无鱼粉饲料中添加磷和植酸酶对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能及体成分的影响

奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)幼鱼的初始体重约5.0 g,试验共设5组饲料,以全鱼粉饲料为对照组(D0),以豆粕和花生粕完全替代鱼粉为试验组,其中两组为不补充磷酸二氢钙的情况下不添加植酸酶(D1)和添加植酸酶(D2),另两组为在补充磷酸二氢钙的情况下不添加植酸酶(D3)和添加植酸酶(D4)。每一饲料组设3个重复,每箱养鱼30尾,在流水系统中饲养,表观饱食投喂,投喂率为5%~6%。饲养实验周期为8周。试验结果表明,添加磷组(D3、D4)和全鱼粉组(D0)的特定生长率和饲料系数在组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于不添加磷组(D1、D2)(P<0.05);磷的表观消化率在添加植酸酶组(D2、D4)均显著高于不添加植酸酶(D1、D3),但与全鱼粉组(D0)差异不显著;鱼体粗蛋白含量在不添加磷和植酸酶组(D1)显著低于其他4组;体粗脂肪含量在不添加磷(D1、D2)组显著高于其他组;体灰分含量由高到低依次为全鱼粉组(D0)、添加磷和植酸酶组(D4)、添加磷不添加植酸酶组(D3)、不添加磷添加植酸酶组(D2)和不添加磷不添加植酸酶组(D1),且两两组间差异显著;体钙、磷、镁、锌含量和脱脂骨灰分、钙、磷含量在全鱼粉组(D0)最高。不添加磷组(D1、D2)血清磷含量显著低于其他3组,而血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著地高。试验结果说明,无鱼粉饲料中补充磷可保持奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长率,饲料利用和全鱼可食部分营养成分含量;同时添加植酸酶,能显著提高饲料中磷的利用率,促进磷、锌和镁在鱼体内沉积,并有进一步提高奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和饲料利用的趋势。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):112-118]     

赤眼鳟鱼种配合饲料适宜钙磷水平及其比例的研究

选取平均体重为4.05 g的赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)鱼种1080尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复置1个1.6 m×1.2 m×1.4 m的养殖池饲养。采用3×3析因试验,研究赤眼鳟鱼种对配合饲料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比。钙和磷各分别设3个水平:0.6%、1.2%和1.8%,共配制9种试验饲料喂养45 d。结果表明:饲料中钙、磷的交互作用对赤眼鳟的特定生长率有显著影响(P<0.05),但钙、磷的交互作用对饲料系数和成活率的影响不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中钙水平对赤眼鳟的特定生长率和饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05),但磷水平对赤眼鳟的特定生长率和饲料系数有显著影响(P<0.05)。赤眼鳟对钙、磷的需要量分别为0.6%～1.8%、1.2%～1.8%,而适合赤眼鳟生长的钙磷比为1∶1～1∶3。试验各组赤眼鳟肌肉的钙、磷含量及钙磷比以及脊椎骨的钙磷比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。但饲料中钙水平对赤眼鳟脊椎骨中钙、磷含量影响显著(P<0.05),骨中钙、磷含量均随饲料中钙水平增加而增加。     

有效磷与植酸酶对鸡蛋蛋品质的简单效应分析

选择72周龄的来航蛋鸡144只进行试验,研究在不同有效磷(AP)水平蛋鸡日粮中添加植酸酶,以观察对鸡蛋蛋品质的影响。结果表明:在有效磷为0.14%水平下添加300FTU/kg植酸酶对蛋形指数影响显著(p<0.05),在有效磷为0.22%水平下添加300FTU/kg植酸酶,可使蛋壳厚度明显增加(p<0.05);日粮中添加300FTU/kg植酸酶各组中,有效磷为0.40%组分别与有效磷为0.14%和0.22%组相比,蛋壳厚度明显降低(p<0.05)。     

饲料钙磷水平对宝石鲈生长和体成分的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，乳酸钙（Ca-lactate）和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4•2H2O)为钙源和磷源，配制成D1（0.0%钙，0.0%磷）、D2（0.5%钙，0.0%磷）、D3（0.0%钙，0.6%磷）、D4（0.5%钙，0.6%磷）、D5（1.0%钙，0.6%磷）和D6（1.5%钙，0.6%磷）六种等氮等能纯化试验饲料。每组饲料饲喂3个重复，每重复饲养20尾宝石鲈幼鱼，经过室内网箱60天生长试验，探讨在饲料中添加钙磷对宝石鲈幼鱼（初始体质量13.42±0.68g）生长性能、全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及脊椎骨钙磷含量的影响。试验结果表明: 饲料中未添加磷组（D1和D2）试验鱼的终末体质量、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05)，而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时，添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时，钙的添加量（0~1.5%）对宝石鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成（水分、粗蛋白和灰分）和脊椎骨组成（粗灰分、磷和钙磷比）没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大（1.5%）组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)，但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78～1.82范围内，组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明，当饲料中添加0.6%磷时，钙的适宜添加量为0.5%。 关键词：宝石鲈；钙；磷     

植酸酶对金鳟粪磷及水环境中磷含量的影响

通过喷涂和预处理两种方法将不同浓度植酸酶添加到豆粕型金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykissW albaum)饲料中,研究了植酸酶对金鳟粪磷及养殖水环境中磷含量的影响。金鳟粪磷分析结果显示,喷涂法添加植酸酶,对照组中粪磷含量最高,其他各试验组较对照组差异显著(P<0.05),但500~2000 U/kg组中粪磷含量差异显著(P<0.05),2500~6000 U/kg组中粪磷含量无显著差异(P(0.05);预处理法添加植酸酶,对照组粪磷含量最高,其他各试验组粪磷含量较对照组降低显著(P<0.05),但添加植酸酶的各试验组之间差异不显著(P(0.05)。通过水中磷含量试分析结果显示,无论是喷涂法添加植酸酶还是预处理法添加植酸酶,各试验组水体总磷含量分别较其对照组差异不显著(P(0.05),各试验组的活性磷含量均未检出。实验结果表明,金鳟饲料中添加植酸酶可以降低粪磷含量,对养殖生产过程中控制磷的排放,减少磷污染具有重要的意义。     

凡纳滨对虾对饲料中钙、磷的营养需求

水温28~31℃,盐度21~24,养殖凡纳滨对虾幼虾,投喂以乳酸钙为钙源、磷酸二氢钠为磷源,在钙添加水平为0%、0.5%、1.0%的条件下,分别添加0%、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%的磷配制的15种饲料,探讨凡纳滨对虾饲料中钙、磷的适宜添加量。8周的养殖试验结果显示,饲料钙、磷水平及钙、磷水平的交互作用极显著影响对虾质量增加率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、饲料系数和存活率(P<0.01)。饲料钙、磷水平极显著影响对虾肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪和全虾粗蛋白的含量(P<0.01)。饲料钙、磷水平的交互作用极显著影响全虾粗蛋白和肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量(P<0.01)。饲料钙水平极显著影响全虾和虾壳的钙、磷含量及肌肉磷含量(P<0.01),显著影响对虾肌肉钙含量(P<0.05)。饲料磷水平及钙、磷水平的交互作用极显著影响全虾、肌肉、虾壳的钙、磷含量(P<0.01)。饲料钙、磷水平及钙、磷水平的交互作用均不显著影响血清钙离子含量(P>0.05)。在本试验条件下,以特定生长率为判断依据,通过折线模型分析得出,饲料中添加0.5%的钙和0.88%的磷时凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率最高。     

植酸酶对金鳟体成分及金鳟椎骨中钙、磷含量的影响

采用喷涂法和预处理两种方法,在豆粕型金鳟饲料中添加不同浓度的植酸酶,通过90 d的饲喂试验,研究植酸酶对金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)体成分及其椎骨中钙、磷含量的影响。结果显示:喷涂法和预处理法添加植酸酶的处理组与对照组相比,粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量均有所下降;喷涂法添加植酸酶的处理组的鱼体粗灰分、磷和钙含量均高于对照组,其中,喷涂法添加1500 U/Kg植酸酶组鱼体磷含量、灰分含量和钙含量显著高于对照组(P(0.05),且此组鱼体磷高于其它试验组;喷涂法各组椎骨中粗灰分、磷含量较对照组提高显著(P(0.05),2500 U/kg植酸酶组椎骨磷含量最高,椎骨中钙含量除D1和D8组外,添加植酸酶的处理组均较对照组提高显著(P(0.05)。预处理法添加植酸酶的处理组与对照组相比,鱼体和椎骨中粗灰分、磷和钙含量均有显著提高(P(0.05),但植酸酶试验组间椎骨中粗灰分、磷含量和钙含量差异均不显著(P(0.05)。结果表明,金鳟饲料喷涂法添加植酸酶1500~2500 U/kg浓度最适,预处理法添加植酸酶500 U/kg浓度较为宜。     

植酸酶对鲤鱼生长及磷利用率的影响

选用300尾体重为50 g左右的鲤鱼鱼种,随机分为5组:对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组。对照组饲喂基础饲料,Ⅰ组饲喂每千克添加1500 U植酸酶的基础饲料,Ⅱ组饲喂每千克添加3000 U植酸酶的基础饲料,Ⅲ组饲喂每千克添加4.5 g Ca(H2PO4)2的基础饲料,Ⅳ组饲喂每千克添加8.9 g Ca(H2PO4)2的基础饲料。结果显示:饲料中添加3000 U/kg和1500 U/kg植酸酶显著地促进了鲤鱼生长,降低了饲料系数,提高了饲料中磷的利用率。与对照组相比,3000 U/kg和1500 U/kg植酸酶组鲤鱼的增重率分别提高61.06%和52.81%,鲤鱼对饲料中磷的表观消化率分别提高65.63%和61.65%,粪磷含量分别下降24.58%和22.88%。本试验表明:植酸酶可以显著地促进鲤鱼的生长和提高磷的利用率。     

植酸酶对异育银鲫生产性能及鱼体成分的影响

选用360尾体重为(12.0±0.2)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)鱼种,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个组,每组设置3个重复,其中Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加500 U/kg、1000 U/kg、1500 U/kg的植酸酶。饲喂60 d,试验结果表明:(1)与对照组比较,添加1000 U/kg植酸酶的试验组鱼增重率提高8.8个百分点,饲料系数下降0.18,植酸磷利用率提高20.6个百分点,说明在异育银鲫鱼种配合饲料中添加适宜的植酸酶能促进鱼的生长,提高植酸磷的利用;(2)添加植酸酶各组异育银鲫鱼种的鱼体成分中,粗灰分、粗蛋白、钙、磷及部分矿物质元素(铁、铜、镍)含量显著提高,表明植酸酶能释放植酸的螯合物,促进矿物质元素在动物体内的沉积。     

科海撷英

<正>饲粮类型影响猪生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中矿物元素排泄西南大学动物科技学院董国忠等,开展两个试验,探讨饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪肥育后期生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中微量矿物元素排泄的影响。在试验1中,选用128头平均体重(78.5±4.6)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复8头猪.四组试验猪的试验处理为2×2因子设计,即两种类型(玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型)饲粮和添加或不添加维生素/微量矿物元素预混料。     

Dietary phytase supplementation and the utilisation of phosphorus by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed a canola-meal-based diet

The effect of phytase supplementation to a canola-meal-based diet on phosphorus utilisation in Atlantic salmon was studied in a two-by-two factorial design. Diets were prepared without phytase or inorganic phosphorus supplementation, with phytase, with supplemental inorganic phosphorus and with both phytase and supplemental inorganic phosphorus. Available phosphorus was set below requirement and the total phosphorus set to meet requirements for salmonids. After 12 weeks, there were no significant differences in survival, feed intake and weight gain between diets. There was an interaction effect between supplements on bone ash, bone phosphorus and whole-body phosphorus so that adding phytase, inorganic phosphorus, or both resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher values for these parameters. An interaction effect was also observed for phosphorus digestibility, phosphorus retention efficiency and phosphorus load. Phosphorus digestibility and retention efficiency were significantly (P<0.05) higher, and phosphorus load was significantly (P<0.05) lower in fish fed the phytase supplemented diet compared with diets containing supplemental inorganic phosphorus. In conclusion, phytase increased phosphorus availability, therefore reducing the need to add inorganic phosphorus and reducing phosphorus waste from plant-meal-based diets for Atlantic salmon.     

Response of Penaeus vannamei to Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus and Calcium: Phosphorus Ratio

Two experiments, consisting of 7 d conditioning periods and 33 d feeding trials, were conducted to evaluate the response of juvenile Penaeus vannamei to dietary calcium, phosphorus and the effects of the calcium to phosphorus ratio on growth and tissue mineralization. In both experiments, the main effects, calcium and phosphorus, and their interaction significantly affected growth and survival of the shrimp. In the absence of supplemental calcium, the basal diet containing 0.35% phosphorus was adequate to maintain good growth and survival of shrimp. In the presence of replete phosphorus, supplementation of 1.0 and 2.0% calcium to the diet depressed survival and did not appear to increase the nutritive value of the diet, indicating that a dietary calcium supplement is not required under these conditions. In the presence of 1.0 and 2.0% supplemental calcium, supplementation of 0.5–1.0% phosphorus and 1.0–2.0% phosphorus, respectively, were required to maintain normal growth of the shrimp. At high levels of calcium supplementation, poor growth was observed at the levels of phosphorus supplementation evaluated. Although the calcium and phosphorus content of the hepatopancreas and the carapace responded to dietary supplementation, there was no clear correlation of tissue mineralization to shrimp growth.     

饲料中不同磷水平对黄鳝生长、体成分及部分生理生化指标的影响

为探讨饲料中不同磷水平对黄鳝幼鱼生长、体成分、骨骼矿化及血液生化指标的影响,以商业配方为基础,磷酸二氢钙为磷源[Ca(H2PO4)2],配制磷含量分别为0.67%、0.91%、1.05%、1.29%和1.53%的5种等氮等能饲料。每种饲料投喂3个网箱(1.5 m×2.0 m×1.5 m),每个网箱放养实验鱼[初始体质量(34.4±0.3)g]100尾,进行70 d的养殖实验。结果显示:(1)随着饲料中磷含量从0.67%增加到1.05%,黄鳝幼鱼各组增重率(WGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和饲料效率(FE)显著升高(P0.05),当磷含量高于1.05%后各指标进入平台期。折线模型分析[Y=104.67-46.07(1.10-X),R2=0.944]显示,当饲料中磷含量为1.10%时可满足黄鳝生长需要;(2)随着饲料中磷含量的增加,实验鱼体的粗蛋白含量和肥满度显著升高(P0.05),而粗脂肪含量和肝体比显著下降(P0.05);(3)饲料磷含量增加,可显著提高实验组全鱼灰分和全鱼磷含量(P0.05)。折线模型分析[Y=0.988-0.635 4(1.05-X),R2=0.928]显示,当饲料中磷含量为1.05%时可满足黄鳝全鱼磷累积需要;饲料磷含量增加也显著提高了脊椎骨钙和磷含量(P0.05),但脊椎骨钙磷比无显著差异。折线模型分析[Y=7.696-0.985 5(1.10-X),R2=0.956]显示,当饲料中磷含量为1.10%时可满足黄鳝脊椎磷累积需要;(4)饲料磷水平对血清中的磷和钙含量以及碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中磷含量为1.10%,可以满足黄鳝对磷最大的组织储存需要以及最佳的生长效果。     

Microbial Phytase Can Replace Inorganic Phosphorus Supplements in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Diets1

Abstract.– Juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (initial weight: 6.8 g/fish) were fed four practical diets containing 0, 250, 500, and 750 units of microbial phytase/kg and a diet containing 1% feed grade dicalcium phosphate (but no microbial phytase) under laboratory conditions for 12 wk. Fish fed the diets containing 250 units of microbial phytase/kg and above consumed more feed, gained more weight, and had a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison to fish fed the basal diet containing no microbial phytase. Fish fed the diet containing dicalcium phosphate had intermediate weight gain and feed conversion ratio as compared to fish fed the basal diet and diets containing microbial phytase. Bone ash and phosphorus concentrations were lower for fish fed the basal diet than for fish fed other diets. No differences in weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, bone ash and bone phosphorus were observed among fish fed the diets containing various levels of microbial phytase. Fish fed the diet containing dicalcium phosphate had a lower bone phosphorus concentration than fish fed diets containing microbial phytase. Fecal phosphorus concentrations were lower for fish fed the diets containing microbial phytase than for fish fed the basal diet and the diet containing dicalcium phosphate. Results from the present study indicated that addition of 250 units of microbial phytase/kg to practical diets can effectively improve bioavailability of phytate phosphorus to channel catfish and may possibly eliminate the use of an inorganic phosphorus supplement in channel catfish diets. However, these data must be verified in trials conducted in ponds, prior to recommending removal of supplemental phosphorus from channel catfish diets.     

黄颡幼鱼钙、磷需要量的研究

以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源，大豆油和鱼油为脂质源，添加不同含量钙磷配制成4个磷含量水平（1．3％、1．6％、1．9％和2．2％）×2个钙含量水平（2．5％和3．0％）的8种试验饵料。投喂黄颡鱼（平均体重为4．38±0．69）g，进行其对饵料中钙、磷需要量的研究。经64d投喂，结果表明：饵料中适宜的磷含量为1．67％～1．78％。当饵料磷含量为1．67时，生长率最大，为295％；当饵料磷含量为1．78％时，饵料系数最小，为1．95。饵料中添加适量的磷能促进钙的吸收，钙含量和钙磷比对生长和饵料系数的影响不明显。     

Effect of phytic acid and phytase on feed intake, growth, digestibility and trypsin activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.)

In the majority of experiments, the effects of phytic acid (with or without phytase) are not separated from the effects of adding plant meals containing phytic acid. A 12‐week experiment was conducted with Atlantic salmon (28.9 g) to determine the separate and combined effects of phytic acid and phytase on feed intake, trypsin activity, digestibility and growth. Diets were prepared without phytic acid and phytase; with 2000 U phytase kg^?1 diet; with 10 g sodium phytate kg^?1 diet; and with 10 g sodium phytate and 2000 U phytase kg^?1 diet. The basal diet contained sufficient phosphorus and other minerals to meet salmonid requirements. The addition of phytic acid had no significant effect on feed intake or weight gain, it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced protein digestibility although there was no reduction in trypsin activity. Phytase inclusion neutralized the effect of phytic acid on protein digestibility. Phytase had no effect on feed intake but significantly enhanced growth whether included with or without phytic acid. Feed efficiency ratio was significantly improved for fish fed the diet containing both phytase and phytic acid but not separately. The significance of this experiment was to separate the direct effects of phytase and the direct effects of phytic acid, added in a pure form, from effects due to other components in ingredients containing phytic acid.     

Phosphorus utilization in juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed phytase-supplemented diets based on soya bean (oil-extracted) and full-fat (roasted): A comparison

The effect of microbial phytase on phosphorus utilization in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (initial fish body weight 11.55 ± 0.2 g) was tested on two different diets based on oil-extracted soya bean (Experiment 1) and roasted soya bean meal (Experiment 2) using a 5 × 5 experimental design for 84 days. The basal isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for oil-extracted and roasted soya bean were formulated to replace fish meal at 25% (S1E), 50% (S2E), 75% (S3E), 100% (S4E); and 25% (S1), 50% (S2), 75% (S3), 100% (S4), respectively. Each treatment was replicated four times. Microbial phytase was supplemented in each replicate at 250 FTU/g (P1), 500 FTU/g (P2), 750 FTU/g (P3), and 1,000 FTU/g (P4). Basal controls, which included a fish meal-based diet (S0), were not supplemented with phytase (P0). The result in Experiment 1 showed that there was a significant increase in whole-body protein and reduction in fat with phytase compared to a diet without phytase (P < 0.05). Serum total protein declined significantly with phytase supplementation (P < 0.05). Serum phosphorus and glucose were higher with phytase supplementation compared to control (P < 0.05). Bone minerals declined significantly with increasing level of soya bean compared to fish meal diet (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, serum phosphorus was improved with phytase compared to control with no phytase (P > 0.05). A significant reduction in whole-body protein and increase in fat was observed for fish fed phytase diets compared to diets with no phytase, regardless of soya bean level (P < 0.05); however, ash content was improved with phytase (250 FTU/g) compared to control (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation improved bone phosphorus (250 FTU/g), calcium (250 FTU/g), magnesium (250–500 FTU/g), and zinc (250–1,000 FTU/g) compared to control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the research has demonstrated that improved bone phosphorus (P) and growth could be achieved with the supplementation of dietary phytase.