植酸酶对金鳟粪磷及水环境中磷含量的影响

通过喷涂和预处理两种方法将不同浓度植酸酶添加到豆粕型金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykissW albaum)饲料中,研究了植酸酶对金鳟粪磷及养殖水环境中磷含量的影响。金鳟粪磷分析结果显示,喷涂法添加植酸酶,对照组中粪磷含量最高,其他各试验组较对照组差异显著(P<0.05),但500~2000 U/kg组中粪磷含量差异显著(P<0.05),2500~6000 U/kg组中粪磷含量无显著差异(P(0.05);预处理法添加植酸酶,对照组粪磷含量最高,其他各试验组粪磷含量较对照组降低显著(P<0.05),但添加植酸酶的各试验组之间差异不显著(P(0.05)。通过水中磷含量试分析结果显示,无论是喷涂法添加植酸酶还是预处理法添加植酸酶,各试验组水体总磷含量分别较其对照组差异不显著(P(0.05),各试验组的活性磷含量均未检出。实验结果表明,金鳟饲料中添加植酸酶可以降低粪磷含量,对养殖生产过程中控制磷的排放,减少磷污染具有重要的意义。     

植酸酶对异育银鲫生产性能及鱼体成分的影响

选用360尾体重为(12.0±0.2)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)鱼种,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个组,每组设置3个重复,其中Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加500 U/kg、1000 U/kg、1500 U/kg的植酸酶。饲喂60 d,试验结果表明:(1)与对照组比较,添加1000 U/kg植酸酶的试验组鱼增重率提高8.8个百分点,饲料系数下降0.18,植酸磷利用率提高20.6个百分点,说明在异育银鲫鱼种配合饲料中添加适宜的植酸酶能促进鱼的生长,提高植酸磷的利用;(2)添加植酸酶各组异育银鲫鱼种的鱼体成分中,粗灰分、粗蛋白、钙、磷及部分矿物质元素(铁、铜、镍)含量显著提高,表明植酸酶能释放植酸的螯合物,促进矿物质元素在动物体内的沉积。     

植酸酶对3种植物性原料中植酸磷含量的影响

利用微生物植酸酶分别对3种植物性原料(豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、小麦)进行酶处理,研究不同浓度植酸酶作用下3种植物性原料中植酸磷含量的变化。3种原料分别有6组处理(植酸酶对照0 U/kg,柠檬酸对照,500U/kg,750 U/kg,1000 U/kg,1500 U/kg),每组处理3个重复。结果表明:植酸酶能够显著降低3种植物性原料中植酸磷的含量(P<0.05),同时提升有效磷的含量。通过对磷当量的分析,本试验中以植酸酶组1000 U/kg最为经济有效。植酸酶对照组中植酸磷含量也有所下降,说明柠檬酸单独对植酸起到了一定的分解作用。     

复合免疫增强剂对金鳟非特异性免疫力的影响

在水温(13±1)℃下,将体质量(98.6±5.3)g的金鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss饲养在循环水系统中,投喂在基础饲料中分别添加0.5%、1%和2%的复合免疫增强剂,1周、2周、3周和4周后测定血清中溶菌酶(LYS)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及补体C3的含量。投喂4周后,每尾鱼注射0.2mL浓度为3×10~8cfu/mL的杀鲑气单胞菌Aeromonas salmonicida,统计各组金鳟14d内的免疫保护率。结果显示:金鳟血清中LYS和SOD的活性及补体C3含量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,投喂2周后达到最高值,显著高于对照组(P0.05);人工感染杀鲑气单胞菌后3个实验组14d内的死亡率显著低于对照组,表明该复合免疫增强剂能显著提高金鳟对细菌病的抵抗力。     

山泉水人工养殖金鳟肌肉营养成分分析

为了解金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)在贵州省山泉水养殖条件下的营养特点,采用生化方法测定了山泉水养殖金鳟肌肉中营养成分。结果显示:金鳟含肉率为79.60%,肌肉中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分含量分别为75.45%、20.30%、2.61%、1.08%。肌肉中所测到的18种氨基酸总量为63.76%,其中8种必需氨基酸占26.07%,非必需氨基酸占37.69%,鲜味氨基酸占23.39%。肌肉中含有25种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸占20.83%,单不饱和脂肪酸占31.25%,多不饱和脂肪酸占47.92%。矿质元素中常量元素以钾和磷较高,分别为19 030.00 mg/kg和8 913.00 mg/kg;微量元素以铁和锌含量较高,分别为35.03 mg/kg和12.31 mg/kg。结果表明:与甘肃省养殖金鳟相比,贵州省山泉水养殖金鳟肌肉中肌肉的含肉率和常规营养成分含量与其相当,必需氨基酸总量/氨基酸总量(∑EAA/∑TAA)和必需氨基酸总量/非必须氨基酸总量(∑EAA/∑NEAA)均低于甘肃省养殖金鳟,但符合WHO/FAO提出的参考蛋白模式,且贵州省山泉水养殖金鳟肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸含量和微量元素含量均高于甘肃省养殖金鳟,说明山泉水养殖下的金鳟肌肉具有更好的营养价值。     

植酸酶对鲤鱼生长及磷利用率的影响

选用300尾体重为50 g左右的鲤鱼鱼种,随机分为5组:对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组。对照组饲喂基础饲料,Ⅰ组饲喂每千克添加1500 U植酸酶的基础饲料,Ⅱ组饲喂每千克添加3000 U植酸酶的基础饲料,Ⅲ组饲喂每千克添加4.5 g Ca(H2PO4)2的基础饲料,Ⅳ组饲喂每千克添加8.9 g Ca(H2PO4)2的基础饲料。结果显示:饲料中添加3000 U/kg和1500 U/kg植酸酶显著地促进了鲤鱼生长,降低了饲料系数,提高了饲料中磷的利用率。与对照组相比,3000 U/kg和1500 U/kg植酸酶组鲤鱼的增重率分别提高61.06%和52.81%,鲤鱼对饲料中磷的表观消化率分别提高65.63%和61.65%,粪磷含量分别下降24.58%和22.88%。本试验表明:植酸酶可以显著地促进鲤鱼的生长和提高磷的利用率。     

无鱼粉饲料中添加磷和植酸酶对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能及体成分的影响

奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)幼鱼的初始体重约5.0 g,试验共设5组饲料,以全鱼粉饲料为对照组(D0),以豆粕和花生粕完全替代鱼粉为试验组,其中两组为不补充磷酸二氢钙的情况下不添加植酸酶(D1)和添加植酸酶(D2),另两组为在补充磷酸二氢钙的情况下不添加植酸酶(D3)和添加植酸酶(D4)。每一饲料组设3个重复,每箱养鱼30尾,在流水系统中饲养,表观饱食投喂,投喂率为5%~6%。饲养实验周期为8周。试验结果表明,添加磷组(D3、D4)和全鱼粉组(D0)的特定生长率和饲料系数在组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于不添加磷组(D1、D2)(P<0.05);磷的表观消化率在添加植酸酶组(D2、D4)均显著高于不添加植酸酶(D1、D3),但与全鱼粉组(D0)差异不显著;鱼体粗蛋白含量在不添加磷和植酸酶组(D1)显著低于其他4组;体粗脂肪含量在不添加磷(D1、D2)组显著高于其他组;体灰分含量由高到低依次为全鱼粉组(D0)、添加磷和植酸酶组(D4)、添加磷不添加植酸酶组(D3)、不添加磷添加植酸酶组(D2)和不添加磷不添加植酸酶组(D1),且两两组间差异显著;体钙、磷、镁、锌含量和脱脂骨灰分、钙、磷含量在全鱼粉组(D0)最高。不添加磷组(D1、D2)血清磷含量显著低于其他3组,而血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著地高。试验结果说明,无鱼粉饲料中补充磷可保持奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长率,饲料利用和全鱼可食部分营养成分含量;同时添加植酸酶,能显著提高饲料中磷的利用率,促进磷、锌和镁在鱼体内沉积,并有进一步提高奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和饲料利用的趋势。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):112-118]     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

不同无机盐预混料含量对鲈鱼生长和钙磷代谢的影响

以初始体质量(5.50±1.63)g的鲈鱼为研究对象,探讨饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼生长、鱼体成分及鱼体和脊椎骨钙和磷含量的影响。基础饲料中分别加入0%、1%、2%和4%的无机盐预混料制成4种等氮等能(蛋白质42%,总能20 kJ/g)的试验饲料,进行10周的摄食生长试验。试验结果表明,饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼的成活率无显著影响。随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高,鲈鱼的饲料效率和特定生长率均呈上升趋势,并且当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时,鲈鱼的饲料效率和特定生长率均显著高于添加量为0%、1%和2%组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加不同含量的无机盐预混料对鲈鱼鱼体的水分含量无显著影响,但饲料中添加2%和4%的无机盐预混料时,鲈鱼鱼体的蛋白质和灰分含量均显著高于0%和1%添加量组(P<0.05),而脂肪含量显著低于0%和1%添加量组(P<0.05)。鱼体中钙和磷的变化趋势与鱼体灰分的变化趋势一致,均随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高呈现明显的上升趋势,当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时鱼体钙和磷的含量显著高于添加量为0%组(P<0.05)。鱼体脊椎骨钙和磷的变化趋势与脊椎骨灰分的变化趋势一致,均随着饲料中无机盐预混料含量的升高呈现明显的下降趋势,并且当饲料中添加4%无机盐预混料时脊椎骨钙和磷的含量显著低于添加量为0%组(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,鲈鱼配合饲料中无机盐预混料的推荐添加量为4%。     

盐度对金鳟幼鱼肌肉品质的影响

探讨了盐度驯化对金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)幼鱼肌肉品质的影响.结果表明,盐度驯化对金鳟肌肉硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性无显著影响,但盐度为32时,回弹性最高,盐度为24时,金鳟肌肉的白度最高,显著高于对照组,亮度无显著性差异,但盐度为16时,肌肉颜色偏红.盐度驯化对金鳟肌肉水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量无显著影响...     

Effects of phytase pretreatment of soybean meal and phytase-sprayed in diets on growth, apparent digestibility coefficient and nutrient excretion of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

Rainbow trout were fed a diet containing phytase-sprayed and phytase-pretreated soybean meal with different phytase levels. The single factor random block design was used to analyze the effects on rainbow trout of dietary phytase supplementation on growth performance, nutritional ingredient digestibility and nutrient excretion. After 90 days, the results showed that feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly improved and specific growth rate (SGR) was not affected by spraying phytase, but SGR, FCR and PER were not significantly improved by phytase pretreatment. A digestibility trial conducted after the feeding trial showed that apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of diet protein and minerals was increased with phytase supplementation. However, there was a negative effect of phytase on the ADC of lipid. The excretion experiment showed that the supplementation of phytase resulted in decreased nutrient excretion in feces, but lipid excretion was slightly increased with phytase supplementation. In addition, the results of P excretion and ADC of P analyzed by t-test showed that phytase pre-treatment method should be a more rational method than the spraying method. The results of SGR, ADC of P and P excretion analyzed by quadratic regression indicated that 2,000–3,000 U/kg levels by the spraying method could be a rational range of phytase supplementation, and about 1,000 U/kg should be an optimal level by the pretreatment method. Thus, use of phytase in rainbow trout feeds can have economic and environmental benefits.     

Apparent digestibility of nutrients in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) diet supplemented with graded levels of neutral phytase using pretreatment and spraying methods

The effects of supplemental graded levels of neutral phytase using pretreatment and spraying methods on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein, minerals and amino acids were investigated in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (mean weight, 20.92 ± 1.04 g). Seven experimental diets were prepared as: no‐phytase supplementation (control), pretreatment with phytase dose of 500 U (PP500), 1000 U (PP1000) and 1500 U (PP1500) per kg diet. With spraying method, the phytase was added to feed at the same three grades, namely 500 U (PS500), 1000 U (PS1000) and 1500 U (PS1500) per kg diet. After an 8‐week feeding trial, addition of phytase improved the crude protein, crude lipid, dry matter, ash, phosphorus and calcium digestibilities in comparison with the control, especially in the diets where phytase addition level was above 1000 U kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation, both the pretreatment and spraying, significantly enhanced the ADCs of essential amino acid (EAA) and non‐essential amino acid. The ADCs of the nutrients were significantly influenced by phytase supplementation methods, supplementation levels and interaction of methods and levels. Based on the results, supplemental dietary phytase, regardless of application methodology, improved the ADCs of nutrients in grass carp, and the pretreatment mode of phytase application was more effective than spraying at the same phytase level. We suggest that the optimal level of phytase pretreatment is 1000 U kg^?1 diet, and the best addition level of phytase spraying is 1500 U kg^?1 diet or more phytase is required for spraying.     

Effects of Microbial Phytase Supplementation and Dosage on Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients and Dry Matter in Soybean Product-Based Diets for Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial phytase (Ronozyme P(L) and dosage on apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, amino acids, and minerals in soybean product-based diets for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In experiments 1 and 2, fish were fed soy protein concentrate and soybean meal-based semi-purified diets, respectively. In experiment 3, fish were fed soybean meal-based practical diets. A total of 900 fish (average body weight 100.1 ± 7.4 g) were stocked into 30 150-L fiberglass tanks with 30 fish per tank and two tanks per diet. Phytase was supplemented into soybean product-based diets at 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 FTU/kg diet. Yttrium oxide (0.01%) was used as inert marker. Feces were collected by hand stripping three times at 3-d intervals. Results of experiments 1 and 2 showed that phytase supplementation significantly increased apparent digestibility coefficients of minerals (except copper and iron), but not dry matter. Experiment 3 showed that phytase supplementation significantly increased apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, amino acids (except tryptophan and tyrosine), and minerals (except copper and iron). The optimum level of phytase supplementation in rainbow trout diets was approximately 500 FTU/kg diet.     

Supplemental graded levels of neutral phytase using pretreatment and spraying methods in the diet of grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

A feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks to evaluate the effects of graded levels of neutral phytase supplementation using pretreatment or spraying method on growth performance, body composition, bone mineral content and serum biochemical parameter in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. A control diet without phytase was added and six additional diets were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with two methods (pretreatment or spraying) and three levels of phytase (500, 1000 or 1500 U kg^?1). The results showed that supplemental phytase at different levels in the diet and with different application methods all improved weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of grass carp (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio in phytase‐supplemented groups was lower than the control. Dietary phytase addition reduced the lipid content in the whole body of grass carp. Phytase supplementation with different method increased ash and mineral (P, Ca, Mg and Zn) contents in whole‐body and vertebra (P < 0.05). The increase in these mineral contents was also observed in the serum. Based on the results, we may conclude that: 1) supplemental dietary phytase, regardless of the application methodology, improved the growth performance and nutrient utilization in grass carp; 2) the pretreatment mode of phytase application was more effective than spraying at the same phytase level.     

Effects of Microbial Phytase Supplementation in Corn Distiller's Dried Grain with Solubles on Nutrient Digestibility and Growth Performance of Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial phytase in corn distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS) on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) and growth performance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In experiment 1, DDGS was supplemented with phytase at 0,300,600,900, and 1200 FTU/kg diet. A total of 180 fish (129.1±9.3 g) were stocked into six 140-L tanks with 30 fish/tank. Fish were assigned randomly to a reference diet and each of the 5 diets containing DDGS. Yttrium oxide was used as an inert marker. Results showed that ADCs in DDGS supplemented with different dosages of phytase were: dry matter, 49.1-58.6%; crude fat, 78.9-88.9%; crude protein, 80.0-91.9%; gross energy, 50.5-66.6%; minerals, -7.3-99.7%; and amino acids: 73.9 to 96.8%. In experiment 2, abasal diet containing 15% DDGS supplemented with lysine and methionine was used to determine if trace mineral supplemental levels in rainbow trout diets could be reduced if microbial phytase was supplemented. Six diets were made with trace mineral premix supplementation at 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02, and 0%. Phytase was not supplemented in the basal diet, but supplemented at 500 FTU/kg diet in all other diets. Ten-week results showed that there were no significant differences in fish weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in fish body composition and apparent nutrient retention among fish fed all diets, except that fish fed a diet without trace mineral supplementation had the lowest zinc level and the highest manganese retention. Results indicated that phytase was effective in releasing most of minerals, and that trace mineral supplementation level could be reduced when phytase was used in rainbow trout diets.     

Effect of microbial phytase on apparent nutrient digestibility of barley, canola meal, wheat and wheat middlings, measured in vivo using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Microbial phytase (Natuphos 5000G) was supplemented into barley, canola meal, wheat and wheat middlings at 500 FTU kg^–1 diet to test the effectiveness of the phytase on digestibility of crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and minerals for rainbow trout. A total of 180 rainbow trout (initial mean body weight 223.8 ± 17.9 g) were stocked into ten 40-L fibreglass digestibility tanks with 18 fish per tank. Duplicate tanks were assigned to a reference diet and a single tank was assigned randomly to each of the eight diets made from these four ingredients supplemented with and without phytase. The collection of faeces lasted for 2 weeks. Faeces collected in each week represented a replicate and they were analysed separately. The mean apparent digestibility coefficients (average of four ingredients) in phytase supplemented and nonsupplemented ingredients were: CP, 97.3% and 96.5%; GE, 62.8% and 53.1%; calcium (Ca), 38.3% and –5.3%; magnesium (Mg), 72.4% and 50.3%; manganese (Mn), 31.0% and –4.2%; total-phosphorus (total-P), 71.1% and 47.6%; phytate-phosphorus (phytate-P), 87.5% and 22.3%; copper (Cu), 38.3% and 26.4%; potassium (K), 97.1% and 97.0%; sulphur (S), 90.2% and 88.6%; zinc (Zn), 12.3% and –16.6%. A two-tailed t -test indicated that phytase supplementation significantly ( P  < 0.05) improved the digestibility of Ca, Mg, Mn, total-P, phytate-P, and GE. The efficacy of phytase on nutrient digestibility also depended on the type of ingredient as measured in rainbow trout.     

The Efficacy of a Novel Microbial 6‐Phytase Expressed in Aspergillus oryzae on the Performance and Phosphorus Utilization of Cold‐ and Warm‐Water Fish: Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,and Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

The efficacy and tolerance of a novel microbial 6‐phytase were investigated in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Reference diets were sufficient in available phosphorus (P). The test diet limiting in available P was supplemented with phytase at 500, 1000, or 2000 phytase units/kg feed. The enzyme was effective in increasing total P apparent digestibility coefficient in relation to increasing the dose of phytase in rainbow trout and Nile tilapia. Zinc apparent digestibility improved in relation to phytase supplementation in rainbow trout. P release due to phytase supplementation ranged from 0.06 to 0.18% P/kg feed in rainbow trout and from 0.13 to 0.26% P/kg feed in Nile tilapia. A 58‐d performance trial was conducted to evaluate tolerance of fish to phytase supplementation. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet without phytase or supplemented with 2000 and 200,000 phytase units/kg feed. Results indicate that this novel microbial 6‐phytase is well tolerated by fish. Significant improvements for growth as well as feed conversion ratio were observed when the phytase was fed at 2000 phytase units/kg feed. This phytase is proven efficient in releasing P from phytate and could be added when plants are used for fish meal replacement in diets for salmonid and omnivorous fish.     

Effects of pretreatment with microbial phytase on phosphorous utilization and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was to assess effects of the pretreatment in all‐plant based diets with microbial phytase on phosphorous utilization and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Pretreatment trials were conducted using phytase at graded doses to determine the optimal dose of phytase. Available phosphorus (P) levels increased significantly with the increased doses of phytase and the dose of 1000 U kg^?1 was most efficient. Based on the pretreatment trials, plant based diets for Nile tilapia were formulated by pretreating with phytase at 1000 U kg^?1. Experimental diets were supplemented with graded levels of mono calcium phosphate (MCP) at 25, 18.75, 12.5, 6.25 and 0 g kg ^?1 diet. In addition, there were three controls: one phytase control, one inorganic P control and one pretreatment control. The results showed that diets pretreated with phytase gave better growth performance, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of Nile tilapia compared with the phytase control diet and pretreatment control diet (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in growth performance of Nile tilapia between the inorganic control diet and phytase pretreated diets supplemented with MCP at 25, 18.75 and 12.5 g kg^?1 (P > 0.05), which resulted in significantly better performance than those at 6.25 and 0 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Dietary interaction effects of phytase were observed for phosphorus retention efficiency and phosphorus load. Apparent digestibility coefficient of P (ADCp) was improved significantly by phytase pretreatment (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected on ADC of crude protein among all experimental diets (P > 0.05).     

Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth,feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion on rainbow trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>)

The effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal (SBM) pretreated with phytase on feeds of juvenile rainbow trout was evaluated in a 90-day feeding trial. The rainbow trout (initial body weight, 4.01 ± 0.02 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (crude protein, 44.97%) and isolipidic (crude lipid, 13.42%) feeds. Diets were formulated to contain phytase-pretreated SBM replacing 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80% of fish meal protein, respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain (WG) among fish fed S0, S20, S40 and S60 diets; however, a significant reduction of this variable occurred when 80% of fish meal protein was replaced by phytase-treated SBM (P < 0.05). Similarly, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio had a similar trend with WG. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein and lipid in the S80 diet was significantly lower than that of the other diets, and the ADC of phosphorus significantly increased with the increase of dietary phytase-treated SBM level. No significant differences among treatments were detected for moisture, protein, lipid and ash content in whole body and muscle samples. Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion indicated that fish meal replacement by phytase-treated SBM led to an increase in nitrogen excretion, but led to a reduction in total phosphorus excretion. The results of the present study show that 60% of fish meal could be replaced by phytase-treated SBM in diets of juvenile rainbow trout without compromising weight gain or feed efficiency. A quadratic equation according to regression analysis of weight gain against dietary phytase-treated SBM level indicated that the optimal level of dietary phytase-treated SBM replacement for maximum growth was 26.90%.     

Maternal variation in juvenile survival and growth of triploid hybrids between female rainbow trout and male brown trout and brook charr

Related sib‐groups of rainbow trout × brown trout and rainbow trout × brook charr triploid hybrids and monospecific diploid and triploid rainbow trout controls were obtained from a common set of rainbow trout dams. On the basis of hybrid juvenile performances, 10 sib‐groups were selected and the corresponding diploid rainbow trouts were raised up to adult stage. Females from each group of rainbow trout were used to produce a second generation of hybrid progeny, the performances of which were analysed for grandmaternal variation and relation with first‐generation relatives. Results showed that hybrid traits (alevin yield and weight, survival and growth of fingerlings) were strongly influenced by maternal origin, and could be correlated to those of rainbow trout controls, but that maternal abilities had a low rate of inheritance. It was concluded that little improvement can be expected through selective breeding within parental populations.