European estuaries and lagoons: A personal overview of problems and possibilities for conservation and management

1. European estuaries and lagoons fall into three categories in respect of their conservation status and potential for ecological management. (i) Small lagoons, although greatly reduced by natural and man-made changes to the coastal environment, are relatively easily recreated behind longshore shingle barriers, but natural colonization of such habitats may have ceased and successful artificial introduction of species or whole assemblages is hampered by lack of knowledge of the processes structuring natural lagoonal communities. (ii) Small estuaries require very little conservation management, only control of further human exploitation especially in respect of the siting of marinas and other recreational usage. (iii) Large estuaries are in many cases already altered beyond recognition, and such is their economic importance that it is unlikely that the pressures for further reclamation, impoundment, and development will be resisted. Nevertheless, it is may be possible to protect areas within each such estuarine system that could serve as staging posts for migratory birds. 2. Integrated action is needed to assess the status and importance of the remaining European estuarine and lagoonal habitats, and to conserve and manage them in the future, if they are to continue to provide any significant habitats for organisms into the 21st Century and beyond.     

Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses

Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view.     

Aquaculture and the environment: the supply of and demand for environmental goods and services by Asian aquaculture and the implications for sustainability

The present paper explores the relationships between aquaculture and the environment In Asia, focusing on the demands for environmental goods and services among different sectors. Aquaculture in the region accounts for 88% of global production by weight and 80% by value. Nevertheless, environmental problems are increasingly apparent and the higher the demands for environmental goods and services, the more negative the impacts. Against a background of rapid social, economic and political change, the paper considers how the sustainability of the industry is best assured. An integrated view of resource use, in which aquaculture is but one activity, is necessary for sustainable development. The roles of planning, education, research and environmental management schemes are discussed.     

不同温度和盐度条件对脆江蓠生长及其生化组分的影响

在不同温度（14℃、17℃、20℃、23℃和26℃）和不同盐度（5、10、15、20、25、30和35）条件下培养脆江蓠（Gracilaria chouae）,观察测定其生长及藻体生化组分的变化。试验结果显示,脆江蓠生长的适宜温度为14～26℃,最适温度为17～20℃,在此温度条件下藻体可以保持最快相对生长速率（relative growth rate,RGR）;温度高于20℃时脆江蓠的生长受到抑制。在生长状态、光合色素和抗氧化等方面,脆江蓠对低温的耐受能力要比高温强。脆江蓠生长的适宜盐度为20～35,最适盐度为30,在此盐度条件下藻体可以保持最快RGR,盐度低于20时脆江蓠的生长受到抑制。高盐度培养条件下脆江蓠在生长状态、光合色素和抗氧化等方面强于低盐度培养条件。     

试论渔文化、鱼文化与休闲渔业

我国渔文化历史悠久。渔文化与鱼文化既有联系，又有区别，两者存在交叉关系。随着经济、社会的快速发展，渔文化与休闲渔业的互动日益频繁。渔文化为休闲渔业的发展提供了基本内容，休闲渔业为渔文化的繁荣创造了空间。休闲渔业是人们对休闲的需求与渔业相结合的产物。为不断提升休闲渔业发展水平，促进渔文化与渔业的良性互动，休闲渔业应积极融入海洋经济发展战略、加强品牌建设与推广、拓展发展空间、处理好个性与共性的关系。     

Marketing and distribution of walleye pollock: past,current and future developments

In this paper, we examine the structure and change of the walleye pollock industry from a marketing and distribution perspective. Our focus is not only on industrial internationalisation, but also on local industry and community utilisation of walleye pollock. This is a subject of interest because its diverse utilisation has the potential to promote industrial management as well as the livelihood of local communities. We reason that Japan’s weakness in marketing, distribution and price setting of walleye pollock is largely due to its lack of competitiveness in the world market. Given the rapid decline of walleye pollock utilisation by local industry and society, it is of critical importance to take steps towards a long-term solution considering the rapid decline of walleye pollock use by our local industry and society. Our analysis indicates that Japan’s walleye pollock industry is inherently resilient, with diverse commodity chains, business flexibility and traditional food culture. However, as local industry and community have been reducing use of walleye pollock over time, there is a need to restore and reactivate the local society.     

国内外口蹄疫的流行情况及防制

口蹄疫是一种高度传染性疾病,以传播迅速和发病率高而被国际兽医局列为法定报告动物疫病之首。该病不但严重危害畜牧业和经济,还对国家声誉、国际关系也有很大影响。本文在查阅近几年国内外有关口蹄疫文献的基础上,对其流行情况、防制策略等方面进行了总结,为该病的预防和控制提供参考和依据。     

小型工厂化养鱼系统及设备的试验研究

建立了一种小型双循环鱼菜共生系统，鱼池水体2．8m^3，占地面积80m^2，所需配套设备全部自制。试验探讨建立该系统的可行性，通过不断改进自制设备和鱼饲养环境，探索提高水处理效果，以及在较小占地条件下获得高产和无公害鱼菜产品的方法。试验结果：养鱼水质指标NO2^--N为0．02～0．08mg／L，NH3-N≤0．03mg／L，NH4^＋-N〈0．5mg／L，单位水体平均年产罗非鱼63．3kg／m^3。整个鱼菜系统无污水排放，成鱼中检出的砷、铅、汞等元素含量均低于相关国家标准要求。     

海龟的主要疾病及防治措施

海龟是国家二级保护动物,对海龟的常见的疾病及病因并就起防治方法进行了简单的阐述,有利于我们更好地保护海龟,为进一步开展海龟其他方面的研究打下良好的基础.     

克孜赛水库浮游生物与鲢、鳙鱼生产潜力的研究

克孜赛水库地处高寒地带，养殖水面133hm^2，多年来没有进行大规模人工养殖，1991－1999年平均链，鳙鱼产量仅为52．51kg/hm^2，调查结果表明浮游植物138种，生物量8．72mg/L；浮游动物54种，生物量6．74mg/L，根据浮游生物量估算链，鳙鱼生产潜力为362．09kg/hm^2。     

Hematologic and clinico-chemical research findings in calves and young cattle with ileus

The impairment of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base status which is observed in calves and juvenile cattle as a result of ileus and subileus is not only dependent on form and site of the obstruction, but is also influenced considerably by the duration of the condition and any coexisting disease. This publication reviews the most important blood, urine and ruminal fluid parameters in such patients. The diagnostic significance of the laboratory values under discussion is not so great with obstructions to the caudal part of the digestive tract. However, markedly raised ruminal fluid chloride levels, combined with hypochloraemia and a metabolic acidosis, are indicative of an "abomasoruminal reflux syndrome" resulting from an obstruction in the region of the abomasum or cranial small intestine.     

氨氮和亚硝酸氮快速准确测定方法研究

本研究提出了用液体标准色阶快速准确测定氨氮和亚硝酸氮的比色方法。研究的液体标准色阶的稳定时间在一年以上，氨氮和亚硝酸氮的测定误差分别为0．2mg／L和0．02mg／L。用本方法对名种类型的水样进行测定，结果表明，本方法与传统的分光光度法测定结果一致，适于海淡水养殖单位的现场使用。     

栉孔扇贝血淋巴中酚氧化酶和髓过氧物酶活性↑（*）

用电镜细胞化学和分光光度技术对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中的氧化酶（ＰＯ）和髓过氧物酶（ＭＰＯ）进行了研究。结果表明：细胞质中直径分别为３００～４３０ｎｍ和１３０～２００ｎｍ的大、小２种颗粒呈ＰＯ强阳性,次级溶酶体和小颗粒呈ＭＰＯ强阳性。生化血清中存在ＰＯ和ＭＰＯ活性,血细胞仅有ＭＰＯ活性。以ＴＭＢ为底物测得血清中不依赖卤素的ＭＰＯ活力为１０７．２Ｕ,以二乙醇胺为底物测得血清中依赖卤素的ＴＭＢ为底物测得血清中     

绿鳍马面鲀年龄生长与合理利用

对东海区的绿鳍马面样本鱼进行生物学测定 ,测出各龄鱼的年轮轮径及椎体半径 ,逆算出各龄鱼的理论平均全长 ,求出生长参数 ,探讨生长规律。再依据B -H模型计算、分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充量渔获尾数、单位补充量平均资源重量、渔获物平均年龄和单位补充量渔获量的情况。结果表明 ,该资源已过度捕捞 ,应采取降低捕捞强度和将开捕年龄控制为 3龄等措施进行合理利用和保护     

鸡大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌混合感染的分离鉴定及药敏试验研究

无菌采取某鸡场送检的病死鸡的心血、肝、肾,进行病原菌的分离、鉴定、生化试验和药敏试验。结果显示引起该鸡场鸡只发病的病原除大肠杆菌外,还伴有沙门氏菌。药敏试验结果显示,此次分离的大肠杆菌对庆大霉素、氟哌酸、氯霉素高度敏感,对复方磺胺、链霉素、环丙沙星中度敏感,对阿莫西林、利福平、卡那霉素不敏感。此次分离的沙门氏菌对氯霉素、阿莫西林、卡那霉素高度敏感,对庆大霉素、复方磺胺、氟哌酸、环丙沙星中度敏感,对利福平、链霉素不敏感。     

Interactions and management for the future of marine aquaculture and capture fisheries

Aquaculture surpassed wild fisheries as the largest supplier of fish for human consumption in 2014 and is expected to supply the majority of seafood for future increases in demand. Marine and coastal aquaculture, collectively referred to as mariculture, currently represents just 36% of aquaculture production but is poised to expand in the decades ahead. One of the most commonly cited concerns regarding this likely expansion is ecological and socioeconomic interactions with wild‐capture fisheries. While attention has largely been drawn to high‐profile negative externalities from fed finfish and crustacean mariculture, not all marine‐based practices are equivalent. Empirical evidence for the different interactions between mariculture and wild fisheries is often sparse. While negative consequences can arise, positive synergies can also occur. By considering mariculture development in the context of fisheries interactions, we suggest that it is possible to minimize conflicts and maximize positive connections between the two sectors. We provide the first comprehensive synthesis of the interactions between mariculture and wild fisheries, characterizing the types of interactions, evaluating available empirical evidence and identifying where management (sector‐specific and cooperative) can play an important role. We highlight potential effects of mariculture on the efficiency, sustainability, and equity of seafood production and identify remaining knowledge gaps.     

美国鱼类及野生动物管理局与自然保护

美国鱼类及野生动物管理局是主管美国鱼类、野生动植物和自然栖息地的联邦政府机构,主要工作有保护濒危物种、管理候鸟、恢复重要的渔业、保护和恢复湿地等野生动物的栖息地、执行联邦野生动物的法律、参与国际保护工作、征收捕鱼和狩猎消费税和开展公众教育等。介绍了美国鱼类及野生动物管理局的基本情况、主要工作内容、保护案例等。美国在鱼类及野生动植物的管理与保护方面机构设置完备、职责清晰,法制健全,实施得当,充分发动民众参与,值得学习和借鉴。     

Status, trends and management of sturgeon and paddlefish fisheries

The 27 extant species of sturgeons and paddlefishes (Order Acipenseriformes) represent a unique and relict lineage of fishes. Producers of coveted black caviar, sturgeons are one of the most valuable wildlife commodities on earth. The group is among the most endangered fishes with all species listed under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix I (two species) or II (25 species), only two species considered Lower Risk by IUCN, four of the nine US taxa and one Caspian species protected under the Endangered Species Act, and local extinctions recorded for 19 of 27 species. Despite their well‐publicized imperilled status, commercial pressure on 15 species persists. Here, after reviewing the biological characteristics of sturgeons and paddlefishes and their commercial use, an overview of global fisheries is presented. The synopsis demonstrates that, with few exceptions, sturgeon and paddlefish are imperilled across the globe and long‐term survival in the wild is in jeopardy. All major sturgeon fisheries have surpassed peak productivity levels, with 70% of major fisheries posting recent harvests <15% of historic peak catches and 35% of the fisheries examined crashing within 7–20 years of inception. Even in Caspian Sea fisheries, the most important globally, present catches are below 10% of historic peak landings. Improved domestic and international fisheries management and attention to habitat and species restoration is now needed. Although captive rearing offers promise for caviar alternatives and endangered species restoration, it must advance cautiously to avoid environmental harm. To ensure a continued supply of caviar and the survival of these unique fishes we offer recommendations for priority conservation action for the future.     

Old and new alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists. 1. Xylazine and medetomidine]

The "discovery" of alpha 2-receptors permits the explanation of the mechanism of xylazine that was hitherto poorly understood. The substance can be classified as an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. In the near future two new alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists will be available in Germany: medetomidine for small animals and detomidine for large animals. Also a new alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist will be introduced: atipamezole. alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists cause sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation. Notable side effects are bradycardia, heart block and a dose dependent respiratory depression. A comprehensive survey on the pharmacology of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists is given. The previous literature is summarized and discussed, including own studies and clinical experience. An attempt is made to assess the clinical importance of the new drugs. For certain indications medetomidine alone may not be satisfying and combination with other drugs becomes necessary. If sedation is inadequate, the combination with benzodiazepines or propofol is advised; if analgesia is poor, the combination with ketamine or an opioid is recommended.     

水生动植物生态循环系统及试验

根据水生动植物生态学原理而设计一种闭式循环水养鱼系统。系统涉及植物、微生物组合净水技术和纳米功能材料调质、催化技术,创建动植物共生的水体自净环境,实现水产养殖代谢污染物的资源化处理。系统试养鲟鱼400尾(鱼池8 m3),成活率98.25%,1个月生物增量122%,配套生态蔬菜产量43 kg。文中就相关技术设计和试验研究作了分析讨论。