大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素突变体的原核表达及其活性研究

为使大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素(LT)的毒性丧失或减弱的同时仍保留其较强的免疫原性,本实验通过PCR和重叠-延伸PCR扩增,制备了突变体LTR72/G192的基因片段,经酶切和测序结果表明构建的表达载体pLTR72/G192阅读框架正确,而且相应位点氨基酸获得了替换。IPTG诱导表达目的蛋白经SDS-PAGE电泳检测,表达出突变体重组蛋白为约30 ku和10 ku的两个蛋白带,与LTA、LTB亚基分子量相吻合。Western blot检测结果表明两个蛋白亚基均可与His抗体发生特异性反应。目的蛋白经纯化后进行ADP-核酸转移酶试验及Patent-mouse毒性试验检测其酶活性与毒性,突变重组蛋白与野生型LT相比其酶活性和毒性均明显降低。纯化的目的蛋白与鸡新城疫病毒弱毒疫苗联合一起经滴鼻免疫鸡,ELISA结果显示,突变体LTR72/G192能辅助新城疫疫苗在血清和黏膜中产生较高滴度的抗新城疫病毒的IgG和IgA。     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素(LT)突变体LTR72的表达与鉴定

将重组质粒PLTR72和PLT分别转化大肠杆菌JM101，DH5α和C600，并接种于LB和CAYE-2中培养，用GM1-ELISA法检测菌体裂解液中2者的表达情况，将表达产物纯化后用SDS-PAGE等方法鉴定。结果表明，3种大肠杆菌在2种培养基中都可表达出LT突变体和LT，并可将产物分泌到大肠杆菌胞周质中，成为具有GM1结合活性的突变体蛋白，鉴定纯化后的突变体的组成形式与野生型LT相同。均是1A：5B。     

大肠杆力不耐热肠毒素突变体LTR72基因的克隆及序列分析

利用PCR和点突变PCR技术，制备了大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素（LT）突变体LTR72和LT的基因片段，经酶切连接后构建了突变体重组质粒pLTR72，经酶切和序列测定证明重组子构建正确，目的突变点第72位的丙氨酸密码子已被突变成为精氨酸密码子。同时，试验构建了可以表达天然LT的表达质粒pLT作对照，二级结构分析表明，LTR72及LT之间没有显著差异。     

大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素研究进展

大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素(LT)是产毒性大肠埃希菌产生的一种能导致人畜腹泻的毒素,由六聚体蛋白形成AB5型结构.A亚基具有ADP核糖基转移酶活性,而B亚基为五聚体,主要与表达于真核细胞表面的神经节苷脂GM1结合.LT具有很强的免疫原性和黏膜免疫佐剂活性.为了将其毒性与佐剂活性分开,研究者构建了一系列无毒或减毒的突变体.证明突变体具有佐剂活性,并发现没有毒性的AB复合物以及酶活性在佐剂活性中发挥的作用是分开的.野生型LT、LT突变体以及B亚基与外源抗原共同免疫机体后,对机体免疫系统具有调节作用.     

重组大肠杆菌肠毒素蛋白LTA_(192)-STa_(13)的表达及其诱导小鼠体液免疫的研究

为研究重组大肠杆菌肠毒素融合蛋白LTA192-STa13的免疫原性,本研究将产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)elt A和est A基因定点突变后构建融合基因,进行重组蛋白LTAR192G-STaG13Q的表达。利用纯化的重组蛋白和灭活菌液分别免疫小鼠,比较不同抗原诱导小鼠体液免疫应答能力,以及体外免疫血清对毒素的中和作用。结果显示,各组免疫小鼠均可以产生高滴度抗LTA和STa抗体,其血清抗体可以通过乳汁传递给新生仔鼠,其中蛋白免疫组血清抗体效价更高。体内外中和试验证明,实验组小鼠三免后的血清能够中和LT和STa毒素对实验鼠的毒性作用,并且能够中和LT对Y-1细胞的毒性作用,蛋白免疫组血清抗体中和效价可达到1∶89.13,明显高于灭活菌免疫组。研究表明,重组蛋白LTA192-STa13对小鼠具有良好的免疫原性,能够诱导免疫鼠产生良好的体液免疫应答,可以作为ETEC亚单位疫苗的候选抗原。     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素突变体作为佐剂的研究进展

黏膜免疫是防止病原菌侵入黏膜表面引起疾病的最有效的途径,通过黏膜免疫不仅能产生全身免疫反应,还能产生局部的黏膜免疫反应,该免疫途径无痛苦且易操作,同时减少疾病传播的风险.但大多数抗原的黏膜免疫原性都很差,通过口服或滴鼻免疫可溶性蛋白通常引起特异性免疫耐受,这些使得在黏膜免疫中使用恰当的佐剂成为必须. 不耐热肠毒素（Heat— labile enterotoxin,LT）是由肠毒素大肠杆菌（enterotoxigenic Escherichia col i,ETEC）分泌的一种外毒素,既有较强的免疫原性又有较强的黏膜佐剂效应.但由于强的毒性,限制了它的广泛应用,因此通过构建各种突变体使之具备优良的佐剂活性且没有显著的毒性是当前研究的主要目标.本文主要从突变体的酶活性、毒性以及佐剂活性进行综述,为黏膜疫苗的研制打下一定基础.     

重组大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素的表达及对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响

为研究大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素（LT）对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响,运用大肠杆菌表达系统制备了具有生物活性的重组大肠杆菌LT,用重组LT通过腹腔注射处理妊娠小鼠,分析了LT对小鼠胚胎稳定性的影响。首先采用PCR方法从产毒大肠杆菌菌株44815基因组中扩增LT的A、B亚基基因,将其插入到pET-20b（＋）原核表达载体pelB信号肽的下游,分别构建成LTA和LTB分泌型表达载体;将载体分别转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pLysS,在IPTG的诱导下进行表达,利用Ni-NTA琼脂糖凝胶从细菌周质释放液中提取和纯化重组LTA和LTB蛋白;利用细胞毒性试验检测重组蛋白的生物活性。然后用制备的重组LT注射妊娠6d的小鼠,连续注射3d后,统计小鼠的胚胎存活率。同时用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中与胚胎稳定性密切相关的Th1型细胞因子（IFN-γ、IL-2）和Th2型细胞因子（IL-4、IL-10）及IL-β的表达水平。结果表明,采用分泌性表达策略实现了重组LT在大肠杆菌中的高效分泌表达,LTA和LTB的表达量分别达68、62mg/L。表达的重组LT具有明显的细胞毒性作用;用LT处理妊娠小鼠,胚胎的存活率为32%,明显低于对照组;小鼠血清中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2的含量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,分别为对照组的2、3倍。同时细胞因子IL-1β为对照组的2倍（P〈0.01）,而稳定胚胎发育的Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10没有明显变化（P〉0.05）。据此推测,LT可能与大肠杆菌性肠炎引起妊娠家畜流产有关,LT对胚胎稳定性的影响除与LT的直接毒性有关外,可能还与LT介导的免疫调节异常有关。     

猪大肠杆菌LT基因位点突变、真核表达及小鼠免疫效果

大肠杆菌不耐热性肠毒素具有免疫增强的作用,为了更好的研究LT免疫增强效果,我们从临床分离大肠杆菌,提取基因组DNA,扩增出大肠杆菌不耐热性肠毒素基因LT,经位点突变,将LT210位的A突变为G,突变后的LT克隆到真核表达载体pCI质粒中,命名为pCI-LT(R210G),磷酸钙共沉法转染IBRS细胞证实LT(R210G)体外获得表达。将pCI-LT(R210G)免疫小鼠,ELISA结果表明:免疫小鼠两周后体内检测到特异性抗LT抗体,4周达到最高值。同时,MTT试验结果表明免疫小鼠产生强烈的淋巴细胞增殖反应。研究结果证明已成功构建pCI-LT(R210G)真核表达质粒,是一种极有发展前景的基因疫苗。     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位与产气荚膜梭菌β1、β2毒素融合基因的构建及表达

为了构建含大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位(LTB)与产气荚膜梭菌β1、β2毒素融合基因的表达菌株,试验将亚克隆LTB基因融合到β2-β1毒素基因的上游,构建了pET30a-LTB-β2-β1原核表达载体,经IPTG诱导表达,对其表达产物进行SDS-PAGE检测和Western-blot分析。结果表明:重组菌株可以表达LTB-β2-β1融合蛋白,且该融合蛋白可以被相应的抗体识别。     

大肠杆菌毒素stx2eB-LTB-ST融合基因的构建与表达

利用PCR技术,从病原性大肠杆菌中扩增Stx2e及LT毒素B亚基的基因并扩增ST基因,用复式PCR技术获得了这三段基因的两种融合结构,一种是三段基因直接相连,另一种是在这三段基因之间加入适当的Linker序列。在这两种融合基因两端加入适当的酶切位点并分别与pMD18-T载体相连,酶切后以正确的阅读框插入pET28a载体的多克隆位点中,转入受体菌BL21(DE3)进行表达,得到两种约28 Ku的蛋白,表达的融合蛋白均以包涵体的方式存在,约占全菌蛋白表达量的30%,将包涵体初步提纯,为下游工作奠定了基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.