饲料中添加虾青素对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活和抗氧化能力的影响

从雨生红球藻中提取虾青素,以不同质量浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/kg)添加到凡纳滨对虾的饲料中投喂7周,研究虾青素对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活和抗氧化能力的影响.结果显示,虾青素可提高凡纳滨对虾的存活率和特定生长率,其中添加量80 mg/kg组最高,80 mg/kg组特定生长率和对照组间差异显著(P<0.05),但试验组和对照组间存活率无显著差异(P>0.05).各试验组的总抗氧化能力与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.05),至第4周后逐步稳定;超氧化物歧化酶活力和过氧化氢酶活力与对照组相比均显著降低,且均表现出先降后升的变化趋势,第4周酶活力降至最低.以生长、存活和抗氧化能力为指标,虾青素的最适添加量为80 mg/kg,最佳投喂时间为4周.     

5种锌源对凡纳滨对虾生长、生化和免疫指标的影响

在水温28~33℃、盐度27~31条件下,将体质量(0.340±0.001)g的凡纳滨对虾,随机分养到18个380L玻璃钢桶中,每桶放虾40尾,投喂在基础饲料中分别添加40mg/kg源于七水硫酸锌、蛋氨酸锌、甘氨酸锌、美多C-锌A型(结合型)和美多C-锌B型(包被型)锌的饲料(含锌量为78.28~86.18mg/kg),对照组不添加(含锌36.62mg/kg),喂养8周,每个处理3个重复。试验结果表明,锌添加组虾的质量增加率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中蛋氨酸锌组最佳,饲料系数最低。锌添加组全虾粗脂肪和肝体比高于对照组,全虾粗蛋白及除美多C-锌B型组外的全虾粗灰分低于对照组(P0.05)。美多C-锌B型组凡纳滨对虾血清总蛋白含量最高,其次为蛋氨酸锌组;硫酸锌组虾血清甘油三酯和胆固醇均最高。蛋氨酸锌组虾血清总超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酯酶、酸性磷酸酶和酚氧化酶活性最高。锌添加组全虾锌含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),硫酸锌组虾肌肉锌含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),其他组与对照组和硫酸锌组无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,蛋氨酸锌促进凡纳滨对虾生长,提升免疫力的效果最佳,是饲料中适宜的锌源。     

饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响

为研究饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响,实验配制6种等氮等脂(41%粗蛋白质和8%粗脂肪)的实验饲料,泛酸添加水平分别为0(对照组)、50、100、150、300和600 mg/kg,饲料中实测泛酸水平分别为20.9、69.3、99.0、150.2、304.4和513.6 mg/kg。选用初始体质量为(0.73±0.12)g的凡纳滨对虾720尾,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复40尾),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率的影响不显著;对照组凡纳滨对虾成活率显著低于泛酸添加组,然而各泛酸添加组的成活率组间差异不显著。随着泛酸水平从20.9 m.g/kg增加到99.0 mg/kg时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著提高,而随着泛酸水平的进一步增加,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低。饲料中泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾全虾和肌肉主要成分无显著性影响。对照组对虾血清葡萄糖含量显著低于泛酸各添加组,然而泛酸各添加组之间无显著差异;投喂150.2 mg/kg泛酸组血清甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组和513.6 mg/kg;而血清总蛋白和胆固醇含量不受饲料中泛酸水平的影响。随着饲料中泛酸水平由20.9 mg/kg增至150.2 mg/kg,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著提高,而随着饲料中泛酸水平的进一步增加,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著降低;饲料中泛酸水平为99.0mg/kg组凡纳滨对虾血清总氧化能力显著高于其他各组;投喂对照组和泛酸水平为69.3mg/kg组的凡纳滨对虾血清丙二醛含量最高,投喂泛酸水平为150.2 mg/kg组血清的丙二醛含量显著低于其他各组。以凡纳滨对虾的饲料效率和蛋白质沉积率为评价指标,通过折线模型分析得到凡纳滨对虾泛酸最适需要量分别为113.40和119.87mg/kg。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫力和抗病力的影响

水温(29±3)℃下,给体质量约0.5g的凡纳滨对虾投喂在基础饲料中分别添加0%、0.05%、0.10%、0.20%、0.30%、0.40%、1.00%的嗜酸乳杆菌的7种饲料8周。试验结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌对凡纳滨对虾的存活率无显著影响(P0.05),而添加嗜酸乳杆菌组的凡纳滨对虾体质量增加率均高于对照组,0.10%组的质量增加率显著高于对照组,饲料系数明显低于对照组(P0.05)。0.05%、0.10%、0.20%、0.30%组凡纳滨对虾的血清超氧化物歧化酶活力高于对照组,0.10%组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各试验组之间过氧化氢酶活力差异显著(P0.05),当嗜酸乳杆菌添加量为0.20%时活力最高。除1.00%添加组外,其他组酚氧化酶活力均高于对照组,当添加量为0.05%时活力明显高于对照组(P0.05)。攻毒试验结果表明,各处理96h对虾存活率无显著差异(P0.05),但嗜酸乳杆菌添加组对虾存活率皆高于对照组,表明添加嗜酸乳杆菌在一定程度上可以提高凡纳滨对虾的抗病力。     

月桂酸单甘油酯对凡纳滨对虾生长、肌肉氨基酸、非特异性免疫及肠道菌群的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加月桂酸单甘油酯(GML)对凡纳滨对虾幼体生长、免疫、肌肉氨基酸及肠道菌群的影响。制作6组包含0、500 、1000 、1500、2000 和2500 mg/kg GML的等氮等脂实验饲料对凡纳滨对虾幼体(体重为0.31±0.02g)进行56d的养殖实验。结果显示: ①与对照组相比,添加2000 mg/kg GML能显著提高增重率和特定生长率并显著降低饲料系数。 ②饲料中添加GML对凡纳滨对虾体成分影响不显著。③各添加组对虾尾肌呈味氨基酸及总氨基酸含量显著高于对照组。④与对照组相比,各添加水平的血清总蛋白含量均显著上升,低密度蛋白胆固醇含量及谷草转氨酶活性均显著下降;500 mg/kg和1500 mg/kg组甘油三酯含量显著下降。⑤当GML添加水平为1500 mg/kg 时超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化氢酶表达量显著上调,GML添加水平超过2000 mg/kg时,IMD、TOLL表达量以及溶菌酶活性显著上调,2000 mg/kg组酚氧化酶原表达量显著上调。⑥添加组Chao指数和Ace指数显著上调,1500 mg/kg组和2500 mg/kg组Shannon指数显著下调,2500 mg/kg组Simpson指数显著下调。实验表明,添加适宜水平的GML可提高凡纳滨对虾幼体的生长性能、非特异性免疫效应,且GML可下调肠道有害菌的丰度,改善肠道菌群结构。以增重率为依据,饲料中添加2142.99 mg/kg GML对虾的生长效果最佳。     

维生素A、E对凡纳滨对虾受精率、孵化率及幼体存活率的影响

通过对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeusvannamei雌虾投喂添加或不添加维生素A(VA)、维生素E(VE)的4组实验饲料,并以饲喂活饵组为对照组,研究了维生素A、E对凡纳滨对虾受精率、孵化率和幼体存活率的影响.结果表明,第1(饲料中添加0.002%VE)、2(饲料中添加0.002%VE,0.004%VA)、3组(饲料中添加0.004%VA)凡纳滨对虾的受精率、孵化率、幼体存活率及仔虾应激实验(仔虾入淡水30min,再入海水30min)后的存活率均显著高于第4组(饲料中未添加VA、VE),而且第2组凡纳滨对虾的受精率、孵化率及幼体存活率(Z1-M2)与第1、3组相比有增高的趋势.     

抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾生长和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响

为考察抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、饲料利用和免疫能力的影响,分别在基础组饲料中添加0 mg/kg(对照组)、300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg和500 mg/kg抗菌肽,投喂平均体重为(0.8±0.1 g)的凡纳滨对虾6周。结果表明,饲料中添加抗菌肽后,凡纳滨对虾的成活率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);300 mg/kg抗菌肽组的增重率和饲料系数分别为509.10%、1.33,较对照组提高增重率8.76%(P<0.05),降低饲料系数12.5%(P<0.05),而添加400 mg/kg、500 mg/kg抗菌肽对增重率、饲料系数无显著影响,但显著提高了肌肉粗脂肪含量,各处理组在肌肉粗蛋白、水分含量上无显著差异;300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg抗菌肽组的血清碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶及400 mg/kg抗菌肽组的溶菌酶均显著高于对照组。上述研究表明,饲料中添加300 mg/kg抗菌肽,可显著提高凡纳滨对虾成活率和增重率,降低饲料系数;添加400 mg/kg抗菌肽,对血清非特异性免疫指标有提高作用,凡纳滨对虾饲料中抗菌肽的添加量建议为300～400 mg/kg。     

家蝇抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾生长性能及免疫相关指标的影响

通过8周的生长实验研究了饲料中添加家蝇幼虫抗菌肽提取物对初始体质量为(0.86±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的生长性能、体成分及免疫相关指标的影响。家蝇抗菌肽提取物添加量分别为0、1000mg/kg、2000mg/kg、3000mg/kg、4000mg/kg、5000mg/kg,每组饲料设4个重复,每个重复饲养40尾虾。结果显示,在一定添加水平范围内,家蝇抗菌肽能显著提高凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率(P0.05),当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时,以上4个指标均达最高,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,凡纳滨对虾饲料中家蝇抗菌肽提取物的最适添加量为2900mg/kg。当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时能显著提高虾体的粗蛋白和灰分含量,虾体粗脂肪不受添加抗菌肽水平的显著影响。添加2000～5000mg/kg抗菌肽提取物组与对照组相比能显著提高对虾血细胞数量;添加3000mg/kg抗菌肽提取物时对虾血细胞吞噬率最高。当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2000～3000mg/kg时,对虾血清中酚氧化酶PO、过氧化物酶POD、碱性磷酸酶AKP、溶菌酶LZM的活性和总抗氧化能力T-AOC均维持在一个较高的水平,且显著高于对照组;超氧化物歧化酶SOD的活性在各组组间差异不显著(P0.05)。肝胰腺中AKP、SOD、T-AOC活性各组间差异均不显著(P0.05);LZM活性以3000mg/kg组最高,显著高于其他组。结果表明,饲料中添加适量的家蝇抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾有一定的促生长作用,并能提高对虾的免疫相关指标。     

饲料中添加黄霉素对凡纳滨对虾生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

以在基础饲料中分别添加黄霉素4mg/kg、12mg/kg、24mg/kg和48mg/kg的饲料作为试验组,以不添加黄霉素的饲料作为对照组,制成5种试验饲料,在室内饲养凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)8周,研究黄霉素对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加黄霉素能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的生长和饲料利用率,黄霉素的促生长作用与其能增加对虾蛋白质沉积率有关,凡纳滨对虾饲料中长期添加黄霉素的适宜添加量为4mg/kg。     

饲料中添加核苷酸对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长、肠道形态及抗氧化酶活力的影响

本实验旨在研究外源核苷酸混合物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾生长性能、体组成、中肠肠道形态和抗氧化酶活力的影响。选取960尾初始体质量为(1.01±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾,随机分为8组,分别投喂基础饲料和添加5种核苷酸混合物(5′-腺苷酸∶5′-胞苷酸∶5′-尿苷酸二钠∶5′-肌苷酸二钠∶5′-鸟苷酸二钠=1∶1∶1∶1∶1,mix-NT)的实验饲料,各实验组添加量分别为0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2 g/kg饲料,养殖期为7周。结果显示,饲料中添加5种核苷酸混合物对凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FCR)影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源核苷酸显著影响凡纳滨对虾全虾水分含量(P<0.05),但对全虾粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。肝胰指数(HSI)随饲料中核苷酸添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),在0.6 g/kg组达到最高。0.4 g/kg组的肝胰腺谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力及尿酸(UA)含量最低,但与对照组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。中肠肠壁厚度和肠绒毛高度均随着核苷酸添加量的增加呈先升高...     

不同比例复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫及抗氨氮能力的影响

对从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道中分离出的鲍鱼希瓦氏菌(Shewanella haliotis)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和双壳气单胞菌(Aeromonas bivalvium)3株有益菌株,利用正交设计得到9种复合比例,通过饲料中添加上述9种比例混合的菌体(菌数总量为109 cfu/g)饲喂凡纳滨对虾,经过28 d养殖实验,评价其对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫指标的影响。随后,利用氯化铵调节水体氨氮浓度至26.67 mg/L,经过16 d的氨氮毒性实验,研究不同比例复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗氨氮能力的影响。研究结果表明,9个复合益生菌实验组的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),并且以3株菌菌数6︰1︰3比例效果较好;不同配比的复合益生菌能够显著提高酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力(P0.05),并表现出了不同的影响效果,其中,3株菌菌数(菌数总量为109 cfu/g,下同)2︰3︰3、4︰2︰3及6︰1︰3比例对ACP活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05),3株菌菌数4:2︰3和6︰1︰3比例对ALP活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05);3株菌菌数2︰1︰1比例对T-SOD活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05);各比例的复合菌对溶菌酶活力的影响不显著(P0.05);氨氮浓度26.67 mg/L条件下,不同比例复合菌组对虾累计存活率显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中以3株菌菌数4︰3︰1和6︰3︰2比例组累计存活率较高,即抗氨氮效果较好。     

Movement of the fluvial form of masu salmon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus masou masou</Emphasis>, in a mountain stream in Kyushu,Japan

Using mark-recapture methods, the movements of the fluvial form of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) in a mountain stream on the island of Kyushu, Japan, were studied. Most (78%) of the masu salmon were recaptured in the pool in which they had been originally caught and tagged. Of those that moved between pools, the proportion of individuals that moved during the breeding period was not significantly higher than the proportion that moved during the non-breeding period. However, during the breeding period, a higher proportion of larger salmon moved than did smaller fish. The proportion of mobile large males during breeding period was higher than that for small males. Also, it was found that a few individuals showed long-range movement in the autumn. As a long-term movement, 78 individual fish (65%) that were recaptured more than three times showed high sedentary tendencies. Sixteen individual mobile fish (13%) moved and returned to the original pool. Fluvial form of masu salmon in Kyushu show a high sedentary nature; however, large mature males seem to actively move in search of female during breeding period.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel anti-HIV lectin from the cultured cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria agardhii

OAA, the potent anti-HIV protein from Oscillatoria agardhii NIES-204 belongs to a new lectin family, shows strict binding specificity for high-mannose N-glycans, and has an extremely high association constant in the picomolar range for recombinant gp120, an envelope protein of HIV. In this study we have cloned the gene encoding OAA from the genomic DNA of the cyanobacterium, and efficiently expressed the recombinant lectin (rOAA) in Escherichia coli. The rOAA expressed as a His-tagged fusion protein was recovered in a soluble form and purified in high yield (48 mg/1 l-culture) by metal chelate chromatography. The fusion protein was cleaved with factor Xa, and the resulting rOAA was isolated in a final yield of 14.8 mg/1 l-culture by reversed-phase HPLC. Both the N-terminal sequence and the molecular mass of rOAA were found to be identical with those of OAA. The rOAA was fully functional with the same properties as OAA, as evidenced by hemagglutination activity, hapten-inhibition test, and binding specificity for high-mannose-type N-glycans. This rOAA should be applicable as a specific probe for high-mannose N-glycans and should contribute to elucidation of the molecular basis of its strict carbohydrate-binding specificity and potent anti-HIV activity.     

Mortality of scallop spat in cultivation, infested with tube dwellingbristle worms, Polydora sp.

Between 1995 and 1997, a traditional Norwegian oyster poll with an attachednursery was used for the production of scallop (Pecten maximus) spat.During summer 1997, four batches of 2 mm scallop spat were placed in thenursery. In June, hydroids (Obelia) caused problems with fouling andaccumulation of sediment in the nursery. Thereafter, the scallop spat wereheavily infested with tube dwelling polychaets (Polydora sp.). Thepolychaets were both introduced with poll water and reproduced inside thenursery. Infested spat suffered high mortalities. Although the spat could have been affected by the hydroids, as well as shortage of food, Polydorainfestations were considered the main cause of the mortalities. Dead andinfested spat were continuously sorted out and discarded, but the infestationproblems persisted. As a result, the scallop spat did not represent anycommercial value for the company, and in September, the nursery wasemptied. In total, approximately one million spat – representing onethird of Norway's intensive scallop spat production in 1997, was lost.     

Parasites, pathological conditions and mortality in QX-resistant and wild-caught Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata

Differences in the survival of QX-resistant fifth generation (QXR₅) and wild-caught (Wild-Caught) Sydney rock oysters were assessed over the QX-disease risk period in the Pimpama River, SE Queensland. Cumulative mortality of Wild-Caught oysters (31.7%) was significantly greater than QXR₅ oysters (0.0%) over the 118 days of the experiment. PCR and histological results showed that Wild-Caught oyster did not die from QX disease. Histology revealed oysters were infected with disseminating hemocytic neoplasia, a Steinhausia-like infection, a Rickettsia-like organism infecting epithelial cells of the gill, digenean flukes encysted in the gonadal tissue and a gill response to an unknown toxin. The cause of mortality is attributed to disseminating hemocytic neoplasia.     

Enrichment of Artemia nauplii in PUFA, phospholipids, and water-soluble nutrients using liposomes

Different liposome formulations, includingseveral combinations of membrane composition,type of vesicle (multilamellar and largeunilamellar vesicles), preparation method, andvehiculated nutrient, have been assayed asbioencapsulation products to enrich Artemia nauplii with nutrients for feeding fish larvae.The stability of the liposome preparationsunder conditions of use as enrichment producthas been tested using water soluble fluorescentmarkers as leakage indicators. The content ofthe fatty acids and lipid classesbioencapsulated in Artemia nauplii withliposomes has been analyzed by gas and thinlayer chromatography, respectively, andcompared with other enrichment products. Theeffect of the liposome enriched Artemianauplii used as food for fish larvae has beenevaluated in sea bass cultures. Liposomes withhigh content in polyunsaturated fatty acidsleak out more than 50% of their aqueous phasein less than 2 hours, unless they arestabilized with cholesterol and formed as largeunilamellar vesicles. Such vesicles hold70% of the encapsulated material for 8 hours.Liposome enriched nauplii in this study reflectthe influence of the enrichment products,however, they are far from the commercialemulsion (Super Selco) in terms ofdocosahexaenoic acid content, except for thenauplii enriched with liposomes made of purekrill phospholipid extract by the method ofdetergent solubilization. The liposome enrichednauplii show a higher amount of polar lipids incontrast to the feed enriched with emulsions.The larvae fed liposome enriched nauplii haveonly a slightly lower docosahexaenoic acidcontent than those fed emulsion enrichednauplii. The results obtained confirm thesuitable potential use of liposomes as foodsupplement in larviculture. Problems andadvantages are discussed.     

杜仲对草鱼生长、肌肉品质和胶原蛋白基因表达的影响

为研究杜仲对草鱼生长性能、肌肉品质及胶原蛋白基因COL1A1和COL1A2表达的影响,实验采用初始体质量为(215.0±0.4)g的草鱼120尾,随机分为2处理组(每组3重复,每重复20尾鱼),分别饲喂基础饲料(对照组)和添加2%杜仲的实验饲料(杜仲组),养殖时间为8周。结果显示,与对照组相比,添加2%杜仲对草鱼生长性能无显著影响,但能显著增加肌肉、皮肤和肝脏胶原蛋白水平,增加肌肉总必需氨基酸(TEAA)、总氨基酸(TAA)水平。2%杜仲可显著降低草鱼肌肉的冷冻失水率、离心失水率,但对肌纤维密度和肌纤维直径无显著影响。在胶原蛋白基因表达方面,2%杜仲显著增加了第4周、8周时草鱼的肌肉、皮肤和第8周时的肝脏组织COL1A1、COL1A2基因m RNA表达量。研究表明,饲料中添加2%杜仲可改善大规格草鱼的肌肉品质。     

鳢流行性溃疡综合征病原分离鉴定与病理形态学观察

为寻找冬春季鳢(Channa maculata)烂身病的病原,应用组织压片、组织切片、扫描电镜技术、HE常规染色法和Grocott六胺银染色法、霉菌分离纯化及ITS的序列分析等对冬春季患疑似溃疡综合征的烂身病鳢进行了病原学与病理学研究。病变组织压片观察到大量直径10～20μm,分枝较少、纤细菌丝。扫描电镜观察到肌肉组织中延伸出大量的纤细的丝状真菌。患病鳢皮肤和肌肉表现为变性、坏死与炎性细胞浸润,溃疡灶肌肉内可见大量的慢性肉芽肿结节和炎性细胞浸润。结节基本结构由类上皮细胞和多核巨细胞、炎性细胞、霉菌菌丝(横断面呈圆形,斜断或纵断呈丝状)组成,霉菌位于结节中央。Grocott六胺银染色观察到结节中有大量棕色菌体。无菌分离培养可观察到典型丝状霉菌;霉菌在灭菌池塘水20℃过夜, 12 h后可观察原代孢子群形成,真菌ITS序列分析表明其与侵袭丝囊菌(Aphanomyces invadans)同源性为100%。侵袭丝囊霉菌(A. invadans)是杂交鳢溃疡综合症病的主要病原,为鱼类流行病学调查和疾病防治的深入研究奠定基础。     

Feeding of scleractinian coral, Galaxea fascicularis, on Artemia salina nauplii in captivity

Satisfying nutrient requirement of corals is still a major constraint for maintaining corals in marine aquariums. Corals are polytrophic in nature. Heterotrophic feeding on zooplankton is one of the corals’ strategies to overcome nutrient deficiency. Artemia salina nauplii are commonly used as biocarriers for many fish larvae in aquaculture and can also serve as a biocarrier for coral in aquariums, provided coral acceptability, optimal feeding rate, and digestibility of the nauplii are well understood. Feeding rate and digestibility of coral fed on A. salina nauplii at 100, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 10,000 ind. l⁻¹ under light and dark conditions was assessed in this study. The maximum feeding rates of Galaxea fascicularis under light and dark conditions was 113.6 ind. polyp⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 76.9 ind. polyp⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. The daily feeding rates of G. fascicularis varies and depends on nauplii density. Light plays an important role in coral feeding. Nevertheless, the quantity of A. salina nauplii consumed by the coral under light and dark conditions was not significantly different (P > 0.05). A. salina nauplii are well accepted by G. fascicularis. Complete nauplii digestion was observed after 180 min. Digestibility of A. salina nauplii by G. fascicularis was positively correlated with digestion time.