大通湖渔场浮游生物及其鱼产力的调查

于2005年4～5月对湖南省最大的渔场大通湖渔场的水质和浮游生物量进行了初步调查，结果表明：大通湖水质偏酸性，浮游植物生物量为3．156mg/L，浮游动物生物量为4．4mg/L，为中-富营养型湖泊。由此初步估算大通湖鲢、鳙鱼产潜力为139．59～196．59kg／hm^2。     

池塘主养鳙鱼种高产试验

在3口面积共0.8 hm^2池塘中主养鳙鱼种,采用人工驯化投喂微颗粒饲料,搭养鲢、鲤、鲫、草鱼.鳙鱼种最高单产8 730kg/hm^2,规格达到78g,利润2.75万元/hm^2.为鳙鱼种的池塘精养探索出了一套新的养殖模式,解决了鳙鱼种短缺的问题.     

红旗泡水库鲢鳙饵料生物调查及鱼产潜力估算

于2013年6月和2014年9月对红旗泡水库6个采样点进行2次浮游生物调查,共采集到浮游植物48种,分属6门,平均密度375ind./L,平均生物量0.991mg/L;浮游动物14种,其中包括原生动物2种、轮虫类4种、枝角类3种、桡足类5种,平均密度114ind./L,平均生物量0.598mg/L。由此可估算鲢鳙鱼产潜力为133 489kg,其中,鲢生产潜力为50 460kg,鳙生产潜力为83 029kg。按照起水规格鲢2.0kg、鳙2.5kg计算,鲢和鳙鱼种理论放养比例大概为2∶3。     

云龙湖水库浮游生物调查及鲢、鳙鱼产潜力估算

2005年6月和10月分2次对云龙湖水库进行了4个样点的浮游生物调查。共采集到的浮游植物分属6门、28属,平均密度为4.925×106个/L,平均生物量为1.620mg/L;浮游动物29属,包括原生动物11属、轮虫10属、枝角类4属、桡足类4属,平均密度为30353.75个/L,平均生物量2.590mg/L。由此估算鲢、鳙鱼产潜力为83639kg;其中,鲢生产潜力为15603kg,鳙生产潜力为68036kg。按起水规格鲢750g、鳙1250g计算,鲢、鳙鱼种理论放养比例约为4∶11。     

云龙湖水库浮游生物调查及鲢、鳙鱼产潜力估算

2005年6月和10月分2次对云龙湖水库进行了4个样点的浮游生物调查。共采集到的浮游植物分属6门、28属,平均密度为4.925×106个/L,平均生物量为1.620mg/L;浮游动物29属,包括原生动物11属、轮虫10属、枝角类4属、桡足类4属,平均密度为30353.75个/L,平均生物量2.590mg/L。由此估算鲢、鳙鱼产潜力为83639kg;其中,鲢生产潜力为15603kg,鳙生产潜力为68036kg。按起水规格鲢750g、鳙1250g计算,鲢、鳙鱼种理论放养比例约为4∶11。     

池塘主养奥尼鱼不同混养类型养殖效果比较

在无补充水源、条件相当的4口静水鱼塘主养奥尼鱼，混养滤食性鱼，探索不同养殖类型的养殖效果。试验表明，总放养密度15000尾／hm^2、奥尼鱼与滤食性鱼比例为50％：50％时，溶氧量最高，达7．08mg／L但产鱼量及养殖效益较低，单造鱼产量10275kg／hm^2，利润25185元／hm^2；总放养密度17100尾／hm^2、奥尼鱼与滤食鱼比例为70％：30％时，池塘溶解氧较低，仅4．27mg／L产鱼量及利润较高，单造鱼产量达13680kg／hm^2，利润35790元／hm^2。     

太泊湖浮游生物初步调查及鲢鳙鱼产力评估

2013年5、7、9和11月,对太泊湖浮游生物和水体状况开展了调查,评估了鲢鳙鱼产力。总碱度变化范围为62.92~89.09 mg/L;总氮、总磷及氨氮含量均严重超过地标水环境质量标准的Ⅱ类标准限值。共监测到浮游植物7门51属,平均密度1 593×104个/L,平均生物量20.166 mg/L;绿藻门、蓝藻门、硅藻门以及裸藻门为优势种群,生物量分别占浮游植物总生物量的24.3%、8.9%、16.2%和25.84%。共采集到浮游动物25种,其中原生动物5种、轮虫13种、枝角类5种、桡足类2种。浮游动物平均数量1 771.85个/L,平均生物量2.508 mg/L;枝角类、轮虫、原生动物、桡足类的生物量分别占总生物量的15.9%、78.7%、0.1%和35.2%,浮游动物多样性指数为0.36~0.46,均匀度指数为0.34~0.41。综合判断太泊湖处于富营养化状态。太泊湖鲢鱼产力151.2 kg/hm2,全湖约322 t;鳙鱼产力56.4 kg/hm2,全湖约120 t。     

渭河流域陕西段典型水库鱼产力及鲢、鳙放养量估算

于2014年6-8月对渭河流域陕西段4座水库的浮游生物和初级生产力进行了调查,根据调查结果测算了各个水库的鱼产力和鲢鳙放养量。结果显示,4座水库浮游植物种类共鉴定出8门40种属,密度为12.00×10~4~132.50×10~4个/L,生物量为0.394 4~2.767 0mg/L;浮游动物的密度为50~2 180个/L,生物量为0.205 7~1.852 0mg/L;初级生产力(水柱平均日毛生产量)为0.405 3~2.206 5mg(O_2)/(m~2·d)。基于浮游生物的鱼产力为鲢鱼32.55~230.70kg/hm~2,鳙鱼46.28~231.60kg/hm~2;基于初级生产力计算的鲢鱼产力为26.23~142.28kg/hm~2,鳙鱼为14.75~80.31kg/hm~2。各个水库鲢鳙的合理放养量分别为98.13~621.63kg/hm~2、48.83~249.54kg/hm~2。     

覆膜池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾技术及水环境控制

于2005～2006年在天津市天祥水产有限责任公司养殖基地,采用循环节水和池塘覆膜生态养殖技术,在覆膜试验区和土池对照区中进行了凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖技术研究和水质监测。结果表明:2005年、2006年覆膜试验区的放养密度均为97.5万尾/hm~2,产量分别为13700kg/hm~2、16500kg/hm~2;土池对照区的放养密度分别为60万尾/hm~3、30万尾/hm~2,产量分别为7800kg/hm~2、5250kg/hm~2。覆膜试验区在虾类密度较大的情况下,水质一直良好,溶氧的平均值、最低值均高于土池对照区,平均水温比土池对照区高1℃～2℃,水质理化指标覆膜试验区与土池对照区没有显著差异,浮游植物年均生物量分别为110.03mg/L、97.36mg/L,浮游动物年均生物量分别为61.45mg/L、53.80mg/L;土池对照区浮游植物年均生物量分别为48.20mg/L、43.16mg/L,浮游动物年均生物量分别为36.48mg/L、57.34mg/L。池水流经循环系统处理后得到改善,整个养殖期间不需外部补水。     

陡河水库的浮游生物

2005-2006年对陡河水库进行了浮游生物的四季调查,测定了藻类的叶绿素a含量。共采集到浮游植物7门78属129种,浮游动物151种。浮游植物的年均数量和生物量分别为537万个/L和3.98mg/L,生物量以硅藻和蓝藻为主,秋季硅藻达到最高值,夏季蓝藻达到最高值,夏季出现水华现象。浮游动物的年均数量和生物量分别为10 423个/L和4.76mg/L,生物量以轮虫和枝角类为主。藻类的叶绿素a年均值为12.1μg/L。鲢鱼和鳙鱼年生产潜力约为25 000kg和60 000kg。     

Relative growth,survival and harvestability of bighead carp,silver carp,and their reciprocal hybrids

Growth and survival in the primary rearing phase (42 days) for bighead carp, silver carp, bighead × silver carp (BHC × SC), and silver × bighead carp (SC × BHC) in ponds and concrete tanks stocked at 370 500 fry/ha were studied. Mean survival for fishes in ponds was 93%, that in tanks was 73%. Yields among all fishes averaged 338 kg/ha. The growth rates of fishes in ponds were similar; in tanks, silver carp grew faster than the bighead carp.Growth, survival, and harvestability by seine during the secondary rearing phase (60-day duration) for the same groups of fish were studied. Fingerlings (0.9 g mean weight) were stocked in earthen ponds at 49 400 fish/ha and 98 800 fish/ha. Mean survival of fishes at low stocking rate was 77%, similar to that (71%) for the high stocking rate. Fish yields were similar at the low stocking rate. At the high rate, the BHC × SC yield (846 kg/ha) was greater than the SC × BHC yield (582 kg/ha). The BHC × SC and SC × BHC had greater mean weights at low stocking rate than at high stocking rate. The mean weights for bighead carp were similar at both rates. Bighead carp and the reciprocal hybrids were more easily harvested by seine than silver carp.     

POLYCULTURE OF THE FRESHWATER PRAWN (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) WITH TWO COMBINATIONS OF CARPS IN MANURED PONDS

A study was conducted to 1) evaluate the compatibility of prawns (Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii) with carps, especially the effect of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio); and 2) measure the ability of prawns to utilize the foods available in manured systems. Carps used were the silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Four ponds (0.09 to 0.17 ha) were stocked with silver, bighead and grass carps while common carp were stocked in only two ponds. Total fish densities were 8,600/ha where four carps were stocked, but only 6,200/ha when common carp were omitted. Post-larval prawns (wt 0.116 g) were stocked at densities of 17/m². Swine (approximately 60/ha of pond surface area) were housed on pond dikes so that fresh manure continuously entered each pond. Two lots of swine were fattened during the experimental period and loadings of swine manure were calculated based on hog size and feed consumption. Growth periods were 163 days for fish and 107 and 121 days for separate stockings of prawns. Gains in biomass by prawns averaged 714 kg/ha in ponds without common carp and 364 kg/ha in ponds containing common carp. Gains in biomass for both fish and prawns were 3,619 kg/ha (19.8 kg/ha/day) in ponds with common carp and 2,924 kg/ha (18.0 kg/ha/day) in those without common carp. Prawn survival was higher (X = 84.5% vs X = 72.5%), but final average weight of prawns was lower (2.64 vs 5.86 g) in the presence of common carp due to competition for food between common carp and prawns. Competition from carp is believed to have exerted less influence on prawn survival than predation on small prawns by larger, faster-growing prawns.     

Growth and food availability of silver and bighead carps: evidence from stable isotope and gut content analysis

A 2-year investigation of growth and food availability of silver carp and bighead was carried out using stable isotope and gut content analysis in a large pen in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu, China. Both silver carp and bighead exhibited significantly higher δ¹³C in 2005 than in 2004, which can probably be attributed to two factors: (i) the difference between isotopic compositions at the base of the pelagic food web and (ii) the difference between the compositions of prey items and stable isotopes. The significantly positive correlations between body length, body weight and stable isotope ratios indicated that isotopic changes in silver carp and bighead resulted from the accumulation of biomass concomitant with rapid growth. Because of the drastic decrease in zooplankton in the diet in 2005, silver carp and bighead grew faster in 2004 than in 2005. Bighead carp showed a lower trophic level than silver carp in 2005 as indicated by stable nitrogen isotope ratios, which was possibly explained by the interspecific difference between the prey species and the food quality of silver carp and bighead.     

岩滩水库渔业生态环境变动研究

分析岩滩水库渔业生态环境的变动,为库区渔业生产提供理论指导。使用岩滩水库1981-2014年间6个时间段共11个年度的监测数据,分析库区的水质、饵料生物、渔业生产的变化情况。从蓄水的1996年至2014年,总磷浓度由0.073 mg/L下降至0.02 mg/L,铁离子浓度由0.110 mg/L下降至0.053 mg/L,下降趋势明显;2008年监测结果显示,底层总磷浓度0.04~0.08 mg/L,是表层的4倍,全年垂直分层明显。蓄水后1996-2014年,浮游植物数量和生物量分别变化于101.3×104~263.6×104个/L和1.115~3.342 mg/L,浮游动物数量和生物量分别变化于332.5~1 045.5个/L和0.642~6.186 mg/L。1985-1986年调查共采集到鱼类4目17科71种,2003-2004年4目14科42种,2013-2014年4目14科55种。鲢、鳙年产量2003年以前近5 000 t,以后2 500 t左右。采用技术手段打破水体分层,使底层营养盐持续供给表层,满足生态养殖的饵料生物生长需要,是重振库区生态养殖的有效手段。     

Growth, Yield, Dressout, and Net Returns of Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Stocked at Three Densities in Fertilized Earthen Ponds

Abstract.— Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis have been raised in the United States for two decades and sold through the livehaul market, but their profitability in monoculture has not been evaluated. Three studies were conducted in 0.10-ha earthen ponds to evaluate the effect of bighead carp stocking density on growth, yield, dressout yield. and net returns. Initially, bighead carp (average weight of 0.36 kg) were stocked at rates of 500, 320, or 130 fish/ha with three replicates of each treatment. Stocking rates for 2-yr-old fish (average weight of 2.45 kg) were reduced to 320, 220, or 130 fish/ha in the second year. Net yields of bighead carp stocked at 500 fish/ha (963 kg/ha) were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) than net yields at the 320 fishha density (771 kg/ha), and these were significantly greater ( P < 0.05) than net yields at 130 fish/ha (369 kg/ha) in the first growing season. Net yields in the second growing season were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) among densities. There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) among treatments in yearly growth which ranged from 11–17 g/d in the first and from 6–13 g/d in the second growing season. Dressout percentages for whole-dressed, steak, shank fillet, and shank fillets with white meat only did not differ with stocking density ( P > 0.05). Enterprise and partial budget analysis indicated that monoculture of bighead carp in fertilized ponds is profitable only in the short run at average livehaul market prices, because revenues exceeded variable but not fixed costs. The negative net returns, when all costs were accounted for, indicated that it is not profitable to construct ponds solely for monoculture of bighead carp.     

南四湖鲢、鳙增殖放流后生长的跟踪监测

2012年6月-11月,对2012年4月在南四湖增殖放流的鲢、鳙生长状况进行了连续5次跟踪调查。结果表明：鲢体质量变化在50-400g范围内,为1-2龄;鳙体质量集中在50-350g,为1-2龄;增殖鲢生长（L,体长;W,体质量）与捕捞时间的关系方程为：L=12.633＋2.3391M＋0.0648M2,W=-89654＋61.933M＋2.3341M^2;鳙L=13.186＋1.004M＋0.2449M2,W=99.204-33.203M＋12.141M2。捕获南四湖鲢、鳙个体远未达到渐进体质量乃至拐点体质量,尚处于快速生长期,在增殖放流与捕获中应加强科学规范与管理。     

松浦镜鲤与长丰鲢食用鱼混养试验

2012年5-10月,在面积为0.19hm2的试验池1中放养体质量160g的松浦镜鲤（Cyprinus carpio Songpu）117,700尾·hm^-2,混养体质量160g的长丰鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）春片、乌子头和鳙（Aristichthys no-bilis）夏花鱼种。在面积为0.19hm2的试验池2中放养体质量149.5g的松浦镜鲤3,450尾·hm^-2,只混养鲢和鳙夏花,采用常规饲养方法。2012年10月2日,试验池1平均每hm2产鱼21,025.5kg,其中松浦镜鲤平均全长34.3cm,体质量1425g,产量18,294.0kg;长丰鲢春片平均体质量674g,平均产量1,816.5kg,长丰鲢夏花平均全长18.6cm,体质量112.4g,平均产量592.5kg;鳙夏花平均全长达12.1cm,体质量39.9g,平均产量322.5kg。试验池2平均每hm2产鱼3,069.0kg,其中松浦镜鲤平均全长35.0cm,体质量1225g,平均产量2,766.0kg;鲢夏花平均全长达11.3cm,体质量24.9g,平均产量130.5kg;鳙夏花平均全长达11.1cm,体质量35.1g,平均产量172.5kg。试验表明,高密度养殖的松浦镜鲤产量显著高于密度低时,长丰鲢夏花的出池体质量是普通鲢的4.5倍,特殊生长率（6.27%·d^-1）是普通鲢（3.5%·d^-1）的1.79倍。文中还讨论了松浦镜鲤养殖池的水质和技术特点。