海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较

测定和分析了海水和淡水养殖的凡纳滨对虾肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸含量和脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中粗蛋白和粗灰分含量显著高于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05),而水分的含量显著低于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸量、鲜味氨基酸总量均显著高于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾(P0.05);海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,总量分别达68.48%和69.80%,但海水虾肌肉中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸总量显著高于淡水虾(P0.05),而多不饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于淡水虾(P0.01);海水虾肌肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸总量亦显著低于淡水虾(P0.05),表明在海水环境中凡纳滨对虾合成n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的能力较差。综合分析表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉的营养价值和风味稍优于淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾。     

凡纳滨对虾幼虾低盐度粗养水体养殖容量的研究

试验设计6个凡纳滨对虾幼虾养殖密度:10、20、30、40、50、60 ind/m2,通过比较60 d养殖周期内的水环境因子、幼虾生长状况与消化酶活性,分析研究凡纳滨对虾幼虾低盐度粗养水体的养殖容量。结果表明:各试验组水质均符合凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长要求,单位水体载虾量主要影响pH、非离子氨氮(NH3-Nm)、溶解氧(DO)等水化指标;不同试验组水体pH、NH3-Nm含量、DO含量、总氮(TN)含量差异极显著(P0.01),浊度、总磷(TP)含量差异显著(P0.05);不同试验组对虾中肠腺蛋白酶活性差异显著(P0.05),表现出单位水体载虾量越高,对虾体内蛋白消化酶活性和氮利用率越低的规律,DO是低盐度粗养水体养殖容量的主要限制因子。综合各项评价指标,得到本试验条件下,凡纳滨对虾幼虾低盐度粗养水体的最佳养殖容量为46.0 g/m3或32.2 g/m2(322 kg/hm2)。     

规格与盐度对凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的影响

分析测定了海水池塘养殖不同规格(8.3、12.5、16.7g.尾-1)凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)及土池淡水养殖规格12.5g.尾-1凡纳滨对虾肌肉中水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、脂肪酸和氨基酸组成,并进行品质评价。结果显示,海水养殖对虾肌肉的水分、脂肪和虾味氨基酸含量随着对虾规格的增大而减少,蛋白质、灰分、氨基酸、必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸总量随着对虾规格的增大而增加;相同规格的凡纳滨对虾中,淡水养殖对虾的含水量、脂肪含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,蛋白质、灰分、鲜味氨基酸总量和虾味氨基酸偏低。综合指标表明,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾的营养价值随着规格的增大而提高;在蛋白质、灰分、鲜味氨基酸和虾味氨基酸含量上,海水养殖对虾高于同一规格的淡水养殖对虾。     

Cr6+、Zn2+、Hg2+对凡纳滨对虾幼虾急性毒性和联合毒性研究

2004年8月在浙江华兴海水种苗有限公司以养殖日龄40 d的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾作为实验动物,开展了Hg2+、Zn2+、Cr6+对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的急性毒性和加和等毒性强度联合毒性试验.结果表明,Hg2+对凡纳滨对虾幼虾24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.415、0.357、0.264、0.209 mg/L;Zn2+对凡纳滨对虾幼虾24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为35.362、22.709、17.041和13.569 mg/L;Cr6+对凡纳滨对虾幼虾24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为40.892、 27.498、 21.635和13.573 mg/L.凡纳滨对虾幼虾对Cr6+、Zn2+、Hg2+ 96 h安全质量浓度分别为0.136、0.136和0.0021mg/L.各重金属离子毒性大小依次为Hg2+＞Zn2+≈Cr6+.Hg2+-Zn2+、Hg2+-Cr6+对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的96 h联合急性毒性表现为协同作用.Zn2+-Cr6+对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的96 h联合急性毒性表现为,低毒性强度的Zn2+对Cr6+具拮抗作用,低毒性强度的Cr6+则对Zn2+具加和作用,而当Zn2+与Cr6+毒性强度相当时表现为相互独立作用.并就Hg2+、Zn2+、Cr6+对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的急性致毒效应特征,凡纳滨对虾幼虾对Hg2+、Zn2+、Cr6+的安全浓度以及重金属离子间联合毒性效应进行了分析与探讨.     

4种化学投入品对凡纳滨对虾的急性毒性

为了评价硫醚沙星、异噻唑啉酮、鱼安定和杀虫双等4种化学投入品对凡纳滨对虾幼虾毒性风险,在水温24~26℃下,使用静水式生物毒性试验法,测定了以上4种化学投入品对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的急性毒性,确定了四种化学投入品对凡纳滨对虾的半致死浓度和安全浓度。结果表明,硫醚沙星、异噻唑啉酮、鱼安定、杀虫双对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的48 h LC50为0.112、27.838、9.902和56.669 mg/L,对应的安全浓度为0.0003、1.786、1.741和9.210 mg/L。其中,硫醚沙星对凡纳滨对虾毒性较强,具有较大的安全风险。     

不同产地卤虫幼体对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长、肌肉组分和抗胁迫能力的影响

卤虫(Artemia)是对虾苗种培育重要的生物饵料.本研究将产自美国大盐湖,以及中国新疆艾比湖、西藏双湖和渤海湾盐田卤虫卵孵化的幼体投喂凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)仔虾,研究不同产地卤虫幼体对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长、存活、肌肉组分、抗氨氮能力和盐度耐受力的影响.凡纳滨对虾仔虾随机分为4组,每组3个...     

凡纳滨对虾的脂肪营养需求

脂肪在凡纳滨对虾的生命活动中有着重要的作用,主要用于能量代谢和生长发育。虾类的脂肪来源一部分来自于体内的三大营养物质转化,另外主要的来源还是来自于饲料的供给。凡纳滨虾饲料中脂肪和脂肪酸的种类以及含量的不同,直接影响凡纳滨对虾的机体的生长和养殖效益。研究发现凡纳滨对虾幼虾饲料C18:3n-3/C18:2n-6比值为0.44,凡纳滨对虾饲料中脂肪添加量在8.5%~9%之间的效果最好。     

凡纳滨对虾幼虾耐高温性状的遗传力评估

为探明高温对凡纳滨对虾幼虾遗传变异的影响,自2018年由国外引进的4个凡纳滨对虾种群(EGDB、PRMA、API、SIS)构建的育种群中随机选取40个全同胞家系,每个家系随机取100尾个体,分成2份放入指定的试验桶中,共计4000尾仔虾,采用水浴加热法,对试验桶进行升温并记录其相应的存活时间及温度,用单性状动物模型对其耐高温性状进行遗传参数的评估。结果显示：凡纳滨对虾仔虾各家系的耐热性为782.64～2074.33℃?h,表明凡纳滨对虾仔虾家系间的耐热性存在显著性差异;家系间耐热性值的变异系数为10%～68%;当水温由28℃升至40℃时,各家系的累计存活率为58%～99%;利用单性状动物模型结合系谱信息,获得凡纳滨对虾幼虾耐高温性状的遗传力估计值0.22±0.05,属于中等遗传力。试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾幼虾耐高温性状具有较高的遗传变异水平,遗传改良的潜力较大。本试验结果可为凡纳滨对虾夏季高温养殖和耐高温品系的选育提供数据参考。     

凡纳滨对虾虾头与肌肉营养成分分析与评价

采用常规方法分析养殖3个月的凡纳滨对虾虾头和肌肉中的水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、矿物元素、重金属含量及氨基酸、脂肪酸和和维生素的种类和含量,综合评价了其营养成分和营养品质。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾虾头、肌肉中水分含量分别为77.60%和75.19%,粗蛋白质为22.37%和12.8%,粗脂肪为2.34%和0.9%,灰分为3.94%和1.66%。除水分外,肌肉中灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量均高于虾头。虾头、肌肉中氨基酸总量分别为572.85mg/g和793.95mg/g(干质量);必需氨基酸/氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸均与国际粮农组织/世界卫生组织理想模型接近;虾头、肌肉中氨基酸评分和化学评分接近理想模型;虾头、肌肉中呈味氨基酸/氨基酸总量分别为37.44%和39.31%。凡纳滨对虾头和肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的含量分别为17.01%和8.24%。虾头中Ca、Na、Fe含量高于肌肉含量,Se含量低于肌肉含量。     

海水养殖和低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾脂肪酸分析比较

对饲喂同一种配合饲料分别在海水及低盐水体中饲养的凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei肌肉及肝胰脏的脂肪酸组成进行了分析比较.结果显示,(1)海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和总含量低于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05), 而单不饱和脂肪酸(MUPA)总含量高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05), 二者的饱和脂肪酸总量(SAFA)无显著差异(P>0.05).海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中ω3系列脂肪酸总量显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05),而ω6系列脂肪酸总量显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05),ω3/ω6比率海水养殖凡纳滨对虾显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05).(2)海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和饱和脂肪酸(SAFA)总含量均显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P< 0.05).海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中ω3系列脂肪酸总量显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05),而ω6系列脂肪酸显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05), ω3/ω6比率海水养殖凡纳滨对虾显著高于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05).     

Nutritional evaluation of fatty acids for the open thelycum shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: II. Effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids on juvenile shrimp growth, survival, and fatty acid composition

This study evaluated the nutritional value of dietary n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic (LOA) and linolenic (LNA) acids, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei, based on their effects on growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Diets contained 5% total lipid. A basal diet contained palmitic and stearic acids each at 2.5% of diet. Five diets contained 0.5% dry weight of LOA, LNA, AA, EPA, or DHA. An additional diet evaluated HUFA in combination by supplementing at 0.5% of diet, a mixture of n‐3 HUFA. All HUFA showed higher nutritional value than PUFA for shrimp and produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher final weight, weight gain, and total lipid in shrimp muscle. Fatty acid profiles of shrimp tissues reflected the composition of the dietary lipids. In general, saturated fatty acids were more abundant in the neutral factions, while PUFA and HUFA were more abundant in the polar fractions of tissues. Under these experimental conditions, HUFA had much greater nutritional value than PUFA for juvenile L. vannamei; moreover, dietary requirements for PUFA were not demonstrated.     

添加嗜酸乳杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、酶活性及相关酶mRNA表达的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾生长、非特异性免疫酶活性、抗病力和相关酶m RNA表达的影响。选取840尾初始均重为(0.58±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾为研究对象,分为7个处理,每个处理3个重复。投喂添加不同比例(0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%)嗜酸乳杆菌的饲料,养殖期8周。结果显示:添加不同比例嗜酸乳杆菌对凡纳滨对虾的成活率无显著影响(P0.05)。增重率与特定生长率随添加量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,但均显著高于对照组(P0.05),在0.4%组达到最大值;当添加0.2%时,饲料系数最低,其他各组显著低于对照组(P0.05),而蛋白质效率的变化规律则与饲料系数相反。血清酚氧化物酶(phenoloxidase,PO)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,ACP)活性随添加量的增加先升高后降低,分别为0.4%、0.1%和0.2%时,达到最大值。过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,实验组均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组过氧化氢酶(CAT)m RNA表达量和溶菌酶(LZM)m RNA表达量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒96 h,对虾存活率随添加量的增加显著升高(P0.05)。以增重率(weight gain rate,WGR)为判断依据,根据折线模型得出,饲料中添加0.23%嗜酸乳杆菌可显著促进凡纳滨对虾生长,并提高非特异性免疫酶活性。     

Nutritional evaluation of fatty acids for the open thelycum shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: I. Effect of dietary linoleic and linolenic acids at different concentrations and ratios on juvenile shrimp growth, survival and fatty acid composition

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of dietary linoleic (18:2n‐6, LOA) and linolenic (18:3n‐3, LNA) acids for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei by determining their effects on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Diets were formulated to contain 5% total lipid. A basal diet contained only palmitic and stearic acids, each at 2.5% of diet. Six diets contained one of three levels (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) of either LOA or LNA, and three diets had different ratios of LNA/LOA (1, 3, 9) at a combined inclusion level of 0.5% of diet. An additional diet contained 0.5% of a mixture of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). The fatty acid profile of hepatopancreas and muscle of shrimp reflected the profile of the diets. HUFA of the n‐3 family showed higher nutritional value than LOA or LNA for juvenile L. vannamei by producing significantly (P < 0.05) higher final weight and weight gain. Neither LOA nor LNA, alone or in combination, improved growth significantly compared with shrimp fed the basal diet.Thus, dietary requirements for LOA and LNA were not demonstrated under these experimental conditions.     

Effect of Various Dietary Levels of Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids and Different n‐3/n‐6 Ratios on Biological Performance of Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Raised in Low Salinity

A 3 × 3 factorial study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three fixed levels of docosahexaenoic acid meal (DHAM) and arachidonic acid meal (ARAM), produced by using a meal that had high levels of the desired fatty acid (0.23% DHAM–0.05% ARAM, 0.50% DHAM–0.10% ARAM, and 0.75% DHAM–0.15% ARAM), and three n‐3/n‐6 dietary ratios (0.3, 0.8, and 1.8), as well as their potential interaction on growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, cultured in low salinity. Two additional reference diets with menhaden fish oil or soy and flax oils (n‐3/n‐6 ratios of 1.8 and 1.7, respectively) were tested. No significant differences (at P < 0.05) and no significant interactions were observed among treatments for final weight, weight gain, or survival after 6‐wk feeding. This study confirmed that supplementation of DHA and ARA from alternative sources to fish oil is effective in promoting growth and survival of juvenile L. vannamei. The fatty acid profile and n‐3/n‐6 ratio of shrimp tissue reflected that of dietary lipids, although more studies are required to elucidate how the n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid balance in the diet relates to shrimp growth.     

饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响

为研究饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响,实验配制6种等氮等脂(41%粗蛋白质和8%粗脂肪)的实验饲料,泛酸添加水平分别为0(对照组)、50、100、150、300和600 mg/kg,饲料中实测泛酸水平分别为20.9、69.3、99.0、150.2、304.4和513.6 mg/kg。选用初始体质量为(0.73±0.12)g的凡纳滨对虾720尾,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复40尾),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率的影响不显著;对照组凡纳滨对虾成活率显著低于泛酸添加组,然而各泛酸添加组的成活率组间差异不显著。随着泛酸水平从20.9 m.g/kg增加到99.0 mg/kg时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著提高,而随着泛酸水平的进一步增加,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低。饲料中泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾全虾和肌肉主要成分无显著性影响。对照组对虾血清葡萄糖含量显著低于泛酸各添加组,然而泛酸各添加组之间无显著差异;投喂150.2 mg/kg泛酸组血清甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组和513.6 mg/kg;而血清总蛋白和胆固醇含量不受饲料中泛酸水平的影响。随着饲料中泛酸水平由20.9 mg/kg增至150.2 mg/kg,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著提高,而随着饲料中泛酸水平的进一步增加,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著降低;饲料中泛酸水平为99.0mg/kg组凡纳滨对虾血清总氧化能力显著高于其他各组;投喂对照组和泛酸水平为69.3mg/kg组的凡纳滨对虾血清丙二醛含量最高,投喂泛酸水平为150.2 mg/kg组血清的丙二醛含量显著低于其他各组。以凡纳滨对虾的饲料效率和蛋白质沉积率为评价指标,通过折线模型分析得到凡纳滨对虾泛酸最适需要量分别为113.40和119.87mg/kg。     

凡纳滨对虾在氯化物型盐碱水养殖环境下不同家系间生长、存活性能分析

本研究以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)61个家系为材料,开展了为期50 d的氯化物型盐碱水混合养殖测试,分析了各个家系的生长和存活性能。研究结果显示,凡纳滨对虾家系在氯化物型盐碱水养殖环境下的体重和存活率均存在显著差异,且家系间体重和存活率差异较大,变异系数分别高达36.26%和46.82%;凡纳滨对虾家系的绝对增重率均值和特定增重率均值分别为0.09g/d和1.82%/d,绝对增重最快的家系比绝对增重率均值高7.54个百分点,比增重最慢家系高12.95个百分点;凡纳滨对虾家系存活率范围为1.00%~63.33%,家系平均存活率为26.61%,家系最高存活率比家系最低存活率高了62.33个百分点,比家系存活率均值高了36.72个百分点。本研究结果表明:凡纳滨对虾家系在氯化物型盐碱水养殖条件下生长、存活存在较大差异,具有较大的遗传改良空间和选育潜力,本研究结果可为下一步的凡纳滨对虾盐碱水选育工作提供数据支持。     

Comparison of flavor components in shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis> cultured in sea water and low salinity water

To compare the flavor components of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in sea water and low salinity water, the chemical composition of muscle was analyzed, muscle extracts prepared, and their sensory components and sensory properties were assessed. Shrimp cultured in sea water had a higher content of crude protein, lower moisture, and a higher flesh pH compared to the low salinity samples (P<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in crude lipid and ash. The free amino acid composition of muscle extracts and the amino acid composition of peptides from shrimp cultured in sea water and low salinity water were similar, that is, the former had a very high content of glycine, arginine, proline and alanine, and the latter a very high content of glutamate, glycine, arginine, proline and alanine. The major components of nucleotides were adenosine monophosphate and inosine monophosphate, and the major components of organic acids were acetic acid and malic acid. Extracts from shrimp cultured in sea water had enhanced umami, sweetness and overall flavor, and less of an earthy-musty taste compared to samples cultured in low salinity water (P<0.05). Aftertaste did not differ between the two shrimp extracts (P>0.05).     

酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活性和肠道形态的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、肝胰腺消化酶活性以及肠道形态的影响。酵母水解物添加量分别为0%、1%、3%和5%,配制4种等氮等脂(42.5%粗蛋白和8.5%粗脂肪)的实验饲料。选取初始体重为(1.86±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果表明饲料中添加5%酵母水解物组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于对照组(P0.05),而该组饲料系数(FCR)最低(P0.05)。对虾全虾粗蛋白含量随饲料中酵母水解物的增加而呈上升趋势,且5%酵母水解物添加组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加5%的酵母水解物显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血清总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,降低了谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性(P0.05)。各处理组肝胰腺淀粉酶活性和对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但3%酵母水解物添加组的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3%酵母水解物添加组的对虾肠道皱襞高度和皱襞宽度显著高于对照组(P0.05),而5%添加组的微绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加3%~5%的酵母水解物能有效改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能、提高饲料利用率、促进消化吸收以及改善肠道形态学指标。     

Aurantiochytrium sp. meal can replace fish oil in practical diets for the juvenile Pacific white shrimp

This study evaluated the use of microalgae (Aurantiochytrium sp.) meal as a substitute for fish oil in the diet of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in a clear‐water system. Dietary treatments at five replacement levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were performed in triplicate. After 46 days, only a slight difference in shrimp final weight was observed among treatments (0.61 g). An increase in final weight was observed with replacement of up to 50% fish oil for microalgae meal, while the optimal percentage of replacement estimated was 44.7%. Feed conversion rate (FCR) of animals fed a diet of Aurantiochytrium sp.meal to replace up to 50% fish oil decreased, and the optimal percentage of replacement estimated was 49.3%. The fatty acids profile in shrimp muscle tissue demonstrated an increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from 10.03% to 14.28% with increased replacement of fish oil by microalgae meal in the diet. Therefore, the partial replacement of fish oil by microalgae meal resulted in improved shrimp growth and FCR, and total replacement of dietary fish oil had no negative effects on these parameters. In addition, inclusion of microalgae meal raises the level of DHA in shrimp muscle.     

Marine co‐product meals as a substitute of fishmeal in diets for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei improve growth,feed intake and muscle HUFA composition

Total replacement of fishmeal using marine co‐product meals in the diets for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its effects on growth, feed utilization and muscle HUFA and sterol composition were assessed in a 45‐day feeding trial with juvenile shrimp (0.32 g mean initial weight). Eight dietary treatments were tested: a control diet containing fishmeal (FM), a commercial shrimp diet as external reference and six diets where the FM in the control diet was totally replaced by pen shell scallop viscera (Pinna rugosa), squid viscera (Dosidicus gigas) or whole chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) meals, produced by two methods: (i) cooking followed by grinding and drying and (ii) grinding followed by drying. Survival in all treatments was above 92%, except in the commercial diet (77%). The growth response, feed utilization and chemical composition of shrimp varied among the treatments and were affected in different ways by the by‐products and the meals preparation process. Growth and feed intake were significantly higher in shrimp fed diets containing cooked‐dried squid and pen shell scallop viscera meals, and whole mackerel meal produced by grinding followed by drying. Muscle fatty acid profiles were improved for human consumption when these ingredients were used, compared with the diets containing FM.