抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾生长和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响

为考察抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、饲料利用和免疫能力的影响,分别在基础组饲料中添加0 mg/kg(对照组)、300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg和500 mg/kg抗菌肽,投喂平均体重为(0.8±0.1 g)的凡纳滨对虾6周。结果表明,饲料中添加抗菌肽后,凡纳滨对虾的成活率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);300 mg/kg抗菌肽组的增重率和饲料系数分别为509.10%、1.33,较对照组提高增重率8.76%(P<0.05),降低饲料系数12.5%(P<0.05),而添加400 mg/kg、500 mg/kg抗菌肽对增重率、饲料系数无显著影响,但显著提高了肌肉粗脂肪含量,各处理组在肌肉粗蛋白、水分含量上无显著差异;300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg抗菌肽组的血清碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶及400 mg/kg抗菌肽组的溶菌酶均显著高于对照组。上述研究表明,饲料中添加300 mg/kg抗菌肽,可显著提高凡纳滨对虾成活率和增重率,降低饲料系数;添加400 mg/kg抗菌肽,对血清非特异性免疫指标有提高作用,凡纳滨对虾饲料中抗菌肽的添加量建议为300～400 mg/kg。     

辣椒碱在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用研究

以凡纳滨对虾为试验对象,探讨在饲料中添加2 mg/kg的辣椒碱对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫等方面的影响。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组饲料中添加2 mg/kg辣椒碱后,凡纳滨对虾的生长性能指标显著改善,成活率、饲料系数显著优于对照组(P<0.05),血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),肝胰腺免疫抗氧化指标(MDA、SOD、CAT)水平及健康状况亦有所提升。     

饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化指标及抗胁迫能力的影响

为了探讨桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）生长性能、体成分、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响，选用初始体重为（1.32±0.01）g的凡纳滨对虾960尾，随机分为6组（每组4个重复，每个重复40尾），分别投喂在基础饲料中添加0、10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮的实验饲料，饲养50 d后测定成活率、生长相关指标、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及抗低氧胁迫能力。结果显示，饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数等无显著影响（P>0.05）。饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾体成分无显著性影响（P>0.05）。添加150 mg/kg和300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可显著提高凡纳滨对虾血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性（P<0.05）。添加10~300 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可显著提高血清和肝脏总抗氧化能力，显著降低肝胰腺丙二醛和脂质过氧化物的含量，添加50 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性（P<0.05）。低氧胁迫2 h时，10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；在低氧胁迫4 h时，10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结果表明，以血清总抗氧化能力为评价指标进行回归分析得出，桑叶黄酮在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜添加量为56.18 mg/kg，添加10~100 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高凡纳滨对虾抗低氧胁迫能力。     

硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

水温(29.0±1.3)℃,将初始体质量(0.41±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为4组,每组3个重复,饲养在室内循环水养殖系统中,投喂基础饲料(对照组)及在此饲料中分别添加硒含量相等(0.30mg/kg)的亚硒酸钠、酵母硒和蛋氨酸硒的4种饲料,养殖56d,比较了不同硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明,蛋氨酸硒组对虾的生长性能显著高于对照组和亚硒酸钠组(P0.05)。外源硒可显著影响对虾体蛋白和脂肪含量(P0.05),蛋氨酸硒组对虾机体营养成分显著优于其他组(P0.05)。添加外源硒组对虾的血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。蛋氨酸硒组对虾血清丙二醛含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料添加0.3mg/kg的硒能在一定程度上提高凡纳滨对虾的生长和抗氧化能力,蛋氨酸硒优于酵母硒和亚硒酸钠。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化能力和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响

[目的]本实验旨在研究低鱼粉饲料 中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒(HMSe)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、抗氧化能力及抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响。[方法]实验选用初始体质量为(0.90±0.05)g的凡纳滨对虾,分别投喂HMSe添加水平为0.000、0.375、0.750、1.500和2.250 mg/kg的实验饲料,命名为HMSe0 、HMSe1、HMSe2、HMSe3和HMSe4,每组3个重复,养殖8周。养殖实验结束后,进行12 h 的亚硝酸盐胁迫实验。[结果]结果表明,凡纳滨对虾的终末体质量(FBW)、增重率(WG R)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中HMSe水平的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势,并在HMSe2组达到峰值。随着饲料中HMSe水平的提高,对虾全体和肌肉中的硒含量均显著增加,而全虾粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并分别在HMSe2组和HMSe1组达到最大值。HMSe4组中凡纳滨对虾的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于HMSe0组。亚硝酸盐胁迫显著影响凡纳滨对虾的存活率。与胁迫前比较,胁迫后对虾肝胰腺中MDA含量升高,GST、CAT和T-SOD的活性降低,而补充适量的HMSe可减轻这些负面影响。根据凡纳滨对虾胁迫后成活率的二次多项式回归分析,低鱼粉饲料中凡纳滨对虾的HMSe最适添加量为1.350 mg/kg。[结论]综上所述,在低鱼粉饲料中添加0.750~1.350 mg/kg HMSe,能够提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、饲料利用率和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的能力。     

月桂酸单甘油酯对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉氨基酸、非特异性免疫及肠道菌群的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加月桂酸单甘油酯(GML)对凡纳滨对虾幼体生长、免疫、肌肉氨基酸及肠道菌群的影响。制作6组包含0、500 、1000 、1500、2000 和2500 mg/kg GML的等氮等脂实验饲料对凡纳滨对虾幼体(体重为0.31±0.02g)进行56d的养殖实验。结果显示: ①与对照组相比,添加2000 mg/kg GML能显著提高增重率和特定生长率并显著降低饲料系数。 ②饲料中添加GML对凡纳滨对虾体成分影响不显著。③各添加组对虾尾肌呈味氨基酸及总氨基酸含量显著高于对照组。④与对照组相比,各添加水平的血清总蛋白含量均显著上升,低密度蛋白胆固醇含量及谷草转氨酶活性均显著下降;500 mg/kg和1500 mg/kg组甘油三酯含量显著下降。⑤当GML添加水平为1500 mg/kg 时超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化氢酶表达量显著上调,GML添加水平超过2000 mg/kg时,IMD、TOLL表达量以及溶菌酶活性显著上调,2000 mg/kg组酚氧化酶原表达量显著上调。⑥添加组Chao指数和Ace指数显著上调,1500 mg/kg组和2500 mg/kg组Shannon指数显著下调,2500 mg/kg组Simpson指数显著下调。实验表明,添加适宜水平的GML可提高凡纳滨对虾幼体的生长性能、非特异性免疫效应,且GML可下调肠道有害菌的丰度,改善肠道菌群结构。以增重率为依据,饲料中添加2142.99 mg/kg GML对虾的生长效果最佳。     

锌对凡纳滨对虾生长、非特异性免疫指标、抗病力及肠道菌群结构的影响

为研究不同锌水平对凡纳滨对虾生长、非特异性免疫指标、抗病力以及肠道菌群结构的影响,实验以ZnSO_4·7H_2O作为锌源,在对虾基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、20、40、60、80、100、150 mg/kg有效锌配制成7种等氮等脂饲料,分别投喂初始体质量为(0.45±0.01) g的健康凡纳滨对虾幼虾8周。结果显示:(1)随着饲料中锌水平的提高,对虾增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)和蛋白质效率(PER)呈先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数(FCR)呈先下降后上升的趋势。其中60 mg/kg组WGR和SGR均显著高于对照组;80 mg/kg组FCR最低,PER和SR最高,均显著优于对照组。(2) 80～150mg/kg组虾体粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组;40～80 mg/kg组虾体粗灰分含量显著高于对照组。(3) 40～150 mg/kg组对虾血清总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TC)及甘油三酯(TG)含量均显著高于对照组。(4)饲料中添加锌提高了血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),同时显著降低了血清中的丙二醛(MDA)含量,表明锌可改善凡纳滨对虾的非特异性免疫功能。(5)在人工急性感染哈维氏弧菌的实验中,随着锌水平的提高,对虾存活率呈先上升后下降的趋势,锌添加组存活率均显著高于对照组,且80 mg/kg组存活率最高,抗病力最强。(6)在对虾肠道物种多样性分析中,40和100 mg/kg组对虾肠道有效OTU数目显著高于对照组。随着锌水平的增加,Ace指数和Chao1指数均显著提高,而Shannon指数和Simpson指数无显著变化。研究表明,在本实验条件下,添加适宜水平的锌可促进凡纳滨对虾幼虾的生长、提高抗病力;当饲料中缺乏锌时,对虾的生长和抗病力较差;而过量的锌在一定程度上抑制了对虾的生长,但未出现不良病症。以增重率作为评价指标,饲料中添加94.46 mg/kg锌可显著改善凡纳滨对虾幼虾的生长;以抗病力作为评价依据,凡纳滨对虾幼虾饲料中锌的最适添加量为80 mg/kg。     

饲料中添加黄霉素对凡纳滨对虾生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

以在基础饲料中分别添加黄霉素4mg/kg、12mg/kg、24mg/kg和48mg/kg的饲料作为试验组,以不添加黄霉素的饲料作为对照组,制成5种试验饲料,在室内饲养凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)8周,研究黄霉素对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加黄霉素能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长和饲料利用率,黄霉素的促生长作用与其能增加对虾蛋白质沉积率有关,凡纳滨对虾饲料中长期添加黄霉素的适宜添加量为4mg/kg。     

不同环境条件对溶藻弧菌粘附大黄鱼肠粘液的影响

在低盐度5~6和水温25~29℃条件下,分别投喂1种对照饲料和7种添加二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭(DMPT)(添加量分别为100、2003、00、400、5006、00和700mg.kg-1)的试验饲料,饲养初始体重约每尾0.77g的凡纳滨对虾56d,观察DMPT对凡纳滨对虾的生长、蜕壳和渗透压调节的影响。实验结果表明,添加DMPT的各组凡纳滨对虾增重率随着DMPT添加量的增加,呈现先升后降的趋势,在400mg.kg-1凡纳滨对虾增重率达到最高,显著高于对照组;与对照组相比,各试验组凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数均不同程度降低,500mg.kg-1DMPT组凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数降低达到显著水平。添加DMPT对凡纳滨对虾的蜕壳次数无显著影响。除100mg.kg-1DMPT组外,DMPT组凡纳滨对虾的渗透压均明显低于对照组,其中,添加300和500mg.kg-1组凡纳滨对虾的渗透压降低呈现显著性差异。凡纳滨对虾肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量随着DMPT水平增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。粗蛋白含量在DMPT添加量为400mg.kg-1时达到最高,粗脂肪含量在DMPT添加量为600mg.kg-1时达到最高,均显著高于对照组。以增重率为判定指标,DMPT在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜添加量为383mg.kg-1。     

饲料中添加虾青素对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活和抗氧化能力的影响

从雨生红球藻中提取虾青素,以不同质量浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/kg)添加到凡纳滨对虾的饲料中投喂7周,研究虾青素对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活和抗氧化能力的影响.结果显示,虾青素可提高凡纳滨对虾的存活率和特定生长率,其中添加量80 mg/kg组最高,80 mg/kg组特定生长率和对照组间差异显著(P<0.05),但试验组和对照组间存活率无显著差异(P>0.05).各试验组的总抗氧化能力与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.05),至第4周后逐步稳定;超氧化物歧化酶活力和过氧化氢酶活力与对照组相比均显著降低,且均表现出先降后升的变化趋势,第4周酶活力降至最低.以生长、存活和抗氧化能力为指标,虾青素的最适添加量为80 mg/kg,最佳投喂时间为4周.     

大菱鲆幼鱼对饲料中泛酸最适需求量的研究

为研究大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼对泛酸的最适需求量，在基础配方中添加不同梯度的泛酸钙，制成6组泛酸含量分别为6.24、10.64、15.02、23.81、41.40和76.57 mg/kg等氮等能实验饲料，投喂初始体重为(24.73±0.10) g的大菱鲆幼鱼80 d。结果显示：1)泛酸对幼鱼成活率(SR)无显著影响(P>0.05)，10.64~76.57 mg/kg饲料组增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著提高(P< 0.05)；泛酸含量超过23.81 mg/kg时，肝体比(HSI)显著降低(P<0.05)；2)随着饲料中泛酸含量的提高，全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪和肌肉粗蛋白均呈先升后降趋势，肝脏脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05)；3)肠道消化酶、Na+, K+-ATPase和肝脏胆碱酯酶(ChE)活力随泛酸添加量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势，10.64~76.57 mg/kg饲料组肠道肌酸激酶(CK)活力显著提高(P<0.05)；4)血清、肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均呈先升后降趋势；6.24 mg/kg饲料组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他5组(P<0.05)；5)随泛酸含量的增加，肝脏脂肪合成酶(FAS)基因表达量先升后降，脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。研究表明，饲料中添加适宜的泛酸能显著增强大菱鲆幼鱼肠道消化、吸收能力和机体抗氧化能力，并可提高脂肪代谢相关基因的表达水平，从而提高其生长性能。以增重率为判据，经折线模型拟合得出，初体重为24.73 g的大菱鲆幼鱼对泛酸的需求量为16.08 mg/kg饲料。     

Dietary folic acid requirement determined for grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary folic acid requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified basal diets were formulated using vitamin-free casein as the protein source. Graded levels (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 mg folic acid/kg diet) of folic acid were added to the basal diet, resulting in eight dietary treatments in the experiment. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp initially averaging 0.79±0.01 g for 8 weeks. Shrimp fed diets supplemented with 2 mg folic acid/kg diet had greater (P<0.05) weight gain and hepatopancreatic folic acid concentrations than shrimp fed the unsupplemented control diet. Feed efficiency (FE) was highest in shrimp fed the diets supplemented with 2 mg folic acid/kg diet, followed by the groups fed 1 mg/kg, then the control group. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was highest in shrimp fed the control diet, followed by 1 mg folic acid/kg and lowest in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 2 mg folic acid/kg. Weight gain percentage, hepatopancreatic folic acid concentration and hepatosomatic index of the shrimp analyzed by broken-line regression indicated that the adequate dietary folic acid concentration in growing P. monodon is 1.9–2.1 mg/kg diet.     

Dietary choline improves growth performance,antioxidant ability and reduces lipid metabolites in practical diet for juvenile Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary choline levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolites in juvenile Pacific white shrimp. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to supply 0, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, 10,000 mg/kg choline chloride, and dietary choline levels were analysed to be 1,317 (basal diet), 1,721, 2,336, 3,294, 5,421 and 9,495 mg/kg, respectively. Dietary choline levels significantly influenced percent weight gain (PWG) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), with the highest PWG was observed in shrimp fed the 5,421 mg/kg choline diet. However, there were no significant differences in proximate composition of whole body and muscle. Shrimp fed the diet containing 2,336 mg/kg choline had lower HDL and LDL in haemolymph than those fed the basal diet (1,317 mg/kg diet). Dietary choline prevented the accumulation of free radicals and improved antioxidant capacity by increasing catalase activity and reducing malondialdehyde content. Based on broken‐line regression and quadratic regression analysis between PWG against dietary choline levels, the optimal choline requirements were estimated to be 3,254.1 and 6,488.3 mg/kg for juvenile L. vannamei, respectively.     

Oral Administration of Hot‐water Extract of Tropical Brown Seaweed,Sargassum cristaefolium,to Enhance Immune Response,Stress Tolerance,and Resistance of White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,to Vibrio parahaemolyticus

The efficacy of hot‐water extract of tropical brown seaweed, Sargassum cristaefolium (SCE), supplemented in diets on immune response, stress tolerance, and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei to Vibrio parahaemolyticus was evaluated. Shrimp were fed diets containing graded levels of SCE (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg). The results showed that shrimp fed all diets containing SCE had significantly higher (P < 0.05) immune response in total hemocyte count (THC), differential hemocyte count (granular and hyaline cells), and phagocytic activity than those of shrimp fed the control diet. Similarly, in low dissolved oxygen stress tolerance test and the challenge test with V. parahaemolyticus, survival rates of shrimp fed all diets containing SCE were significantly higher (P < 0.05) (83–93% in stress test and 27–47% in challenge test) than those of shrimp fed the control diet (77 and 3.3%, respectively). These results suggest that oral administration of SCE at 500 and 750 mg/kg can be effectively used to enhance immune response, stress tolerance, and resistance of white shrimp, L. vannamei, against V. parahaemolyticus infection. These findings also confirm that using dietary SCE as immunostimulant is effective at increasing the nonspecific immune system in penaeid shrimp, L. vannamei.     

Effect of Dietary Astaxanthin on Growth,Survival, and Stress Tolerance of Postlarval Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

The effect of dietary astaxanthin on growth, survival, and stress tolerance was determined in postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei. An experiment was performed with postlarval shrimp (mean initial wet weight 1.2 mg) fed four isoenergic and isonitrogenous diets containing four supplemented levels of astaxanthin (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg diet, respectively). Shrimp fed diets containing 100, 200, and 400 mg astaxanthin/kg diet for 30 d showed higher weight gain (WG, %) and survival compared to the control (without supplementation of astaxanthin). Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and final body wet weight (FBW, mg) showed the same pattern as WG. There were no significant differences in growth performance (FBW, WG, and SGR) among the groups fed the diets with astaxanthin supplementation at the termination of feeding trial. Survival of shrimp in the control and 100 mg/kg diet treatments was significantly lower than that of shrimp in the treatments with 200 and 400 mg/kg diet. After 9 d of a stress tolerance test, survival of shrimp in the 200 and 400 mg astaxanthin/kg treatments was significantly higher than that of shrimp in the 0 and 100 mg astaxanthin/kg treatments (P < 0.05). We concluded from this experiment that astaxanthin was a necessary ingredient for the development of larval L. vannamei. Considering the effect of astaxanthin on both, growth performance and survival of postlarval L. vannamei, the level of astaxanthin supplemented in the diet should be between 100 mg and 200 mg/kg of diet.     

Dietary pantothenic acid requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth,feed conversion,liver pantothenic acid concentration and carcass composition

A 16‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary pantothenic acid requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus. Six casein–gelatin‐based diets (450 g/kg CP; 18.39 kJ/g GE) with graded levels of pantothenic acid (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.2 ± 0.71 cm; 4.26 ± 0.37 g) near to apparent satiation. The growth evaluation in terms of absolute weight gain (AWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein retention efficiency (PRE) indicated the best performance (p < .05) in fish fed diet containing 30 mg/kg pantothenic acid. Highest haemoglobin, haematocrit and RBCs counts were also obtained in fish fed diet with 30 mg/kg pantothenic acid. Mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell volume were found to be lowest in fish fed pantothenic acid‐free diet indicating the anaemia in this group of fish. Superoxidase dismutase and catalase activities of liver tissue were found to improve (p < .05) with the increasing levels of dietary pantothenic acid from 0 to 30 mg/kg. However, liver pantothenic acid concentration responded positively with the increasing levels of pantothenic acid up to 40 mg/kg diet and then stagnation in liver pantothenic acid concentration with the further inclusion of pantothenic acid was recorded. Second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of AWG, FCR and PRE exhibited the pantothenic acid requirement at 36.4, 32.8 and 34.7 mg/kg diet, respectively. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating pantothenic acid‐balanced commercial feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

饲料中添加叔丁基氢醌对大菱鲆生长、血液生化指标、非特异性免疫及肠道组织结构的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同含量叔丁基氢醌(TBHQ)对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、血液生化指标、非特异性免疫及肠道组织结构的影响,在饲料中分别添加0、150、450和750 mg/kg的叔丁基氢醌,配制成4种等氮等脂实验饲料,选择初始体质量(8.31±0.04)g大菱鲆幼鱼,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复30尾,采用饱饲投喂方式,每天投喂2次,饲养周期为12 W。结果显示,与对照组相比,450和750 mg/kg TBHQ添加组大菱鲆的增重率、特定生长率均显著降低;450 mg/kg TBHQ添加组实验鱼血清碱性磷酸酶活力显著高于150 mg/kg TBHQ添加组;150 mg/kg TBHQ添加组实验鱼血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白含量显著低于对照组和450 mg/kg添加组;450 mg/kg TBHQ添加组鱼的血清肌酐含量显著高于对照组;150 mg/kg TBHQ添加组鱼的血清总蛋白含量显著低于对照组;饲料中添加高剂量的TBHQ能够显著升高血清中CAT、溶菌酶活力(450和750 mg/kg)及头肾吞噬细胞呼吸爆发活力(750 mg/kg);饲料中TBHQ添加量为750 mg/kg时,血清SOD活力显著降低;与对照组相比,饲料中添加450和750 mg/kg TBHQ能够显著降低中肠肠道绒毛长度与肠道直径比,而添加750 mg/kg TBHQ时中肠肠道做绒毛长度与肠道直径的比值显著降低。研究表明,饲料中TBHQ的添加量为150 mg/kg时,对大菱鲆幼鱼生长及生理生化指标无显著影响,而饲料中添加450 mg/kg以上的TBHQ则会对大菱鲆幼鱼的生长及生理状况产生一定负面作用。     

Optimal dietary lipid requirement of postlarval white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei in relation to growth performance,stress tolerance and immune response

A 25‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the optimal lipid level for postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp (1.7 mg) were fed five isonitrogenous diets containing grade levels of lipid (96.6, 114.3, 128.5, 136.5 and 154.5 g/kg diet, respectively). Each diet was assigned to four tanks (500 shrimp), and shrimp were fed six times a day. Weight gain was increased with the increasing dietary lipid levels, and the highest weight gain was observed in shrimp fed diet with 154.5 g/kg lipid (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the survival was lowest in shrimp fed the L15.45 and highest in shrimp fed the L11.43. Triglyceride in hepatopancreas was increased, and cholesterol was decreased with the increasing dietary lipid. Pyruvate kinase and AMPK mRNA expression were highest in shrimp fed the L12.85. Malondialdehyde in whole body was positively correlated with the dietary lipid levels. The mRNA expression of SOD and Caspase 3 was highest in shrimp fed the L12.85. After hypoxia stress, shrimp fed the L12.85 showed highest survival. The mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase and Akirin was highest in shrimp fed the L11.43 and L15.45, respectively. Based on the survival after 25‐day feeding trail and after the hypoxia stress, the optimal dietary lipid for postlarval L. vannamei should be 118–124 g/kg.     

高脂饲料中胆汁酸水平对齐口裂腹鱼肠道组织结构及脂肪代谢酶活性的影响

为探索高脂饲料中添加胆汁酸对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼肠道组织结构及几种脂肪代谢酶活性的影响,以360尾初始体质量为(12.74±0.14)g的健康齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为实验对象,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾实验鱼,分别投喂添加了0、75、150和300mg/kg胆汁酸的4种实验饲料,养殖时间为70 d。结果显示,胆汁酸浓度从0增大到75 mg/kg时,齐口裂腹鱼前肠和中肠管壁厚度及肠绒毛高度显著升高,前肠皱襞宽度显著降低。而当胆汁酸浓度再进一步增大时,实验鱼前肠和中肠管壁厚度及肠绒毛高度则升高不明显,其皱襞宽度也降低不显著。未添加胆汁酸的实验组中齐口裂腹鱼前肠和中肠纹状缘畸形或脱落现象严重,随着胆汁酸添加量的增加,逐渐减少至消失。齐口裂腹鱼肠道中脂肪酶(LPS)及肝胰脏中脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)、肝酯酶(HL)和总酯酶(TL)活性均随胆汁酸添加量的增加而呈先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势。且LPS、LPL活性均在胆汁酸添加量为300 mg/kg时最强(分别为2881.17 U/g和14.43 U/mg prot);HL、TL活性则在胆汁酸添加量为150 mg/kg时活性最强(分别为43.70和58.03 U/mg prot)。但LPS、LPL、HL和TL活性在150与300mg/kg组均无显著差异。研究表明,在饲料中添加75~150 mg/kg的外源胆汁酸能提高齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼脂肪代谢酶的活性,促进对饲料脂肪的代谢和利用,还能改善齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼肠道结构,保护肠道健康。     

Substitution of Cottonseed Meal for Marine Animal Protein in Diets for Penaeus vannamei

Solvent-extracted cottonseed meal was used in shrimp Penaeus vannamei diets at levels of 0, 13.3, 26.5, 39.8, 53.0 and 66.3%, substituting on an equal nitrogen basis for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of animal protein mix (53% menhaden fish meal, 34% shrimp waste meal and 13% squid meal). The feeds were formulated to contain 32% crude protein and 3,100 kcal metabolizable energy/kg. Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp to satiation four times daily for 8 wk. Shrimp fed the three lowest dietary levels of cottonseed meal (0, 13.3 and 26.5%) had similar weight gain, feed consumption and survival. The performance of shrimp was adversely affected when diets containing more than 26.5% cottonseed meal, or 1,100 ppm free gossypol, were fed. Shrimp fed the diet with 39.8% cottonseed meal or 1,600 ppm free gossypol had depressed weight gain, reduced feed intake and high mortality. The groups receiving the two highest dietary levels of cottonseed meal lost weight by the end of week 4 and all shrimp in these treatments died within 6 to 8 wk. These adverse effects were probably due to the toxicity of free gossypol. Shrimp appeared to accumulate gossypol in the body as evidenced by light yellow-green coloration in shrimp fed diets containing cottonseed meal.