基于综合水质标识指数法的混养鱼塘水体富营养化评价和特征分析

为了解淡水混养鱼塘的水环境效应,以2012年5~10月养殖期内广西武鸣县淡水混养鱼塘水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)的监测数据为基础,分别根据湖泊富营养化程度等级划分标准和农业部《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》对养殖池塘以及进、排水口的水体进行综合水质标识指数评价,结合TN/TP(质量比)变化分析富营养化的主控因子。试验结果:养殖期内池塘水经历了Ⅴ(中—富)营养型—Ⅵ(富)营养型—Ⅴ(中—富)营养型的变化,混养鱼塘水体的湖泊富营养化治理目标等级Ⅳ(中)的达标率为0%;进、出水口水体的TN和CODMn含量差异显著,进水口的水质明显优于出水口;根据《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》,出水口水质的达标率为100%。影响混养鱼塘水体富营养化的水质因子依次是TN、TP、CODMn,TN是富营养化的主要影响因子。结果表明,该方法计算简便,结果可信,适用于混养鱼塘水体富营养化评价。     

凤眼莲和水蕹菜净化养鱼池塘水质效果的试验

在主养草鱼池塘中进行水培凤眼莲、水蕹菜削减养殖污染(N、P)的试验,经150d后,与试验初始比较,凤眼莲吸收了TN、TP的50.23%、47.69%,水蕹菜吸收了48.92%、30.91%;与对照池试验结束时比较,则凤眼莲吸收了TN、TP的129.38%、110.40%,水蕹菜吸收了118.07%、93.62%;试验池养殖产量分别增加11.70%、10.95%,666.7m2利税分别增加551、454元。     

集中连片池塘的尾水处理系统中氮磷的时空变化规律

为探明集中连片池塘排放尾水中氮磷经尾水处理系统各净化功能区的削减状况,分析尾水处理系统氮磷的削减机制,比较论证养殖尾水在各净化功能区的季节、月份变化规律,建立了一个具有养殖尾水处理系统的集中连片池塘养殖小区,对总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)在养殖试验周期内开展持续的时空监测。结果显示:生态沟渠和湿地+净化池塘组合构成的养殖尾水处理系统,6～10月间,对养殖尾水TN显著削减43.02%,TP显著削减30.39%。养殖小区排放水TN(1.318±0.408 mg/L)、TP(0.325±0.160 mg/L)符合SC/T 9101—2007《淡水池塘养殖水排放要求》一级排放标准。夏秋季与沿程交互作用对TN有显著影响(P0.05),夏秋季与沿程对TP不存在交互效应,夏秋季对TP的主效应差异不显著(P0.05)。研究表明:湿地+净化池塘组合对TN的净化效果优于生态沟渠,生态沟渠是TP的主要净化功能单元,养殖尾水处理系统秋季对TN的削减优于夏季。     

珠三角地区密养淡水鱼塘水质状况分析与评价

池塘养殖是珠三角地区淡水渔业生产的主要形式。2012年5月～12月对草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）、云斑尖塘鳢（Oxyeleotris marmoratus）、大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）和乌鳢（Channa argus）等该地区几种主要密养淡水品种鱼塘水质进行监测,分析水体理化环境因子,并选取pH、溶解氧（DO）、非离子氨（NH3）、氨氮（NH4^＋-N）、硝酸盐氮（NO3^--N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO2^--N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）和透明度等10项因子,采用单项污染指数和负荷比对监测参数进行单项评价,用综合污染指数法对各池塘水质进行整体评价。结果表明4种密养淡水鱼塘营养盐负荷高问题突出,NH3、NO3^--N、NO2^--N、TN和TP为池塘中的主要污染因素;草鱼池塘主要污染物为NH3和TN,其污染负荷合计为37.58%;云斑尖塘鳢池塘主要污染物为NH3、NO3^--N和TN,其污染负荷达59.37%;大口黑鲈池塘的主要污染物为NH3、TN、NO3^--N和NO2^--N,其污染负荷高达66.80%;乌鳢池塘的主要污染物为TN、NO3^--N、TP和NH3,其污染负荷达59.43%;对CODMn的分析与评价结果显示,池塘水体中还原性有机质含量高;由综合污染指数判定,所有池塘水体均为＂重污染＂等级,并超出警戒水平。     

天津地区渔-莲耦合循环养殖系统净化养殖水环境试验研究

研究了天津地区淡水养虾池塘不同养殖时期渔-莲耦合循环养殖系统净化养殖水环境效果,结果表明:不同养殖时期TN、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N的去除率表现为养殖中期养殖后期养殖前期,TN去除率分别为7.6%、22.41%、17.67%,NH~+_4-N去除率分别为16.19%、24.96%、20.04%,NO~-_2-N去除率分别为11.72%、19.22%、17.13%;不同养殖时期TP的去除率表现为养殖前期养殖中期养殖后期,去除率分别为14.33%、9.6%、6.39%。与对照池塘相比,养殖前期TN、TP、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N均值差异不显著(P0.05),养殖中期TP、NO~-_2-N均值差异显著(P0.05);NH~+_4-N均值差异极显著(P0.01),养殖后期TN、NO~-_2-N均值差异极显著(P0.01)。研究表明,渔-莲耦合循环养殖系统利用基质、植物、微生物的物理、化学、生物三重协同作用可以有效改善养殖水环境,增加水体的自净能力。     

河蟹池塘生态养殖对水环境的影响

为了评价整个河蟹养殖周期对水环境的影响,于2019年5—11月在上海宝山某水产养殖专业合作社对4个典型河蟹养殖池塘和引水水源进行了1个养殖周期内4个阶段的水质监测。结果表明:(1)水源水主要超标项目为总氮(TN),平均值高达2.79 mg/L,说明引水水质氮超标较严重;池塘水主要表现为总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸钾指数(COD_(Mn))超标,平均值分别为2.29、0.24和8.71 mg/L,说明池塘水除了N、P超标,也存在有机污染;(2)池塘组养殖初期水质指标超标个数和超标倍数均较高,此阶段水质最差;养殖末期水体中N、P指标及COD_(Mn)均低于初期,TN从(5.93±0.03)mg/L降低到(1.53±0.01)mg/L,TP从(0.33±0.00)mg/L降低到(0.13±0.00)mg/L,已优于地表水Ⅲ类标准,因此河蟹生态养殖不会对周围水环境造成N、P污染;而COD_(Mn)虽从(9.54±0.11)mg/L降低到(8.28±0.09)mg/L,但仍远高于地表水Ⅲ类标准,因此,养殖尾水如不进行处理直接排放,可能会造成水体有机污染。     

鲢鳙在长寿湖水生态系统氮磷循环中的作用

为探究长寿湖鲢、鳙在水体生态系统氮(N)磷(P)循环中的作用,研究测定了季节性水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的变化,进行了原位鲢、鳙排泄率的测定。通过N、P排泄对比分析了鲢、鳙对水体N、P的贡献率。通过长寿湖鲢、鳙鱼体N、P含量测定,估算水体中N、P去除量。结果显示:鲢、鳙N、P排泄率夏季最高,冬季最低,季节性温度变化对其排泄率有一定影响;2016—2017在长寿湖平均水温为19.88℃条件下,鲢的N、P排泄率分别为0.973 1μg L-1d-1和0.242 2μg L-1d-1;鳙的N、P排泄率分别为0.642 5μg L-1d-1和0.174 9μg L-1d-1,鲢、鳙N、P排泄量分别占长寿湖藻类初级生产所需N含量的1.19%和0.79%,P含量的9.57%和6.91%;2016—2017长寿湖通过捕捞鲢、鳙产品带走的N、P含量分别为60.61 t和23.31 t。结果表明,长寿湖开展生态养殖对水体N、P贡献较小,不会引起水体富营养化。     

陕西大宗鱼类养殖水域环境现状与质量状况评价

2008和2009年,对陕西大宗鱼类养殖水域12项水质参数(pH、TN、TP、CODMn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、石油类、挥发酚和非离子氨)进行了监测,采用单因子比较法和污染指数法进行了评价.结果表明,陕西大宗鱼类养殖水域不同程度受到pH、非离子氨、TN、TP、CODMn、Cu、Zn、Hg和Pb的污染.主要污染物为非离子氨、TP、TN和CODMn,2年中这4项污染物超标范围均占监测水域的70%以上,负荷比Q占到89.5%和80.8%;非离子氨是最主要的污染物,2年中其单项污染指数I(20.2、5.80)和负荷比Q(57.37%、27.70%)均居首位,其次是TN(I:4 69、5.28;Q:13.3%、25.2%)、TP(I:4 05、4.13;Q:11.5%、19.7%).Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb的超标范围较小;石油类、挥发性酚和Cd在所监测水域均未超标.2009年陕西大宗鱼类养殖水域污染程度比2008年有所减缓,但所监测参数2年的差异均不显著(P>0.05).慎防非离子氨中毒,开展总磷、总氮污染的治理应该是陕西鱼类养殖中首要解决的环境问题.     

主养草鱼与主养黄颡鱼池塘沉积物—水界面氮磷营养盐通量变化及与环境因子的关系

为了探讨不同主养模式池塘养殖期间沉积物—水界面氮磷营养盐通量变化特征以及与环境因子之间的相互关系,利用沉积物—水界面营养盐扩散通量的原位观测装置,分析了2013年4—10月主养草鱼和主养黄颡鱼池塘沉积物—水界面营养盐交换通量,并探讨了影响营养盐交换通量的因素。结果发现:(1)在养殖初期,各种形态氮磷在养殖池塘沉积物—水界面主要表现为从上覆水向沉积物的沉积,养殖中后期,由于温度升高以及池塘沉积物中营养物质的大量累积,各种形态氮磷表现为以沉积物向上覆水扩散为主,表明池塘沉积物是氮磷营养盐的源与汇;(2)两种不同主养模式池塘氮磷通量的统计结果表明,沉积物—水界面-N、-N和-P通量变化无显著差异,而-N、TN和TP通量有显著差异;(3)上覆水中DO含量的升高显著促进界面间-N和-N释放通量,而-N和-P释放通量与上覆水DO浓度成显著负相关;温度的升高对各种无机形态的氮磷通量有显著的促进作用。     

桑沟湾养殖海带(Sacharina japonica)碎屑降解速率及影响因素

通过实验室可控条件,以桑沟湾(Sanggou Bay)养殖海带(Sacharina japonica)为研究对象,探讨养殖海带碎屑降解过程中营养盐释放速率及对底质、溶解氧的影响。实验设置2个底质条件(加底泥,无底泥)、2个溶氧条件(好氧,厌氧),各处理组设3个平行,实验持续27 d。结果显示,(1)加入底泥,可以促进海带碎屑的降解。实验结束时,加入底泥组无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、总磷(TP)的平均释放速率分别为1.234、1.802、0.028、0.033μmol/(g·d),显著高于未加底泥组的0.039、1.476、0.005、0.010μmol/(g·d)。而未加底泥组的可溶性有机氮(DON)释放速率为1.437μmol/(g·d),显著高于底泥组的0.568μmol/(g·d)。(2)厌氧条件有利于海带碎屑中P的降解释放,释放的TP中以可溶性有机磷(DOP)为主。TP、DIP、DOP的降解速率显著高于非厌氧条件。但是,厌氧条件下无机氮释放速率为0.097μmol/(g·d),仅为好氧条件下无机氮的8%,而总氮为好氧条件下的71%。(3)底泥的加入显著提高了水体的N∶P,达到207.83±301.37,厌氧状态使水体N∶P降低到9.38±6.55,都较大的偏离对照组的16.82±1.26,远远偏离经典Redfield值(16∶1)。整个实验说明养殖海带降解过程受底质、溶氧条件影响,同时,大量海带碎屑腐烂降解,将会对养殖系统的营养盐浓度及结构产生影响。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.