达及其多克隆抗体制备

本实验为表达马传染性贫血病病毒(EIAV)S2蛋白和制备其抗血清,以EIAV感染性分子克隆pFDDV3-8为模板扩增S2基因,将其克隆于pMD18-T载体中,测序验证后,将S2基因亚克隆于pET-30a表达载体,构建S2基因的重组表达质粒(pET-EIAV-S2),并转化DH5α受体菌.以终浓度为0.6 mmol/L的IPTG诱导,表达的重组蛋白约20 ku.Western blot分析表明,该蛋白可与EIAV的阳性血清反应,具有免疫原性.该重组蛋白通过镍离子亲和层析进行纯化后,免疫新西兰兔.ELISA及western blot分析表明,制备的兔多克隆抗体与EIAV的S2蛋白发生特异性反应.EIAV S2蛋白的重组表达及其抗体的制备为进一步研究S2辅助蛋白在EIAV复制与致病中的作用,以及S2基因反向遗传研究奠定了基础.     

Treatment of an osteoblastic osteosarcoma in an aged gelding

A 27‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was examined for a right nasal mass visible inside the right nares. Airflow through the right nostril was absent. Endoscopy and radiography revealed the mass to occupy the entire right nasal passage. Nasal biopsies were inconclusive, so en bloc resection was performed. A diagnosis of an incompletely resected osteoblastic osteosarcoma was made. Endoscopic biopsies performed 4 weeks post surgery revealed osteosarcoma cells present in the caudal right nasal cavity. Metastatic disease was not present in mandibular lymph node aspirates or on thoracic radiographs. The right nasal passage was irradiated with 12 treatments over the course of 4 weeks. Comfort and quality of life were excellent during treatment and no adverse side effects were noted. Endoscopy and follow‐up biopsies at 1, 2, 4, 12 and 14 months post radiation therapy have not found any evidence of regrowth of the osteosarcoma.     

Repair of an open radial fracture in an adult horse

An open radial fracture in an adult horse (450 kg) was repaired by internal fixation, using two 18-hole 4.5-mm broad dynamic compression plates and 5.5- and 4.5-mm bone screws. The fracture healed completely, but when evaluated 9 months after surgery, the horse was lame on the fractured limb at a trot. Local infiltration of anesthesia along the distal half of the bone plates greatly ameliorated the lameness, suggesting that the plates were irritating the soft tissues and extensor tendons along the cranial and lateral aspects of the antebrachium. Both bone plates were removed simultaneously with no complications, and the horse became sound.     

Surgical removing of an ectopic tooth in an Iceland mare

Ectopic teeth occur because of failure of the first branchial cleft to close during development and are found mostly in young horses. Such dentigerous cysts are often located at the base of the ear, forming a notable swelling with a fistula, as it was the case with the two year old Iceland mare ?Runa?. In order to confirm the diagnosis, x-ray images were taken, which is also necessary to locate the ectopic tooth correctly. While operating, the whole cystic membrane should be removed and it is important to prevent adjacent nerves and blood vessels from damage. Prognosis for complete healing after removing an ectopic tooth is excellent.     

Treatment of an infrabony pocket in an American Eskimo dog

This case report describes the use synthetic bone graft particulate and 24% EDTA gel to treat an infrabony defect adjacent to the mandibular right first molar tooth in an American Eskimo dog. Postoperative examination 33-months following surgery showed osseous integration at the infrabony defect and restoration of the periodontal ligament space with a small refractory periodontal pocket.     

Surgical stabilization of an occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in an adult dog

Objective: To report surgical planning, technique, and outcome of stabilization surgery in an adult dog with occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM). Study Design: Clinical report. Animal: A 19‐month‐old, 25.5 kg, male castrated, Shiba Inu. Methods: Radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging were used to identify and characterize OAAM. Using a ventral approach to the cranial cervical region 2 cortical bone screws were inserted from the axis into the malformed atlas and occiput. Results: Ambulation was conserved postoperatively. Within 4 weeks, neurologic examination was mostly normal except for decreased proprioception in the right pelvic limb. At 9 months, the dog retained an extended neck posture, but had no neurologic abnormalities. Conclusion: OAAM should be considered as a differential diagnosis in an adult dog with cervical myelopathy. Surgical fixation with cortical bone screws using a ventral approach can be successful.     

Hyaluronidase as an adjunct in an immobilizing mixture for moose

Hyaluronidase was put into immobilizing syringes for 58 of 104 moose captured with a fentanyl/xylazine mixture. Induction times were measured for both groups and were related to injection site as well as drug mixture. Hyaluronidase-treated moose had significantly shorter induction times than others. Injection site also had a significant effect on induction times.     

Hyperandrogenism from an ovarian interstitial-cell tumor in an alpaca.

An 8-year-old intact female Huacaya alpaca (Lama pacos) was presented for recent development of male behavior. Serum testosterone concentration was determined to be 969.1 pg/ml by using radioimmunoassay, while the range in 33 healthy female adult intact alpacas was 11.7-62.1 pg/ml. An ovarian mass was suspected, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed. A tan mass was present on the left ovary. Histologically, the mass was composed of closely packed, plump, polygonal cells with central round nuclei with granular chromatin and abundant eosinophilic finely granular to vesiculate cytoplasm. An ovarian benign interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor was diagnosed.     

Extraction of an infected tusk in an adult African elephant

An 18-year-old African elephant was determined to have a nonrepairable crack in its left tusk. Treatment included extraction of the tusk, using rotational and extractional forces, and administration of antibiotics, followed by 1 year of flushing the opened tusk cavity with warm tap water. Two years after surgery, the elephant was healthy, and the tusk cavity was 80% filled with normal tissue.