海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较

测定和分析了海水和淡水养殖的凡纳滨对虾肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸含量和脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中粗蛋白和粗灰分含量显著高于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05),而水分的含量显著低于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸量、鲜味氨基酸总量均显著高于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05);海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,总量分别达68.48%和69.80%,但海水虾肌肉中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸总量显著高于淡水虾(P0.05),而多不饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于淡水虾(P0.01);海水虾肌肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸总量亦显著低于淡水虾(P0.05),表明在海水环境中凡纳滨对虾合成n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的能力较差。综合分析表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉的营养价值和风味稍优于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾。     

几种诱食剂对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清生化指标和肝胰腺消化酶的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.03%核苷酸、0.03%核苷酸+0.2%丙氨酸+0.2%甘氨酸、0.2%甘氨酸、0.2%柠檬酸+0.2%甘氨酸,饲养凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)6周,研究一种及几种组合型诱食剂对其生长、血清生化、肝胰腺消化酶以及抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加0.03%核苷酸+0.2%丙氨酸+0.2%甘氨酸能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的增重率、特定生长率和日摄食率(P<0.05);饲料系数以及对虾的成活率不受添加这几种诱食剂的影响(P>0.05)。各组全虾粗蛋白和灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05);添加0.2%甘氨酸全虾粗脂肪含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。对虾血清中总蛋白、胆固醇、血糖、谷草转氨酶(AST)以及谷丙转氨酶(ALTc)的组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。对虾肝胰腺中脂肪酶活力在添加0.03%核苷酸最高,显著高于0.2%甘氨酸组;各组间淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P>0.05)。对虾血清中总抗氧化能力以添加0.2%柠檬酸+0.2%甘氨酸最高,与其它各处理差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,核苷酸与氨基酸的复合应用比单独添加核苷酸或氨基酸能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的摄食、生长以及抗氧化能力;在饲料中建议添加0.03%核苷酸+0.2%丙氨酸+0.2%甘氨酸。     

饲料钙磷水平对宝石鲈生长和体成分的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源，乳酸钙（Ca-lactate）和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4•2H2O)为钙源和磷源，配制成D1（0.0%钙，0.0%磷）、D2（0.5%钙，0.0%磷）、D3（0.0%钙，0.6%磷）、D4（0.5%钙，0.6%磷）、D5（1.0%钙，0.6%磷）和D6（1.5%钙，0.6%磷）六种等氮等能纯化试验饲料。每组饲料饲喂3个重复，每重复饲养20尾宝石鲈幼鱼，经过室内网箱60天生长试验，探讨在饲料中添加钙磷对宝石鲈幼鱼（初始体质量13.42±0.68g）生长性能、全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及脊椎骨钙磷含量的影响。试验结果表明: 饲料中未添加磷组（D1和D2）试验鱼的终末体质量、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05)，而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时，添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时，钙的添加量（0~1.5%）对宝石鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成（水分、粗蛋白和灰分）和脊椎骨组成（粗灰分、磷和钙磷比）没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大（1.5%）组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)，但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78～1.82范围内，组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明，当饲料中添加0.6%磷时，钙的适宜添加量为0.5%。 关键词：宝石鲈；钙；磷     

发酵豆粕部分替代鱼粉后凡纳滨对虾对赖氨酸的需求量

为研究发酵豆粕部分替代鱼粉后,饲料赖氨酸(Lys)水平对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成与血清生化指标的影响,进而确定凡纳滨对虾对饲料赖氨酸的需要量,实验在基础饲料中分别添加0%、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%和1.00%的晶体赖氨酸配制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料(含粗蛋白41.5%、粗脂肪7.5%),实测各组赖氨酸含量分别为2.43%、2.65%、2.87%、3.06%和3.24%,记为Lys0、Lys25、Lys50、Lys75和Lys100。选择初始体质量为(2.0±0.1) g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾虾,在室内水泥池中进行为期56 d的养殖实验。结果显示,随着饲料赖氨酸水平的提高,凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)先升高后降低,在Lys75组达到最高,且该组饲料系数(FCR)最低;凡纳滨对虾成活率不受饲料赖氨酸水平的影响。Lys75组对虾肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量最高,而对虾肌肉粗灰分和水分含量则不受饲料赖氨酸水平的影响;肌肉必需氨基酸中的赖氨酸、缬氨酸(Val)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)随着饲料赖氨酸水平的提高呈先升高后降低的趋势。随着饲料赖氨酸水平的提高,血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,甘油三酯(TG)含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,Lys75组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于其他各组。对SGR、FCR与饲料赖氨酸水平进行二次曲线拟合分析,结果显示,凡纳滨对虾对赖氨酸的最适需求量分别为2.88%(饲料粗蛋白的6.94%)、2.89%(饲料粗蛋白的6.96%)。本实验通过探讨凡纳滨对虾在该饲料配方条件下对赖氨酸的最适需求量,旨在为其大规模配合饲料的生产提供参考。     

饲料中添加凹土对凡纳滨对虾存活和生长的影响

研究了饲料中添加凹土(0.0%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%和8.0%)对凡纳滨对虾(1.04～1.06 g)存活和生长的影响.实验在淮海工学院江苏省海洋生物技术重点建设实验室进行,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾购白海南某育苗场;实验采用单因子6水平设计,每个水族箱放养10尾对虾,每个水平设3个重复.实验前停食24 h,称其初始体重.日投饵2次,过量投饵;投饵2.5 h后从每个水族箱收集残饵、粪便和虾壳.实验周期30 d.所得数据用单因素方差分析和Turkey's多重比较进行处理.结果表明,饲料中添加凹土显著地影响对虾的特定生长率,而对存活率、摄食量、饲料系数和吸收效率的影响不显著;在2.0%凹土水平,凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率显著高于0.0%凹土水平,但与其它处理差异不显著;总的看来,2.0%凹土添加组对虾的饲料系数低于其它处理,而摄食量高于其它处理.     

赤眼鳟鱼种配合饲料适宜钙磷水平及其比例的研究

选取平均体重为4.05 g的赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)鱼种1080尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复置1个1.6 m×1.2 m×1.4 m的养殖池饲养。采用3×3析因试验,研究赤眼鳟鱼种对配合饲料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比。钙和磷各分别设3个水平:0.6%、1.2%和1.8%,共配制9种试验饲料喂养45 d。结果表明:饲料中钙、磷的交互作用对赤眼鳟的特定生长率有显著影响(P<0.05),但钙、磷的交互作用对饲料系数和成活率的影响不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中钙水平对赤眼鳟的特定生长率和饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05),但磷水平对赤眼鳟的特定生长率和饲料系数有显著影响(P<0.05)。赤眼鳟对钙、磷的需要量分别为0.6%～1.8%、1.2%～1.8%,而适合赤眼鳟生长的钙磷比为1∶1～1∶3。试验各组赤眼鳟肌肉的钙、磷含量及钙磷比以及脊椎骨的钙磷比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。但饲料中钙水平对赤眼鳟脊椎骨中钙、磷含量影响显著(P<0.05),骨中钙、磷含量均随饲料中钙水平增加而增加。     

饲料中添加盐对低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉常规营养成分及质构的影响

以初始体重为2.70&#177;0.16g的凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei为研究对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0（对照组）、1%、2%和4%的食盐,配制成4种实验饲料,在低盐养殖水体中饲养40d,探讨饲料中添加盐对低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分及质构的影响。结果表明,随着食盐添加量的升高,凡纳滨对虾虾体蛋白质和灰分含量有增加的趋势,而虾体水分、脂肪有降低的趋势。其中,盐添加量为4%组的蛋白质含量增加极显著（P〈0.01）,而水分降低亦显著（P〈0.05）。在肌肉质构方面,随着饲料中盐添加量的增加,除粘性下降外,其他质构参数都逐渐升高。而且添加4%盐组对虾的硬度、弹性、胶粘性、耐咀性和回复性显著优于其他组（P〈0.05）,但各组的内聚性无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结果表明,饲料中添加盐可以改善低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉的质构,且当添加量为4%时效果最佳。     

饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响

为研究饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响,实验配制6种等氮等脂(41%粗蛋白质和8%粗脂肪)的实验饲料,泛酸添加水平分别为0(对照组)、50、100、150、300和600 mg/kg,饲料中实测泛酸水平分别为20.9、69.3、99.0、150.2、304.4和513.6 mg/kg。选用初始体质量为(0.73±0.12)g的凡纳滨对虾720尾,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复40尾),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率的影响不显著;对照组凡纳滨对虾成活率显著低于泛酸添加组,然而各泛酸添加组的成活率组间差异不显著。随着泛酸水平从20.9 m.g/kg增加到99.0 mg/kg时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著提高,而随着泛酸水平的进一步增加,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低。饲料中泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾全虾和肌肉主要成分无显著性影响。对照组对虾血清葡萄糖含量显著低于泛酸各添加组,然而泛酸各添加组之间无显著差异;投喂150.2 mg/kg泛酸组血清甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组和513.6 mg/kg;而血清总蛋白和胆固醇含量不受饲料中泛酸水平的影响。随着饲料中泛酸水平由20.9 mg/kg增至150.2 mg/kg,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著提高,而随着饲料中泛酸水平的进一步增加,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著降低;饲料中泛酸水平为99.0mg/kg组凡纳滨对虾血清总氧化能力显著高于其他各组;投喂对照组和泛酸水平为69.3mg/kg组的凡纳滨对虾血清丙二醛含量最高,投喂泛酸水平为150.2 mg/kg组血清的丙二醛含量显著低于其他各组。以凡纳滨对虾的饲料效率和蛋白质沉积率为评价指标,通过折线模型分析得到凡纳滨对虾泛酸最适需要量分别为113.40和119.87mg/kg。     

饲喂乳酸菌对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肉质的影响

在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾饲料中添加3株植物乳杆菌[Lactobacillus plantarum YRL45、Lactobacillus plantarum QL、Lactobacillus plantarumKTP(C-2)]和3株副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei M5、Lactobacillus paracasei X12、Lactobacillus paracasei SB27),采用质构仪TPA模式和气相色谱法分析喂养后肌肉质构和脂肪酸含量变化,研究乳酸菌对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉品质的影响。结果表明,添加乳酸菌能改善凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉的弹性和咀嚼性,其中植物乳杆菌[YRL45、QL、KTP(C-2)]的改善效果最好,将幼虾肌肉的弹性和咀嚼性分别提高了35.14%和85.71%(P0.05)。副干酪乳杆菌(M5、X12、SB27)能提高对虾肌肉持水性并且能显著降低对虾肌肉中饱和脂肪酸含量,提高多不饱和脂肪酸含量,其中棕榈酸、十七烷酸和硬脂酸含量显著降低,EPA与DHA的含量分别增加了23.22%和34.40%。综上所述,在饲料中添加植物乳杆菌[YRL45、QL、KTP(C-2)]对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉弹性和咀嚼性有改善作用,副干酪乳杆菌(M5、X12、SB27)能显著改善凡纳滨对虾幼虾肌肉的脂肪酸组成。     

硫酸安普霉素对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清生化指标的影响及在组织内的残留

在基础饲料中添加0、60、120、180、240、300mg/kg硫酸安普霉素,投喂初始体质量为(0.51士0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾,记作G0、G50、G120、G180、G240、G300,经49 d养殖试验,研究硫酸安普霉素对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清生化指标的影响及组织中的残留量.结果显示,G180、G240对虾特定生长率和G240蛋白质效率显著高于G0 (P＜0.05);各添加组对虾肝胰指数均高于G0,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).与G0相比,G240全虾粗蛋白、血清总蛋白和甘油三酯含量显著升高(P＜0.05),尿酸水平显著降低(P＜0.05).添加组血清葡萄糖、胆固醇含量和谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性与G0相比差异不显著(P＞0.05).各硫酸安普霉素添加组肝胰腺和肌肉中残留量分别为2.92～19.11 μg/g和0.91～8.20 μg/g,并随添加量增加显著升高.结果表明,饲料中添加适量的硫酸安普霉素能显著促进凡纳滨对虾生长性能,不会产生明显的毒性效应,但会在肝胰腺和肌肉中残留.     

Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus supplementation in fish meal-based diets on the growth of soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann)

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing dietary calcium in fish meal‐based diets on the growth of cultured soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles of 4.1 g mean body weight were fed nine diets containing two levels of phosphorus (2.7% or 3.0%) and analysed calcium levels ranging from 4.7% to 6.6% for 10 weeks. The growth of the turtles was enhanced when inorganic calcium was added to the diets. The weight gain of the turtles fed the control diet containing calcium solely from fish meal was the lowest among the test groups, and was significantly lower than those fed the diet containing 5.7% calcium at the 3.0% phosphorus level (P<0.05). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were not affected by different dietary treatments. Whole‐body moisture and crude protein contents of turtles were not affected by different dietary treatments. The body ash of turtles fed 3.0% phosphorus diets tended to be higher than turtles fed 2.7% phosphorus diets. The body calcium to phosphorus ratio of turtles fed 3.0% phosphorus diets was greater than that of turtles fed diets containing 2.7% phosphorus. Supplementation of Ca in a fish meal‐based practical diet is required for the optimum growth of soft‐shelled turtles.     

Response of Penaeus vannamei to Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus and Calcium: Phosphorus Ratio

Two experiments, consisting of 7 d conditioning periods and 33 d feeding trials, were conducted to evaluate the response of juvenile Penaeus vannamei to dietary calcium, phosphorus and the effects of the calcium to phosphorus ratio on growth and tissue mineralization. In both experiments, the main effects, calcium and phosphorus, and their interaction significantly affected growth and survival of the shrimp. In the absence of supplemental calcium, the basal diet containing 0.35% phosphorus was adequate to maintain good growth and survival of shrimp. In the presence of replete phosphorus, supplementation of 1.0 and 2.0% calcium to the diet depressed survival and did not appear to increase the nutritive value of the diet, indicating that a dietary calcium supplement is not required under these conditions. In the presence of 1.0 and 2.0% supplemental calcium, supplementation of 0.5–1.0% phosphorus and 1.0–2.0% phosphorus, respectively, were required to maintain normal growth of the shrimp. At high levels of calcium supplementation, poor growth was observed at the levels of phosphorus supplementation evaluated. Although the calcium and phosphorus content of the hepatopancreas and the carapace responded to dietary supplementation, there was no clear correlation of tissue mineralization to shrimp growth.     

Effects of dietary calcium,phosphorus and calcium / phosphorus ratio on the growth and tissue mineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei to dietary calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and their interaction between Ca and P in low-salinity water of 2‰. Fifteen isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, containing five graded levels of total P (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) for each of three levels of Ca (0%, 1% and 2%), were fed to juvenile L. vannamei. Prior to the experiment, the postlarvae were gradually acclimated to low salinity and fed a basal diet (0.5% total Ca and 0.5% total P) for 2 weeks. After 8 weeks, survival, hepatopancreas alkaline phosphatase and protein content of muscle were significantly affected by dietary P levels (P < 0.05). The weight gain (WG), ranging from 505.44% to 1187.72%, was significantly affected by dietary Ca, P and the interaction between Ca and P (P < 0.05). In the absence of supplemental Ca, diets containing 0.77% estimated available phosphorus (EAP) (0.93% total P) were adequate for optimal growth. In the presence of 1% supplemental Ca, shrimp fed diets containing 1.22% EAP (2% total P) had better growth performance. The response to dietary P supplementation was dependent on dietary Ca level. Supplementation of 2% Ca to the basal diets yielded a significant reduction in growth, indicating that dietary Ca should be reduced to minimize dietary P supplementation. The Ca, P, magnesium, zinc and manganese content in tissues responded to dietary treatment. However, there was no clear relationship between growth and tissue mineralization.     

Phosphorus and calcium requirements in the diet of the American cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Günther)

An experiment was carried out with Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Günther) juveniles to determine the phosphorus requirement and its interaction with dietary calcium. Twelve isoenergetic and isoproteic diets were prepared using a basal artificial diet containing vitamin-free casein, dextrin, starch, corn oil, fish oil, vitamin mixture and a mineral mixture free of calcium and phosphorus. Calcium and phosphorus levels were determined in the casein. To the basal diets were added different concentrations of phosphorus as potassium monophosphate (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 g kg^–1) and calcium as calcium carbonate (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 4.0 g kg^–1). These concentrations resulted in varying Ca–P ratios (1:1, 1.33:1, 1.5:1, 1.6:1 and 2.0:1). Calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the water were 84 mg kg^–1 and 0.003 mg kg^–1, respectively. The diet with 0.5 g kg^–1 phosphorus resulted in deficiency signs such as reduced growth, high conversion ratio, high fat content and low bone mineralization. Increased levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus both gave improved growth and mineralization. Mineralization continued to increase with dietary phosphorus levels above that required for maximum growth. The optimum level of phosphorus in the diet was 1.5 g kg^–1, the optimum calcium level was 1.8 g kg^–1 and the optimum Ca–P ratio was 1.3. Carcass lipid levels were inversely related to dietary phosphorus.     

Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus (P) for Chinese sucker juveniles. Triplicate groups of juveniles Chinese sucker (initial mean weight: 1.77 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SD) were fed diets containing graded levels (3.1, 5.3, 7.5, 9.6 and 11.8 g kg^?1) of available phosphorus. The basal diet (diet 1), containing 3.1 g kg^?1 available P, was supplemented with graded levels of monocalcium phosphate to formulate four experimental diets. The fish were fed twice daily (08:00 and 17:00 h) to satiation for 8 weeks. During the experimental period, the water temperature fluctuated from 27.5 to 30.5 °C and dissolved oxygen was more than 6 mg L^?1. The specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio were all significantly increased by dietary available phosphorus up to 7.5 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05) and then levelled off beyond this level. Feed conversion ratio significantly decreased with dietary available phosphorus level up to 7.5 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect feed intake (P > 0.05). Efficiency of phosphorus (P) utilization significantly decreased with dietary available phosphorus level (P < 0.05). Body composition analysis showed that the whole‐body lipid, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) contents were all significantly affected by dietary available P concentration (P < 0.05); however, no significance were found for manganese (Mn) concentration and calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios in whole‐body among all the treatments (P > 0.05). Dietary phosphorus levels also significantly affected the mineralization of vertebrae and scale (P < 0.05), and Ca/P ratios in scale were not influenced by dietary P supplementation, while vertebrae Ca/P ratio decreased with dietary available P levels (P < 0.05) (quadratic effect, P < 0.001). Signs of phosphorus deficiency were characterized by poor growth, slightly reduced mineralization and an increase in body lipid content. The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available P had distinct effects on enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, as well as contents of triacyglycerol and total cholesterol (P < 0.05). Broken‐line analysis based on weight gain indicated the minimum available phosphorus requirement for the optimal growth of juvenile Chinese sucker was 7.4 g kg^?1. Based on the phosphorus content in whole body, vertebrae or scale indicated that the requirements were 8.3, 8.8 and 8.6 g kg^?1 respectively.     

Growth,feed utilization and body composition of African bonytongue,Heterotis niloticus,fingerlings fed diets containing various protein and lipid levels

In order to evaluate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization and body composition of Heterotis niloticus fingerlings, a factorial experiment with three replicates was conducted. Six experimental diets containing three crude protein levels (28%, 32% and 36%) and two crude lipid levels (6% and 13%) were tested. Heterotis niloticus (2.34 g) were fed with the diets to apparent satiation, twice a day. For 56 days, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein retention (PR) were significantly affected by dietary protein and dietary lipid levels respectively (P<0.01). The highest WG, SGR and FE were observed for fingerlings fed the diet containing 36% protein and 6% lipid, but no significance difference was found between groups fed with the following diets: P28L13 (28% protein and 13% lipid), P32L6, P32L13 and P36L13. A significant interaction between dietary protein and lipid was observed for WG, SGR, FE and PR. The whole‐body protein, lipid, moisture and ash content were not significantly affected by dietary lipid levels, but body protein and lipid content were significantly affected by dietary protein. The dietary protein‐sparing effect was clearly demonstrated when the dietary energy of lipid increased from 17 to 19.6 kJ g^?1 at 28% crude protein on H. niloticus.     

Calcium and phosphorus status in juvenile Beluga (Huso huso) fed citric acid‐supplemented diets

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary citric acid (CA) (0, 1%, 2% and 3%) on the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents of muscle, scute and serum of Beluga (Huso huso) juveniles (25.1±1.9 g). After 8 weeks of feeding on the experimental diets, the Ca and P contents of muscle, scute and serum were measured. The results revealed that the addition of 2% and 3% CA significantly increased the Ca and P contents of muscle and serum. Dietary CA had no effect on the Ca content of scute, but the P content of scute was significantly higher compared with additional 1% CA and the control. These results indicate that the addition of CA to the diet of Beluga increased the bioavailability of Ca and P, thereby increasing muscle and scute mineralization.     

饲料中有效磷对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成及生化指标的影响

为探讨饲料中不同有效磷水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长、体组成及生化指标的影响,以磷酸二氢钙(MCP)为磷源,配制含有效磷(AP)水平分别为0.52%(对照组)、0.61%、0.70%、0.78%、0.87%、0.96%和1.05%的7种等氮等能实用饲料,饲喂初始均重为(29.40±0.15)g的实验鱼。每种饲料设置3个重复,每个重复放25尾鱼,进行56 d的养殖实验。结果表明:饲料AP水平对罗非鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)和脏体比(VSI)均有显著影响(P<0.05)。以WGR为评价指标,通过二次回归分析得出,罗非鱼饲料的适宜AP水平为0.80%。随饲料AP水平的增加,罗非鱼全鱼总磷和灰分含量显著增加并达到稳定(P<0.05),而全鱼水分含量差异不显著(P>0.05),全鱼和肠系膜、肝脏组织脂肪含量均显著下降(P<0.05)。用折线模型分析全鱼磷和灰分含量,得出罗非鱼幼鱼对饲料AP的需求量分别为0.81%和0.80%。随饲料AP水平的增加,肝脏苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)和肝酯酶(HL)活性均显著增加(P<0.05)。血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性显著下降(P<0.05),而碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著上升(P<0.05),血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升后降趋势,在0.78%水平组达到最大值,而肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量正好相反,在0.78%水平组最低。综上所述,研究结果表明:吉富罗非鱼(30~150 g)实用饲料的最适有效磷水平为0.80%。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。