安卡纯系肉鸡六个微卫星位点遗传多样性研究

安卡肉鸡是生长速度最快的有色羽肉鸡之一,具有适应性强、耐应激、饲料报酬高等特点。为了了解其群体遗传结构,实验利用6个微卫星标记对3个品系共150只个体进行遗传多样性检测。结果表明3个品系都具有较高的多态性,反映了群体基本的遗传特征,为安卡肉鸡的育种和利用提供了基本的研究数据。     

安徽省3个地方鸡品种的遗传多样性分析

运用微卫星标记对淮南麻黄鸡、皖南三黄鸡和五华鸡3个地方品种遗传多样性进行了分析。在5个座位中,共检测到23个等位基因数,平均有效等位基因数为1.5396,杂合度为0.2920,多态信息含量为0.4156。3个地方品种中,淮南麻黄鸡遗传多样性最低,五华鸡遗传多样性最高。根据5个微卫星座位等位基因频率计算群体遗传一致度和标准遗传距离并构建系统发生树,五华鸡与皖南三黄鸡遗传关系最近,皖南三黄鸡与淮南麻黄鸡最远。研究结果与这些地方品种的地理分布、育成历史相一致,同时也佐证了微卫星标记是研究鸡群体遗传关系的一个有用工具。     

不同品系鸡血浆转铁蛋白、血红蛋白和红细胞酯酶D多态性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳法测定了6个品系鸡的血浆转铁蛋白(Tf)、血红蛋白(Hb)和红细胞酯酶D(EsD)的遗传多态性.转铁蛋白出现5种表型,受Tf~A、Tf~B、TP~C3个共显性等位基因控制;血红蛋白出现5种表型,受Hb~F、Hb~(M1)、Hb~(M2)3个共显性等位基因控制;红细胞酯酶D出现5种表型,受EsD~1、EsD~2、EsD~3、EsD~4、EsD~55个共显性等位基因控制.各品系鸡之间的Tf、Hb、EsD的基因频率是不同的.根据基因频率计算遗传距离并用类平均法进行聚类分析.3种肉用鸡中艾维茵和塔特姆亲缘关系最近,罗斯褐鸡与3种肉用鸡亲缘关系较近,而与其它蛋用型鸡亲缘关系较远.     

利用微卫星标记分析乌骨大骨鸡的遗传多样性

利用微卫星标记分析了乌骨大骨鸡的遗传多样性和遗传结构,筛选了鸡基因组7条染色体上的7个微卫星标记位点,随机选取24羽乌骨大骨鸡个体,进行多态性检测,共检测到23个等位基因,每个座位等位基因数目从2个到5个不等,平均等位基因数为3.3个。该群体平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度分别为0.660 3和0.717 6。结果表明乌骨大骨鸡属多态性较丰富的群体。     

应用微卫星标记对12个中国地方乌骨鸡品种遗传多样性的研究

利用27个微卫星DNA标记对12个地方乌骨鸡品种进行遗传多样性分析，通过计算等位基因频率、多态信息含量、杂合度、有效等位基因数和遗传距离，评估各品种内遗传变异和各品种间遗传相关，并根据遗传距离对12个鸡品种进行了聚类分析。结果表明，各乌骨鸡群体的遗传多样性较为丰富，并具有较高的选择潜力。平均杂合度最高的是竹乡鸡，为0．670；最低的是江山乌骨鸡，为0．581。27个微卫星标记中4个为中度多态座位，1个低度多态座位，22个为高度多态座位；LEI0234与LEI0192分别检测到了10．3与12．2个等位基因。以标准遗传距离为准，遗传距离最近的为沐川乌骨鸡与略阳鸡，为0．1002，而乌蒙乌骨鸡与略阳鸡最远，为0．2546。通过UPG—MA法聚类后，略阳鸡、沐川乌骨鸡、兴文乌骨鸡、盐津乌骨鸡、竹乡鸡首先聚为1类，江山乌骨鸡、郧阳白羽乌鸡、余干乌骨鸡聚为1类；金湖乌凤鸡、丝绒乌骨鸡和丝毛乌骨鸡聚为第3类；乌蒙乌骨鸡独为一类。     

家鸡豆冠基因定位的研究

构建家鸡1号染色体短臂部分连锁图谱及豆冠冠型基因的定位。通过测交选择豆冠冠型基因型纯合的2只吐鲁番斗鸡(♂)和6只玫瑰冠鸡(♀)为亲本,采用F2代试验设计建立F2代494只,依据己公布的家鸡遗传连锁图谱,分别在1号染色体上筛选了13对微卫星标记,运用MapMaker/EXP 3.0和MapDraw 2.1软件绘制遗传连锁图谱,并结合记录的表型性状值对冠型性状进行定位分析。经卡方检验F2代冠型符合9∶3∶3∶1的遗传定律。在连锁分析中除MCW0007位外,其余12个微卫星座位在试验群体中均表现较高的基因杂合度和多态信息含量。对冠型性状进行初步的分析,结果显示,MCW0428、ADL0319、LEI0174和MCW0058标记位点LOD值＞3,表明这4个微卫星位点与豆冠冠型基因存在连锁关系,其中LEI0174与豆冠基因遗传距离最近为0.12 cM。     

Genetic diversity of Forest and Savannah chicken populations of Ghana as estimated by microsatellite markers

The characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources is a requisite step in providing needed information for the conservation of useful genotypes against future needs. Thus, in this study, 22 microsatellite markers were used to genotype 114 local chickens from the Forest (n = 59) and Savannah (n = 55) eco‐zones of Ghana and the results compared to those of the ancestral red junglefowl (n = 15) and two European commercial chicken populations – a broiler (n = 25) and white leghorn (n = 25). A total of 171 alleles were observed, with an average of 7.8 alleles per locus. The local Ghanaian chickens showed higher diversity in terms of the observed number of alleles per locus (6.6) and observed heterozygosity (0.568) compared with the combined control populations (6.0 and 0.458, respectively). However, Wright's F‐statistics revealed negligible genetic differentiation (F_ST) in local Ghanaian chicken populations. In addition, 65% of the Savannah chickens were inferred to be more likely from the Forest, suggesting a south‐north dispersal of chickens from their probable original location in the Forest zone to the Savannah areas. It is concluded that the Forest and Savannah chickens of Ghana are a single, randomly mating unselected population, characterized by high genetic diversity and constitute a valuable resource for conservation and improvement.     

利用微卫星标记分析江苏三个地方鸡品种的遗传多样性

利用30个微卫星DNA标记对3个江苏地方鸡品种进行遗传多样性分析，通过计算等位基因频率、多态信息含量、平均杂合度、有效等位基因数和遗传距离，评估各品种内遗传变异和各品种间遗传相关。结果表明：江苏的3个品种在30个微卫星上共发现196个等位基因，其中96个等位基因为三个品种共有，47个等位基因为各品种所特有；3个地方鸡品种的平均杂合度：狼山鸡为0．655，鹿苑鸡为0．681，溧阳鸡为0．687；狼山鸡与溧阳鸡的遗传距离较小，而两鸡与鹿苑鸡的遗传距离较远。     

黄羽肉鸡微卫星多态性与料肉比的相关分析

从鸡的遗传图谱中选取13个微卫星基因座,对黄羽肉鸡A系和B系(粤黄鸡102系)回交F1代群体100个个体进行标记与料肉比的最小二乘分析,结果表明:ADL0252、LEI0071、MCW0004、MCW0245、MCW0341这5个基因座与料肉比之间存在着极显著的关系(P<0.01),而基因座MCW0223、MCW0264与料肉比之间存在着显著的关系(P<0.05)。基因座MCW0004的DD型、ADL0252的CC型和MCW0223的AA型所对应的最小二乘均值最大,其有望作为对料肉比性状进行选择的辅助标记。     

微卫星标记与鸡蛋品质性状关系的研究

本试验分别对60周龄文昌鸡和新扬州鸡进行了蛋品质的测定,测定了8个性状为:蛋重、蛋壳重、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、哈氏单位、蛋形指数、蛋黄重、蛋黄颜色。通过统计软件,对各蛋品质性状进行了相关分析,并通过选用20对微卫星标记,筛选出了与哈氏单位、蛋重有关的分子遗传标记。结果表明:与60周龄新扬州鸡的哈氏单位有关的标记为2号染色体上MCW239和4号染色体上的ADL260,与60周龄新扬州鸡的蛋重有关的标记为2号染色体上的ADL176和MCW239,与60周龄新扬州鸡蛋壳强度有关的标记Z染色体上的LEI229;而与60周龄文昌鸡哈氏单位相关的有2号染色体的的ADL176、MCW239和4号染色体的MCW240,与60周龄文昌鸡蛋重相关的是4号染色体上的标记LEI119,与60周龄蛋壳强度相关的标记为Z染色体上的MCW246和LEI229。     

鸡微卫星DNA标记与肉品质性状关系研究

利用25个微卫星标记，对以隐性白羽鸡和仙居鸡为亲本建立的资源群体F2500只鸡进行遗传检测，并测定各个体的鸡肉pH值、失水率、嫩度和肌间脂肪含量，采用方差分析法对标记与性状进行相关分析。结果表明：各位点平均等位基因数为5，平均杂合度为0．7012，平均多态信息含量为0．6468。嫩度间与pH值存在显著的正相关（P〈0．05），与肌间脂肪存在极显著的正相关（P〈0．01），与失水率之间存在显著负相关（P〈0．05）。方差分析显示：ADL136对肌间脂肪含量的影响极显著（P〈0．01）；MCW0095和ADL166对嫩度影响显著（P〈0．05）；MCW264对pH值影响显著（P〈0．05）；MCW264、ADL211和MCW0223对失水率影响极显著（P〈0．01）；其他标记对性状的影响未达到显著水平。     

利用微卫星标记分析溧阳鸡的群体遗传变异

选用30对微卫星引物分析了溧阳鸡的等位基因组成,计算了各座位的基因杂合度和多态性信息含量。结果30个微卫星座位共检出156个等位基因,基因频率分布在0.0088-0.5之间,平均每对引物可检测5.2个等位基因,30个微卫星座位的平均杂合度为0.681,平均多态性含量为0.623,表明溧阳鸡群体遗传变异大,遗传多样性丰富。     

微卫星标记与固始鸡及部分外来鸡种体型性状及屠体性状的相关分析

选择与鸡体型参数和屠体性状紧密相关的10个微卫星位点,用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析其与固始鸡5个系和4个非固始鸡品系共9个群体体型性状及屠体性状相关关系。结果表明:检测到4个标记(MCW0295、MCW0006、MCW0185、ADL0192)与5个性状(体重、胸宽、胸深、胫长、体斜长)存在显著相关,在各个群体中,标记MCW0295与体重相关比较显著,标记ADL0192与体斜长相关。在固始鸡群体中,标记MCW0006和MCW0185与体型性状各个性状相关比较显著。检测到3个标记分别与3个屠体性状存在不同程度的相关:在固始鸡原种、父母代中,标记MCW0295与胸肌率相关。在固始鸡原种和商品代中,标记MCW0006与全净膛率相关。在艾维茵鸡中,MCW0294与腿肌率相关。说明这些标记位点可能是控制特定性状的主效基因,或与控制性状的主效基因连锁。     

微卫星DNA标记与肉鸡腹脂率的相关分析

本研究测定了隐性白羽和仙居鸡参考家系F2代个体的腹脂率及26个微卫星标记,将不同基因型与腹脂率进行方差分析和多重比较。试验结果表明:位于4号染色体上的微卫星标记ADL136和10号染色体上的微卫星标记MCW67与腹脂率显著相关。     

Assessment of genetic diversity and conservation priority of Omani local chickens using microsatellite markers

Designing strategies for conservation and improvement livestock should be based on assessment of genetic characteristics of populations under consideration. In Oman, conservation programs for local livestock breeds have been started. The current study assessed the genetic diversity and conservation potential of local chickens from Oman. Twenty-nine microsatellite markers were analyzed in 158 birds from six agroecological zones: Batinah, Dhofar, North Hajar, East Hajar, Musandam, and East Coast. Overall, a total of 217 alleles were observed. Across populations, the average number of alleles per locus was 7.48 and ranged from 2 (MCW98 and MCW103) to 20 (LEI094). The mean expected heterozygosity (H _E) was 0.62. Average fixation index among populations (F _ST) was 0.034, indicating low population differentiation, while the mean global deficit of heterozygotes across populations (F _IT) was 0.159. Based on Nei’s genetic distance, a neighbor-joining tree was constructed for the populations, which clearly identified the Dhofar population as the most distant one of the Omani chicken populations. The analysis of conservation priorities identified Dhofar and Musandam populations as the ones that largely contribute to the maximal genetic diversity of the Omani chicken gene pool.     

Genetic mapping of the QTL affecting body weight in chickens using a F2 family

1. To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting growth in chickens, we carried out QTL analysis on chicken growth traits using a population of 227 F2 crosses between a Satsumadori (slow-growing, light-weight Japanese native breed used as a meat chicken) male and a White Plymouth Rock (early-maturing, heavy weight broiler). 2. We chose 78 microsatellite loci from 331 publicly available on 14 linkage groups, with respect to their utility and location. 3. Two QTLs affecting body weight at 13 and 16 weeks were mapped at 220 cM on chromosome 1 (LOD scores, 2.8 and 4.5, respectively, at 13 and 16 weeks), and at 60 cM on chromosome 2 (LOD scores, 6.2 and 8.1, respectively, at 13 and 16 weeks). 4. The closest loci to the QTLs were LEI71 on chromosome 1 and LMU13 and MCW184 on chromosome 2. 5. The sites of the QTLs agreed closely with those already reported. Therefore, it seems likely that QTLs affecting growth of chickens are located at these sites.     

四川常羽乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性分析

利用选自家禽基因组的10个微卫星标记,对四川常羽乌骨鸡5个群体(四川山地乌骨鸡白羽系、黑羽系;黄忠山地乌骨鸡;黄忠山地乌骨鸡绿壳蛋系;草科乌骨鸡)的遗传多样性进行了检测,计算了各群体的群体杂合度、群体间遗传距离,并根据遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明所选择的微卫星标记在各群体中表现出较高的多态性;四川5个乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性比较丰富,群体平均杂合度为0.5383到0.6659;各群体间的遗传距离有一定的差异;聚类分析将5个群体聚为三类。     

鹿苑鸡微卫星和AFLP指纹分析

利用20个微卫星标记和6对AFLP引物组合对地方鸡种鹿苑鸡进行了遗传检测,结果表明鹿苑鸡在20个微卫星位点上共检测到118个等位基因,基因频率分布在0.0125～0.5500之间,平均每个座位检测到5.9个等位基因.20个微卫星座位的平均杂合度为0.7366,平均多态信息含量为0.6953;6对AFLP引物组合在该鸡种中共检测到245条多态性条带,平均每个引物组合产生40.8条多态性条带;鹿苑鸡群体变异大,具有丰富的遗传多样性.     

Molecular genetic diversity and genetic structure of Vietnamese indigenous pig populations

The study characterized genetic diversity and genetic structure of five indigenous pig populations (Ha Lang, Muong Te, Mong Cai, Lung and Lung Pu), two wild pig populations (Vietnamese and Thai wild pigs) and an exotic pig breed (Yorkshire) using FAO/ISAG recommended 16 microsatellite markers in 236 samples. All estimated loci were very polymorphic indicated by high values of polymorphism information content (from 0.76 in S0225 to 0.92 in Sw2410). Indigenous populations had very high level of genetic diversity (mean He = 0.75); of all indigenous breeds, Lung Pu showed highest mean number of alleles (MNA = 10.1), gene diversity (He = 0.82), allele richness (5.33) and number of private alleles (10). Thirteen percentage of the total genetic variation observed was due to differences among populations. The neighbour‐joining dendrogram obtained from Nei's standard genetic distance differentiated eight populations into four groups including Yorkshire, two wild populations, Mong Cai population and a group of four other indigenous populations. The Bayesian clustering with the admixture model implemented in Structure 2.1 indicated seven possible homogenous clusters among eight populations. From 79% (Ha Lang) to 98% (Mong Cai). individuals in indigenous pigs were assigned to their own populations. The results confirmed high level of genetic diversity and shed a new light on genetic structure of Vietnam indigenous pig populations.     

12个中国地方鸡种群体遗传结构及遗传多样性分析

利用29对微卫星引物对我国的12个地方鸡种进行群体遗传结构及遗传多样性评估，结果表明：每个座位的等位基因数从2到23不等，所有的12个群体均显示较高水平的杂合度，固始鸡最低，为0．4532，大骨鸡最高，为0．6271。鸡种间存在较大的遗传分化，16．7％的遗传变异源于品种间的差异。基于Reynolds’遗传距离的邻近（NJ）聚类图显示，12个群体可以分为2个主要的类群：重体型的鸡种首先聚在一起，然后轻体型鸡种加入。structure程序同时也被用于评价鸡种间的遗传关系，结果与NJ聚类法相似，重体型的鸡种首先与轻体型鸡种分成两类。